Ring (mathematics)

A ring in mathematics is a set R equipped with two binary operations, usually called addition and multiplication, satisfying that

1. R with addition is a commutative group;

2. R is closed under multiplication;

3. Multiplication is associative;

4. Multiplication distributes over addition.

Examples

• - the set of the integers - together with the usual addition and multiplication is a ring.
• the subring of the even numbers is a ring, too: this shows that there is not necessarily a neutral element of the multiplication in a ring.
•  : this is the ring of six elements {0,1,2,3,4,5} and the usual addition and multiplication modulo six. So, here 1+3= 4, but 4+5 = 3. Interestingly, , so, you can multiply two elements, neither of which is zero, and get zero as the result!

Remarks

A ring with unity is a ring for which multiplication has a neutral element.

A commutative ring is a ring in which multiplication is commutative.

A division ring is a ring such that R with multiplication is a (not necessarily commutative) group.