Difference between revisions of "Treason"
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The definition of '''treason''' is a thorny problem for any free society. Politics in a [[representative]] [[democracy]] have been understood in modern times to require a [[loyal opposition]], which means that the concept cannot be too expansive or debate and the life of the mind generally will be chilled. By contrast, a [[totalitarian]] state can simply designate all opposition to the philosophy of the ruling party or the policies of the leader as treason. However, in any state, in order for the [[executive branch]] to be able to fulfill its duty to protect the polity, it must retain the possibility of pursuing criminal sanctions against domestic enemies of the existing order, at least to the extent they use [[violence]]. | The definition of '''treason''' is a thorny problem for any free society. Politics in a [[representative]] [[democracy]] have been understood in modern times to require a [[loyal opposition]], which means that the concept cannot be too expansive or debate and the life of the mind generally will be chilled. By contrast, a [[totalitarian]] state can simply designate all opposition to the philosophy of the ruling party or the policies of the leader as treason. However, in any state, in order for the [[executive branch]] to be able to fulfill its duty to protect the polity, it must retain the possibility of pursuing criminal sanctions against domestic enemies of the existing order, at least to the extent they use [[violence]]. | ||
| − | It is generally understood that treason is a unique crime threatening all citizens and calls for the harshest penalties, typically [[capital punishment]]. In medieval [[England|English]] law, 'high treason' was defined as the murder or attempted murder of the reigning monarchy, or attempts to usurp or overthrow them or pervert the natural succession of the throne. 'Petty treason' was the murder of a social superior, such as a servant killing his master or a knight murdering the lord he was expected to serve, but this term gradually fell out of use after the decline of the feudal system, and because such cases could also be tried simply as murder. Before the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 (which ejected the [[House of Stuart]] and made the English government truly limited), high treason carried a penalty of [[beheading]] for the nobility and [[hanging]], [[drawing and quartering]] for others, a process vividly depicted towards the end of the 1995 film [[Braveheart]]. A famous example of | + | It is generally understood that treason is a unique crime threatening all citizens and calls for the harshest penalties, typically [[capital punishment]]. In medieval [[England|English]] law, 'high treason' was defined as the murder or attempted murder of the reigning monarchy, or attempts to usurp or overthrow them or pervert the natural succession of the throne. 'Petty treason' was the murder of a social superior, such as a servant killing his master or a knight murdering the lord he was expected to serve, but this term gradually fell out of use after the decline of the feudal system, and because such cases could also be tried simply as murder. Before the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 (which ejected the [[House of Stuart]] and made the English government truly limited), high treason carried a penalty of [[beheading]] for the nobility and [[hanging]], [[drawing and quartering]] for others, a process vividly depicted towards the end of the 1995 film [[Braveheart]]. A famous example of such an execution was that in 1605 of [[Guy Fawkes]], a member of a failed conspiracy of [[Roman Catholics]] who sought to assassinate the [[Protestant]] King [[James I]] and his parliament. The British executed traitors as late as the mid-[[20th century]], but by that time were content to rely merely on hanging. |
The [[U. S. Constitution]] defines treason as "levying war against the United States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." It also (copying an earlier English statute, the Statute of [[Edward III]]) requires that no conviction shall be had for this crime in the absence of the sworn testimony of two witnesses. The high point of treason prosecutions came under the administration of [[Woodrow Wilson]], when the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] and [[Sedition Act of 1918]] were used to convict scores of Americans for treason based on their speech against American participation in [[World War I]]. The Sedition Act was eventually repealed (although at least two sections of the Espionage Act remain in U. S. law) and the modern [[clear and present danger doctrine]] was formulated to determine when the U. S. or any state could restrict [[First Amendment]] rights to free expression. | The [[U. S. Constitution]] defines treason as "levying war against the United States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." It also (copying an earlier English statute, the Statute of [[Edward III]]) requires that no conviction shall be had for this crime in the absence of the sworn testimony of two witnesses. The high point of treason prosecutions came under the administration of [[Woodrow Wilson]], when the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] and [[Sedition Act of 1918]] were used to convict scores of Americans for treason based on their speech against American participation in [[World War I]]. The Sedition Act was eventually repealed (although at least two sections of the Espionage Act remain in U. S. law) and the modern [[clear and present danger doctrine]] was formulated to determine when the U. S. or any state could restrict [[First Amendment]] rights to free expression. | ||
Revision as of 23:24, September 4, 2008
The definition of treason is a thorny problem for any free society. Politics in a representative democracy have been understood in modern times to require a loyal opposition, which means that the concept cannot be too expansive or debate and the life of the mind generally will be chilled. By contrast, a totalitarian state can simply designate all opposition to the philosophy of the ruling party or the policies of the leader as treason. However, in any state, in order for the executive branch to be able to fulfill its duty to protect the polity, it must retain the possibility of pursuing criminal sanctions against domestic enemies of the existing order, at least to the extent they use violence.
It is generally understood that treason is a unique crime threatening all citizens and calls for the harshest penalties, typically capital punishment. In medieval English law, 'high treason' was defined as the murder or attempted murder of the reigning monarchy, or attempts to usurp or overthrow them or pervert the natural succession of the throne. 'Petty treason' was the murder of a social superior, such as a servant killing his master or a knight murdering the lord he was expected to serve, but this term gradually fell out of use after the decline of the feudal system, and because such cases could also be tried simply as murder. Before the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (which ejected the House of Stuart and made the English government truly limited), high treason carried a penalty of beheading for the nobility and hanging, drawing and quartering for others, a process vividly depicted towards the end of the 1995 film Braveheart. A famous example of such an execution was that in 1605 of Guy Fawkes, a member of a failed conspiracy of Roman Catholics who sought to assassinate the Protestant King James I and his parliament. The British executed traitors as late as the mid-20th century, but by that time were content to rely merely on hanging.
The U. S. Constitution defines treason as "levying war against the United States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." It also (copying an earlier English statute, the Statute of Edward III) requires that no conviction shall be had for this crime in the absence of the sworn testimony of two witnesses. The high point of treason prosecutions came under the administration of Woodrow Wilson, when the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 were used to convict scores of Americans for treason based on their speech against American participation in World War I. The Sedition Act was eventually repealed (although at least two sections of the Espionage Act remain in U. S. law) and the modern clear and present danger doctrine was formulated to determine when the U. S. or any state could restrict First Amendment rights to free expression.
Treason prosecutions in the modern U. S. are exceedingly rare; although an al-Qaeda operative born in California was recently indicted, other U. S. citizens who have fought in Afghanistan on the Taliban side, notably John Walker Lindh and Yasser Esam Hamdi, were tried on lesser charges, and Hamdi is now a free man. This is in part because there were no treason prosecutions arising from the Cold War; even the Rosenbergs were tried and sentenced to death for espionage, the selling of secrets, which led their lawyers to complain that they were being treated more harshly than the average American traitor in World War II, only two of whom had been sentenced to death. Aldrich Ames, originally charged with treason after his spying for Russia during the Cold War was revealed, averted prosecution for this charge by reaching with the government a plea agreement to lesser charges, and is now serving a life sentence.
The decision not to charge the Rosenbergs with treason may stem from the fact the Cold War remained cold instead of being formally declared by Congress. This would mean that the definition of "enemies" is actually more problematic than that of any other word in the Constitution's treason clause, since the Rosenbergs quite obviously adhered to the Soviet Union and give it aid and comfort. Comparably, Jonathan Pollard was also charged with espionage when he passed American secrets to Israel, a state not usually be described as an enemy of the U. S., and sentenced to life in prison. As with the Rosenbergs, there were loud protests; unlike them they included calls for a Presidential pardon.
