Difference between revisions of "New Atheism leadership's problem with excess weight"

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</ref> In addition, many people overeat in response to negative [[emotion]]s such as [[depression]], [[anger]], [[anxiety]] and boredom.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174323</ref><ref>http://www.obesitypsychiatry.com/id2.html</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17262813</ref>  
 
</ref> In addition, many people overeat in response to negative [[emotion]]s such as [[depression]], [[anger]], [[anxiety]] and boredom.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174323</ref><ref>http://www.obesitypsychiatry.com/id2.html</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17262813</ref>  
  
−
New Atheism is known for its vitriolic and irrational denunciations of Christianity.<ref>http://leadercall.com/features/x1593289728/Angry-Atheists</ref><ref>http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2007/07/the_new_new_ath.html</ref> In addition, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine made the observation that atheists tend to be ""quarrelsome, socially challenged men" and a study of PZ Myers' [[Pharyngula (blog)|Pharyngula blog]] participants indicated similar results (Please also see: [[Atheism appears to be significantly less appealing to women]]).<ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/Pharyngula_%28blog%29</ref> In 2010, the [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] [[True Free Thinker|Ken Ammi]] wrote: "Scienceblogger [http://scienceblogs.com/principles/2008/04/the_cost_of_not_framing.php Chad Orzel described]  the commentators on PZ Myers ' Scienceblogs.com site Pharyngula, and other Scienceblogs.com commentators, as 'screechy monkeys'.<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-and-pavlovs-monkeys</ref> In January of 2011, [[CNN]] reported: "People unaffiliated with organized religion, atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] also report anger toward [[God]] either in the past, or anger focused on a hypothetical image - that is, what they imagined God might be like - said lead study author Julie Exline, Case Western Reserve University psychologist."<ref>http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/01/anger-at-god-common-even-among-atheists/</ref> Of course, given the [[Irreligion and superstition|irrationality of atheism]], it is not surprising that atheists are angry at God who is morally perfect.<ref>http://www.godisforus.com/information/worldview/god/perfection.htm</ref> Certainly anger cannot be ruled in terms of the high proportion of New Atheist leaders who have issues with being overweight.  
+
New Atheism is known for its vitriolic and irrational denunciations of Christianity.<ref>http://leadercall.com/features/x1593289728/Angry-Atheists</ref><ref>http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2007/07/the_new_new_ath.html</ref>  
 +
 
 +
[[True Free Thinker|Ken Ammi]] wrote: "Scienceblogger [http://scienceblogs.com/principles/2008/04/the_cost_of_not_framing.php Chad Orzel described]  the commentators on PZ Myers ' Scienceblogs.com site Pharyngula, and other Scienceblogs.com commentators, as 'screechy monkeys'.<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-and-pavlovs-monkeys</ref> In January of 2011, [[CNN]] reported: "People unaffiliated with organized religion, atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] also report anger toward [[God]] either in the past, or anger focused on a hypothetical image - that is, what they imagined God might be like - said lead study author Julie Exline, Case Western Reserve University psychologist."<ref>http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/01/anger-at-god-common-even-among-atheists/</ref> Of course, given the [[Irreligion and superstition|irrationality of atheism]], it is not surprising that atheists are angry at God who is morally perfect.<ref>http://www.godisforus.com/information/worldview/god/perfection.htm</ref> Certainly anger cannot be ruled in terms of the high proportion of New Atheist leaders who have issues with being overweight.  
  
 
In addition, [[Western World]] [[evolution|evolutionists]] and atheists often hold to irrational notions such as [[extraterrestrial life]], [[exobiology]], [[evolution]] and [[Origin of Life|abiogenesis]] which are anti-[[Bible|biblical]] ideas that are that are not supported by sound [[science]]. <ref>http://creation.com/did-god-create-life-on-other-planets</ref><ref>http://creation.com/origin-of-life-questions-and-answers</ref>  No doubt pseudoscientific and superstitious thinking in many cases is partly due to a lack of [[Self-control|self-discipline]] as rigorous scientific and logical thinking requires disciplined thought..<ref>http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/102/6/855 On Scientific Thought</ref>
 
In addition, [[Western World]] [[evolution|evolutionists]] and atheists often hold to irrational notions such as [[extraterrestrial life]], [[exobiology]], [[evolution]] and [[Origin of Life|abiogenesis]] which are anti-[[Bible|biblical]] ideas that are that are not supported by sound [[science]]. <ref>http://creation.com/did-god-create-life-on-other-planets</ref><ref>http://creation.com/origin-of-life-questions-and-answers</ref>  No doubt pseudoscientific and superstitious thinking in many cases is partly due to a lack of [[Self-control|self-discipline]] as rigorous scientific and logical thinking requires disciplined thought..<ref>http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/102/6/855 On Scientific Thought</ref>

Revision as of 20:56, February 15, 2016

PZ Myers is a leader within the New Atheism movement.

(photo obtained from Flickr, see license agreement)

New Atheism is a form of militant atheism. The term New Atheism which first appeared in the November 2006 edition of Wired magazine, is frequently applied to a series of six best-selling books by five authors that appeared in the period between 2004–2008. These authors include Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, Richard Dawkins, Victor J. Stenger and Christopher Hitchens.[1] Although the New Atheist leaders claim to be pro-science, 3 out of 5 of these atheist men have had issues with being overweight as can be seen HERE and HERE and HERE

The ex-atheist Richard Dawkins has publicly indicated that he is an agnostic (see: Richard Dawkins and agnosticism). Since Dawkins is an an agnostic and not an atheist, this would mean that 3 out of 4 of the atheist founders of the New Atheism movement had excess weight issues. At a 75% of individuals overweight population, this would make the atheist founders of the New Atheist movement one of the most overweight populations in world history in terms of the percentage of people overweight.[2][3]

For more information please see: Atheism and obesity.

According to medical science, there are a significant number of physical and mental health related problems associated with being overweight.

In the late 1990s, Dennet had coronary artery bypass surgery (coronary artery bypass surgery reroutes blood around clogged arteries to enhance blood flow and oxygen to the heart).[4][5] In 2003, a a video at Ted was published featuring an overweight Daniel Dennett. In 2013, a video embedded on a The Raw Story article featured an overweight Daniel Dennett.

PZ Myers

PZ Myers is also a leader within the New Atheism movement who is an associate professor of biology at the University of Minnesota at Morris. In addition, he has a blog entitled Pharyngula. Myers has had problems with being overweight as can be seen HERE and HERE and HERE.

In 2010, PZ Myers had health problems related to his heart.[6]

Given PZ Myers' biological training and the wide dissemination of the harmful health effects of being overweight in terms of cardiovascular health and brain function, it is unfortunate that preventative medicine was not used in greater measure in terms of his health. PZ Myers inattention to diligently implementing the recommendations of nutritional science, exercise science and medical science is not entirely surprising given his vehement advocacy of evolutionary pseudoscience. There have been a number of notable evolutionists who have been overweight. In addition, the atheist community appears to have problems with obesity. On June 1, 2011, Myers posted a picture of himself and others on his blog and Myers appeared to no longer have issues with being overweight.[7]

Vox Day on the issue of atheism and obesity

See also: Overweight atheist PZ Myers posing with some young overweight fans

In 2011, the theist Vox Day had an individual complain about the notion that the atheist community has a problem with obesity (Please see: Atheism and obesity). As a result, on May 19, 2011, Vox Day released a blog post entitled Mailvox: now, who said atheists are fat? where 80% of the people taking a picture with PZ Myers were overweight and PZ Myers was overweight in the picture as well as can be seen HERE.[8] The picture was originally posted on PZ Myer's blog Pharyngula by Myers on May 16, 2011 and an online argument quickly ensued concerning the appearance of the photograph's participants.[9]

During his visit to the Creation Museum, PZ Myers had noticeably greater difficulty than others climbing on and off a dinosaur model due to the fact that he was overweight and out of shape.VIDEO

An overweight PZ Myers and Creation Museum buffoonery

See also: PZ Myers embarrasses himself at the Creation Museum - satire

In August 2009, Myers led a group of over 300 atheist and agnostic students on a tour of the Creation Museum.[10] During the visit, Myers had noticeably greater difficulty than others climbing on and off a dinosaur model due to the fact that he was overweight and out of shape.VIDEO In addition, the purpose of the dinosaur model is clearly for children to sit on for photographs.[11][12] Myers donned a borrowed cowboy hat and was egged on by the cheers and laughter of the students.[13]

PZ Myers' ironic speech at the 2010 Global Atheist Convention

See also: Atheism and brain function

At the 2010 Global atheist Convention, an overweight PZ Myers likened belief in God to a brain infection plus made the blanket statement that religion makes people stupid and/or do stupid stupid things.[14] As noted above, according to medical science, being overweight causes brain impairment.[15]

Unhealthy lifestyle of the late, New Atheist Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Hitchens was a leader in the New Atheism movement. A picture of an overweight Christopher Hitchens can be found HERE (see also: Atheism and obesity).

Hitchen's heavy drinking and chain-smoking and esophageal cancer

Christopher Hitchens was known for having a history of heavy drinking and chain-smoking.[16][17] Christopher Hitchens was being treated for esophageal cancer likely caused by drinking and smoking up until his death on December 15, 2011.[18][19] Despite his esophageal cancer, when asked by interviewer Charlie Rose if in retrospect he would have engaged in heavy drinking and smoking knowing his present cancer condition, Hitchens said he think he would have done things the same.[20]

Hitchen's excess weight and increased risk of esophageal cancer

As noted above, Hitchens also had problems with being overweight during his life (see also: Atheism and obesity).[21] According to the National Cancer Institute, "obesity is associated with increased risks of cancers of the esophagus."[22]

Hippocrates contrasted with New Atheist leaders

Hippocrates was an early advocate of the health benefits of exercise and nutrition (see also: Nutritional science).[23] On the other hand, PZ Myers and a significant amount of other New Atheism leaders, seem to have demonstrated a lack of a full appreciation of the importance of nutritional science, exercise science and the latest findings of medical science (see also Atheism and obesity}. As of June of 2012, Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris have not publicly commented on the significant problems the New Atheism leadership has experienced in terms of overweight members.

New Atheists are known for their vehement advocacy of the evolutionist pseudoscience. Also, given that being overweight causes brain impairment and that Daniel Dennet has had issues with being overweight, it is ironic that Dennet's book Consciousness Explained is beloved by those who deny God in favor of a pseudoscientific naturalist philosophy of the mind.[24][25]

American Atheists organization leadership's challenge with excess weight

Jamila Bey

(photo obtained from Flickr, see license agreement)

See also: Atheism and obesity and American Atheists and their challenges with overweight leadership personnel

Madalyn Murray O'Hair was the founder of the American Atheists organization and she was overweight.[26] One of the last pictures taken of Madalyn Murray O'Hair features her standing before a cake as can be seen HERE. The American Atheist organization is known for its strident, militant atheism.

As of December 28, 2010, the pictures of the members of the American Atheists organization's board of directors showed a significant portion of its members having excess body weight. Members of the American Atheists board of directors who were overweight as of December 28, 2010 included: Richard Andrews, Blair Scott, Monty Gaither, and Ann Zindler. A picture of an overweight Richard Andrews can be found HERE. A picture of an overweight Blair Scott can be found HERE. A picture of an overweight Monty Gaither can be found HERE. A picture of an overweight Ann Zindler can be found HERE.

On August 11. 2013, a new overweight member of their board of directors was listed - namely, Jamila Bey.[27] A video of an overweight Jamila Bey can be seen HERE.

The current pictures of the American Atheists board of directors can be found HERE.

Evolutionists who have had problems with being overweight and/or obese

See: Evolutionists who have had problems with being overweight and/or obese

Theories of New Atheism leadership's problem with being overweight

See also: Theories of New Atheism leadership's problem with excess weight and Irreligion and superstition

Two of the major risk factors for becoming obese according to the Mayo Clinic are poor dietary choices and inactivity.[28] According to the Gallup Organization, "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."[29]

(photo obtained from Flickr, see license agreement)

According to the Gallup Organization, "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."[30]

Gallup declared concerning the study which measured the degree to which religiosity affects health practices: "Generalized linear model analysis was used to estimate marginal scores all five reported metrics after controlling for age (in years), gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education (number of years), log of income, and region of the country... Results are based on telephone interviews conducted as part of the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index survey Jan. 2-July 28, 2010, with a random sample of 554,066 adults, aged 18 and older, living in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, selected using random-digit-dial sampling."[31]

The Gallup study gives some insight into the above average health habits of the very religious and not necessarily the health habits of atheists. The reason is that the Gallup organization defines a non-religious as a person where "Religion is not an important part of daily life and church/synagogue/mosque attendance occurs seldom or never. This group constitutes 29.7% of the adult population."[32] While many Western atheists are non-religious, not all non-religious people are atheists.

Gallup further declares:

“ Very religious Americans make healthier choices than their moderately religious and nonreligious counterparts across all four of the Healthy Behavior Index metrics, including smoking, healthy eating, and regular exercise. Smoking is one area of particular differentiation between the very religious and less religious Americans, with the nonreligious 85% more likely to be smokers than those who are very religious.[33] ”

From a medical perspective, an obese person has accumulated enough body fat that it can have a negative effect on their health. If a person's weight is at least 20% higher than it should be, he/she is generally considered obese. If your Body Mass Index (BMI) is between 25 and 29.9 you are considered overweight. If your BMI is 30 or over you are considered obese.[34] The term obese can also used in a more general way to indicate someone who is overweight.[35]

Two of the major risk factors for becoming obese according to the Mayo Clinic are poor dietary choices and inactivity, thus given the above cited Gallup research, it appears as if non-religious are more prone to becoming obese than very religious individuals.[36] The Bible declares that gluttony is a sin.[37] Furthermore, the Bible declares the physical body of Christians to be temples of the Holy Spirit.[38] Another example of strongly held religious beliefs affecting behavior in terms of the avoidance of sins and health problems is that religious upbringing and culture affects rates of homosexuality and there are a number of diseases which homosexuals have higher incidences of. For example, homosexuality is rare among Orthodox Jews and even the liberal researcher Alfred Kinsey noted the rarity of homosexuality within the Orthodox Jewish community.[39] Therefore, it is not surprising that many very religious Christians and other religious groups which incorporate healthy beliefs and practices within their religion would leave healthier lives.

The Apostle Paul wrote that in the end times, men would be lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God (2 Timothy 3:1-4). Many Christians believe a hedonist lifestyle is a causal factor of atheism (see: Causes of atheism).[40] In addition, the Christian conservative martial artist Chuck Norris declared that the most common cause of obesity is a hedonistic lifestyle (see: Chuck Norris on the topic of obesity).

New Atheism, being overweight/obese and psychological issues

See also: Psychological explanations for New Atheism leadership obesity and Theories of New Atheism leadership's problem with excess weight

Obesity is positively associated with neuroticism, impulsiveness, and lower self-discipline.[41] In addition, many people overeat in response to negative emotions such as depression, anger, anxiety and boredom.[42]

(photo obtained from Flickr, see license agreement)

Obesity is positively associated with impulsiveness, lower self-discipline and neuroticism.[43] In addition, many people overeat in response to negative emotions such as depression, anger, anxiety and boredom.[44][45][46]

New Atheism is known for its vitriolic and irrational denunciations of Christianity.[47][48]

Ken Ammi wrote: "Scienceblogger Chad Orzel described the commentators on PZ Myers ' Scienceblogs.com site Pharyngula, and other Scienceblogs.com commentators, as 'screechy monkeys'.[49] In January of 2011, CNN reported: "People unaffiliated with organized religion, atheists and agnostics also report anger toward God either in the past, or anger focused on a hypothetical image - that is, what they imagined God might be like - said lead study author Julie Exline, Case Western Reserve University psychologist."[50] Of course, given the irrationality of atheism, it is not surprising that atheists are angry at God who is morally perfect.[51] Certainly anger cannot be ruled in terms of the high proportion of New Atheist leaders who have issues with being overweight.

In addition, Western World evolutionists and atheists often hold to irrational notions such as extraterrestrial life, exobiology, evolution and abiogenesis which are anti-biblical ideas that are that are not supported by sound science. [52][53] No doubt pseudoscientific and superstitious thinking in many cases is partly due to a lack of self-discipline as rigorous scientific and logical thinking requires disciplined thought..[54]

As far as anxiety being a possible explanation of New Atheism having a high proportion of overweight leaders, Australian online opinion writer and lecturer in ethics and philosophy at several Melbourne theological colleges, Bill Muehlenberg, in his essay The Unbearable Heaviness of Being (In a World Without God) declares:

“ Announcing, and believing, that God is dead has consequences. And it is we who suffer the most for it. We cannot bear the whole universe on our shoulders. We were not meant to. We must let God be God. Only then can men be men. Only then can we find the way forward to be possible, and the burdens not insurmountable.[55] ”

Christian apologist Mariano Grinkbank charges that PZ Myers often engages in mere emotional arguments, admits to criticizing the arguments of his opponents without reading their major works, and often tackles strawmen of this opponents arguments rather than seriously tackling them. Grinbank also points out that PZ Myers has never written a scholarly work defending atheism. For details, please see: Militant atheism and the intellectual slothfulness of PZ Myers.

Vox Day

Peer relationships

See also: New Atheism leadership, excess weight and peer relationships

Studies show that peer relationships can have a significant positive or negative influence on a person's behavior.[56] This has been known for some time and the Bible declares "bad company corrupts good morals" (1 Corinthians 15:33). In addition, the saying "birds of a feather flock together" certainly has some validity. As noted above, two of the major risk factors for becoming obese according to the Mayo Clinic are poor dietary choices and inactivity which are certainly behavioral choices. [57]

In 2011, the theism apologist Vox Day had an individual complain about the notion that the atheist community has a problem with obesity (Please see: Atheism and obesity). As a result, on May 19, 2011, Vox Day released a blog post entitled Mailvox: now, who said atheists are fat? where 80% of the people taking a picture with PZ Myers were overweight and PZ Myers was overweight in the picture as well as can be seen HERE. The picture was originally posted on PZ Myer's blog Pharyngula by Myers on May 16, 2011 and an online argument quickly ensued concerning the appearance of the photograph's participants.[58] In addition, compared to the very religious it does appear as if the atheist community has a problem with obesity (see: atheism and obesity).

Physical and mental health related problems associated with being overweight

See also: Atheism and Mental and Physical Health and Atheism and obesity

Some of the medical conditions associated with obesity include: type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, arthritis, cancer, sleep apnea, reproductive problems in women and varicose veins.[59] In addition, medical science research indicates that excess weight impairs brain function.[60]

Medical science research indicates that excess weight impairs brain function.[61]

According to the Mayo Clinic some of the symptoms associated with obesity can include:

“
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Snoring
  • Sleep apnea
  • Pain in your back or joints
  • Excessive sweating
  • Always feeling hot
  • Rashes or infection in folds of your skin
  • Feeling out of breath with minor exertion
  • Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
 ”

Concerning the issue of depression, atheists do have higher rates of suicide than the general population.

See also

Comedy and Satire:

Other resources:

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Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html
  2. ↑ Fattest Countries in the World
  3. ↑ The History Of Obesity Timeline
  4. ↑ http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/dennett06/dennett06_index.html
  5. ↑ http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4484
  6. ↑ http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/08/thats_not_a_heart_its_a_flaili.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Fpharyngula+%28Pharyngula%29&utm_content=Google+Reader
  7. ↑ The Final Tally on the Camp Quest race: I win!
  8. ↑ MailVox: Who said atheists are fat?.
  9. ↑ [http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/05/16/at-least-you-can-see-a-hint-of/ At least you can see a hint of what you missed Posted by PZ Myers on May 16, 2011]
  10. ↑ "Creation Museum: Is This How World Began?" (ABC News)
  11. ↑ http://blogs.answersingenesis.org/aroundtheworld/2009/08/16/children-and-the-creation-museum/
  12. ↑ "A firebrand visits Creation Museum" (Minneapolis Star-Tribune)
  13. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQQl2TMrgbM
  14. ↑ PZ Myers - Global Atheist Convention 2010
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ http://www.counterpunch.org/mccarthy02212003.html
  17. ↑ Christopher Hitchens: Despite Cancer, I'd Drink & Smoke Again
  18. ↑ http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2010/08/07/video-extended-interview-hitchens-on-cancer-and-atheism/
  19. ↑ Why did Hitchens continue to smoke & drink during treatment? -CTV News
  20. ↑ Christopher Hitchens: Despite Cancer, I'd Drink & Smoke Again
  21. ↑ Picture of an overweight Christopher Hitchens smoking a cigarette
  22. ↑ National Institute of Health - Obesity and Cancer Risk
  23. ↑ http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/pe/exs190web/exs190history.htm
  24. ↑
  25. ↑
  26. ↑ http://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/229583104/
  27. ↑ American Atheists Board of Directors
  28. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=causes
  29. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  30. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  31. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  32. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  33. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  34. ↑ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/obesity/
  35. ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obesity?show=0&t=1293887890
  36. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=causes
  37. ↑ http://www.gotquestions.org/gluttony-sin.html
  38. ↑ http://carm.org/christianity/sermons/1-corinthians-619-20-your-body-his-temple
  39. ↑ http://www.mygenes.co.nz/PDFs/Ch6.pdf
  40. ↑ Why do atheists hate God?
  41. ↑
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174323
  45. ↑ http://www.obesitypsychiatry.com/id2.html
  46. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17262813
  47. ↑ http://leadercall.com/features/x1593289728/Angry-Atheists
  48. ↑ http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2007/07/the_new_new_ath.html
  49. ↑ http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-and-pavlovs-monkeys
  50. ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/01/anger-at-god-common-even-among-atheists/
  51. ↑ http://www.godisforus.com/information/worldview/god/perfection.htm
  52. ↑ http://creation.com/did-god-create-life-on-other-planets
  53. ↑ http://creation.com/origin-of-life-questions-and-answers
  54. ↑ http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/102/6/855 On Scientific Thought
  55. ↑ http://www.billmuehlenberg.com/2008/05/26/the-unbearable-heaviness-of-being-in-a-world-without-god/
  56. ↑ http://cals-cf.calsnet.arizona.edu/fcs/bpy/content.cfm?content=peer_rel
  57. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=causes
  58. ↑ http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/05/at_least_you_can_see_a_hint_of.php
  59. ↑
  60. ↑
  61. ↑
  62. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=symptoms
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