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=Karl Marx=
 
=Karl Marx=
'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (May 5, 1818<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1818-bc.htm Birth Certificate of Karl Marx], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works'', Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635</ref> – March 14, 1883) was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758. Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited as co-founder (with Friedrich Engels) of communism<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref> and specifically of Marxism. Marx always considered himself an economist,<ref>Charles H. Powers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cw8nRx08ix0C Making Sense of Social Theory: A Practical Introduction] (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) ISBN 1442201193, p. 115</ref> but, according to Don Ross, co-editor of ''[http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_philosophy/9780195189254/toc.html The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics]'', "the Marxist system as a whole is not regarded as economics by the mainstream."<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> Economist Thomas Sowell, an ex-Marxist,<ref>"'I was a Marxist when I went to the University of Chicago, and I was still a Marxist after I took Milton Friedman’s course. ... But just one summer as an economics intern in Washington got rid of all of that.' Sowell worked in the Labor Department, in the Wage and Hour Division. He was interested in whether minimum wages helped the poor by raising their pay or hurt them by denying them jobs. He found that the personnel around him were interested in other things: namely, the preservation of their own jobs, and the perpetuation of government programs." Jay Nordlinger, "[http://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/article/?q=NTQ5ZjNhNzE5MjhmOGY5MjYwNGFjNmEwYWNmZjNmNTk= A Lion in High Summer]," ''National Review'', Vol. LXIII, No. 3 (February 21, 2011)</ref> agrees:
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'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (May 5, 1818<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1818-bc.htm Birth Certificate of Karl Marx], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works'', Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635</ref> – March 14, 1883) was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758. Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited as co-founder (with Friedrich Engels) of communism<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref> and specifically of Marxism, a theory identified by Karl Popper as [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html pseudoscience]. Although Marx always considered himself an economist,<ref>Charles H. Powers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cw8nRx08ix0C Making Sense of Social Theory: A Practical Introduction]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) ISBN 1442201193, p. 115</ref> "the Marxist system as a whole is not regarded as economics by the mainstream," according to Don Ross, co-editor of ''[http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_philosophy/9780195189254/toc.html The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics]''.<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> Ex-Marxist<ref>"'I was a Marxist when I went to the University of Chicago, and I was still a Marxist after I took Milton Friedman’s course. ... But just one summer as an economics intern in Washington got rid of all of that.' Sowell worked in the Labor Department, in the Wage and Hour Division. He was interested in whether minimum wages helped the poor by raising their pay or hurt them by denying them jobs. He found that the personnel around him were interested in other things: namely, the preservation of their own jobs, and the perpetuation of government programs." Jay Nordlinger, "[http://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/article/?q=NTQ5ZjNhNzE5MjhmOGY5MjYwNGFjNmEwYWNmZjNmNTk= A Lion in High Summer]," ''National Review'', Vol. LXIII, No. 3 (February 21, 2011)</ref> economist Thomas Sowell agrees:
 
{{cquote|[T]he Marxian contribution to economics can be readily summarized as virtually zero. Professional economics as it exists today reflects no indication that Karl Marx ever existed... [T]he development of modern economics has simply ignored Marx. Even economists who are Marxists typically utilize a set of analytical tools to which Marx contributed nothing... In professional economics, ''Capital'' was a detour into a blind alley...<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TVkVAAAAIAAJ Marxism: Philosophy and Economics]'' (Taylor & Francis, 1985) ISBN 0043201717, p. 217.</ref>}}
 
{{cquote|[T]he Marxian contribution to economics can be readily summarized as virtually zero. Professional economics as it exists today reflects no indication that Karl Marx ever existed... [T]he development of modern economics has simply ignored Marx. Even economists who are Marxists typically utilize a set of analytical tools to which Marx contributed nothing... In professional economics, ''Capital'' was a detour into a blind alley...<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TVkVAAAAIAAJ Marxism: Philosophy and Economics]'' (Taylor & Francis, 1985) ISBN 0043201717, p. 217.</ref>}}
William Coleman of the Australian National University actually identifies Marx as an "anti-economist."<ref>William Coleman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jMipPwAACAAJ Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-Economics]'' (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 1403941483, p. 234.</ref> Ross concurs, labeling Marx "the most influential anti-economist of all."<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> Even Michael Harrington, a well-known Marxist,<ref>Wayne Price, "[http://www.utopianmag.com/files/in/1000000043/wayne_utopia.pdf Anarchism: Utopian or Scientific?]" ''The Utopian'' Vol. 5, p. 62</ref> in his book, ''The Twilight of Capitalism'', devoted an entire chapter to Marx "The anti-economist."<ref>Michael Harrington, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=__ROAAAAMAAJ The Twilight of Capitalism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1976) ISBN 0671227599, chapter 5</ref> Nevertheless, men and women of zeal, often well-meaning but without understanding<ref>"The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well meaning but without understanding." [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0277_0438_ZD.html Brandeis, J., Dissenting], ''Olmstead v. United States'' 277 US 438 (1928)</ref> of economics, ravaged the 20th century reifying Marx's economic illusions&mdash;in the process killing more people than all the century's wars combined.<ref>R.J. Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/what-only-35000000-killed-in-20th-century-war/ What? Only 35,000,000 Killed in 20th Century War?], Democratic Peace Blog, November 30, 2008. In 1918, Grigory Zinoviev, first head of the Comintern, announced: "To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated." (George Leggett, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRUFAQAAIAAJ The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police]'' [Oxford University Press, 1986] ISBN 0-19-822862-7, p. 114) Zinoviev's estimate that the Soviets would murder 10 million people was far too low: Mid-range academic estimates of the number of civilians murdered by Marxists range from 94 million (Stéphane Courtois, ed. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]'' [Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 0-674-07608-7, p. 4) to 148 million. Margaret Cox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMvOoPN58CoC The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures]'' [Cambridge University Press, 2008] ISBN 0521865875, p. 8; Cf. Rudy Rummel, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Genocide&month=0511&week=d&msg=kbHvcYM/g2BcFyVBXdoRew&user=&pw= Reevaluated democide totals for 20thC. and China], H-Genocide Discussion Logs, H-Net (Humanities and Social Sciences Online), Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online (Michigan State University), November 28, 2005; T. Matthew Ciolek, [http://www.ciolek.com/SPEC/rummel-on-democide-2005.html R.J. Rummel: Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China], Asia Pacific Research Online, Internet Publications Bureau, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, National Institute for Asia and the Pacific (Australian National University), November 29, 2005</ref>
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William Coleman of the Australian National University actually goes so far as to identify Marx as an "anti-economist."<ref>William Coleman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jMipPwAACAAJ Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-Economics]'' (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 1403941483, p. 234. As economics concerns human prosperity and thriving, "anti-economics" may be understood as an anti-human project of death and destruction.</ref> Ross concurs, labeling Marx "the most influential anti-economist of all."<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> Even [[Michael Harrington]], a well-known Marxist,<ref>Wayne Price, "[http://www.utopianmag.com/files/in/1000000043/wayne_utopia.pdf Anarchism: Utopian or Scientific?]" ''The Utopian'' Vol. 5, p. 62</ref> in his book, ''The Twilight of Capitalism'', devoted an entire chapter to Marx "The anti-economist."<ref>Michael Harrington, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=__ROAAAAMAAJ The Twilight of Capitalism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1976) ISBN 0671227599, chapter 5</ref> Nevertheless, men and women of zeal, often well-meaning but without understanding<ref>"The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well meaning but without understanding." [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0277_0438_ZD.html Brandeis, J., Dissenting], ''Olmstead v. United States'' 277 US 438 (1928)</ref> of economics, ravaged the 20th century reifying Marx's anti-economics&mdash;in the process killing more people than all the century's wars combined.<ref>R.J. Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/what-only-35000000-killed-in-20th-century-war/ What? Only 35,000,000 Killed in 20th Century War?], Democratic Peace Blog, November 30, 2008. In 1918, Grigory Zinoviev, first head of the Comintern, announced: "To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated." (George Leggett, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRUFAQAAIAAJ The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police]'' [Oxford University Press, 1986] ISBN 0-19-822862-7, p. 114) Zinoviev's estimate that Communists would murder 10 million people was about an order of magnitude too low: Mid-range academic estimates of the number of civilians murdered by Marxists range from 94 million (Stéphane Courtois, ed. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]'' [Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 0-674-07608-7, p. 4) to 148 million. Margaret Cox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMvOoPN58CoC The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures]'' [Cambridge University Press, 2008] ISBN 0521865875, p. 8; Cf. Rudy Rummel, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Genocide&month=0511&week=d&msg=kbHvcYM/g2BcFyVBXdoRew&user=&pw= Reevaluated democide totals for 20thC. and China], H-Genocide Discussion Logs, H-Net (Humanities and Social Sciences Online), Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online (Michigan State University), November 28, 2005, cited in T. Matthew Ciolek, [http://www.ciolek.com/SPEC/rummel-on-democide-2005.html R.J. Rummel: Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China], Asia Pacific Research Online, Internet Publications Bureau, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, National Institute for Asia and the Pacific (Australian National University), November 29, 2005</ref>
  
 
==Early life==
 
==Early life==
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====Marx's personal economy====
 
====Marx's personal economy====
Marx's youthful bacchanalia seem to have been riotously expensive; while he was still a student, there emerged what was to become a dominant theme of his life: his "grotesque incompetence"<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref>  in real-world economics.<ref>The word "economics" is used here in the original sense of household management, administration or stewardship. M. M. Austin and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekqCOGr1_NAC Economic and social history of ancient Greece: an introduction]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042670, p. 162</ref> On this score, the letters of Marx's long-suffering father tell a sorry tale:
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Marx's youthful bacchanalia seem to have been ruinously expensive; while he was still a student, there emerged what was to become a dominant theme of his life: his "grotesque incompetence"<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref>  in real-world economics.<ref>The word "economics" is used here in the original sense of household management, administration or stewardship. M. M. Austin and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekqCOGr1_NAC Economic and social history of ancient Greece: an introduction]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042670, p. 162</ref> On this score, the letters of Marx's long-suffering father tell a sorry tale:
 
* “Your accounts, dear Karl, are... disconnected and inconclusive. If only they had been shorter and more precise, and the figures properly set out in columns, the operation would have been very simple. One expects order even from a scholar, and especially from a practical lawyer.... I enclose a money order for 50 talers [equivalent to approximately $900 today]...”<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/papa/1836-fl1.htm Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl], 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 648-652. A Prussian taler or thaler (whence we get the word "dollar") was ~16.7 grams (about 0.6 ounces) of silver. At the current price of ~$30 per ounce, each taler would therefore be worth ~$18 today, so 50 talers would be worth ~$900.</ref>
 
* “Your accounts, dear Karl, are... disconnected and inconclusive. If only they had been shorter and more precise, and the figures properly set out in columns, the operation would have been very simple. One expects order even from a scholar, and especially from a practical lawyer.... I enclose a money order for 50 talers [equivalent to approximately $900 today]...”<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/papa/1836-fl1.htm Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl], 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 648-652. A Prussian taler or thaler (whence we get the word "dollar") was ~16.7 grams (about 0.6 ounces) of silver. At the current price of ~$30 per ounce, each taler would therefore be worth ~$18 today, so 50 talers would be worth ~$900.</ref>
 
* “I sent... 50 talers. With what you took with you, that makes 160 talers [~$2,880].... I am convinced that it is possible to manage with less... But no more under any condition... I enclose a draft on... the lottery office in the university building; you will get money there, as m[uch as] you need.”<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/papa/1836-fl2.htm Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl], March 18, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 652-653</ref>
 
* “I sent... 50 talers. With what you took with you, that makes 160 talers [~$2,880].... I am convinced that it is possible to manage with less... But no more under any condition... I enclose a draft on... the lottery office in the university building; you will get money there, as m[uch as] you need.”<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/papa/1836-fl2.htm Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl], March 18, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 652-653</ref>
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Marx's style was shared by his companions: his wife referred to Lassalle "the little Berlin Jew,"<ref>William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 71</ref> while Engels called him a "greasy Jew."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VIKGCHT1sbwC A history of the Jews]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060915331, p. 350</ref>
 
Marx's style was shared by his companions: his wife referred to Lassalle "the little Berlin Jew,"<ref>William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 71</ref> while Engels called him a "greasy Jew."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VIKGCHT1sbwC A history of the Jews]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060915331, p. 350</ref>
  
===Marx's anti-Semitism===
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===Marx's self-loathing===
"That Karl Marx was an inveterate antisemite is today considered a commonplace which is hardly ever questioned," wrote Shlomo Avineri, professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Shlomo Avineri, “[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2707911 Marx and Jewish Emancipation],” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 25, No. 3 (July–September, 1964) pp. 445-450</ref> Marx “was at best negative towards Jews in theory,” according to University of London historian David Cesarani;<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 1 (PDF p. 7)</ref> he was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Indeed, Marx's "entire theory of class was rooted in anti-Semitism," charges Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575), p. 73</ref> Thus Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew,”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> while Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, dubs him “a self-hating Jew.”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> Likewise, Sir Isaiah Berlin diagnosed Marx's condition as "self-hate" and Marx's biographer Werner Blumenberg "self-hatred"; Raphael Patai pronounced Marx the "most influential of Jewish self-haters."<ref>Raphael Patai, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jNniq7Ji7YC The Jewish mind]'' (Wayne State University Press, 1977) ISBN 081432651X, p. 470</ref>
+
"That Karl Marx was an inveterate antisemite is today considered a commonplace which is hardly ever questioned," wrote Shlomo Avineri, professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Shlomo Avineri, “[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2707911 Marx and Jewish Emancipation],” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 25, No. 3 (July–September, 1964) pp. 445-450</ref> Marx “was at best negative towards Jews in theory,” according to University of London historian David Cesarani;<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 1 (PDF p. 7)</ref> he was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Indeed, Marx's "entire theory of class was rooted in anti-Semitism," charges Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575), p. 73</ref> Thus Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew,”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> while [http://www.js.emory.edu/faculty/gilman.htm Sander Gilman] of Emory University's Tam Institute for Jewish Studies ranks him among the most influential  “Jewish anti-Semites” of his generation of Germans.<ref>S.L. Gilman (1984), “[http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/3/275.full.pdf+html Karl Marx and the Secret Language of Jews],” ''[http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/ Modern Judaism]'', [http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year/1984 Vol. 4] [http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/3.toc No. 3], p. 275. Reprinted in Charlie Malcolm-Brown and  Russell Wheatley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments]'' (Taylor & Francis, 1990) ISBN 0415193273, p. 22</ref> Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, dubs Marx “a self-hating Jew”;<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> Sir Isaiah Berlin diagnosed Marx's condition as "self-hate," and Marx's biographer Werner Blumenberg "self-hatred"; Raphael Patai pronounced Marx the "most influential of Jewish self-haters."<ref>Raphael Patai, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jNniq7Ji7YC The Jewish mind]'' (Wayne State University Press, 1977) ISBN 081432651X, p. 470</ref>
  
 
===="On the Jewish Question"====
 
===="On the Jewish Question"====
Line 75: Line 75:
 
{{cquote|The contradiction that exists between the practical political power of the Jew and his political rights is the contradiction between politics and the power of money in general. Although theoretically the former is superior to the latter, in actual fact politics has become the serf of financial power.}}
 
{{cquote|The contradiction that exists between the practical political power of the Jew and his political rights is the contradiction between politics and the power of money in general. Although theoretically the former is superior to the latter, in actual fact politics has become the serf of financial power.}}
 
Marx claimed that the Jews had elevated "their greedy, exploitive spirit"<ref>Matthew Lange, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jMQpHAMEF1EC Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850-1933]'' (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007)ISBN 3039110403, p. 39</ref> into the reigning spirit of the age, writes Matthew Lange, director of the German program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. As Marx put it, "The god of the Jews has become secularized and has become the god of the world":
 
Marx claimed that the Jews had elevated "their greedy, exploitive spirit"<ref>Matthew Lange, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jMQpHAMEF1EC Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850-1933]'' (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007)ISBN 3039110403, p. 39</ref> into the reigning spirit of the age, writes Matthew Lange, director of the German program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. As Marx put it, "The god of the Jews has become secularized and has become the god of the world":
{{cquote|The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish manner, not only because he has acquired financial power, but also because, through him and also apart from him, money has become a world power and the practical Jewish spirit has become the practical spirit of the Christian nations. The Jews have emancipated themselves insofar as the Christians have become Jews."}}
+
{{cquote|The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish manner, not only because he has acquired financial power, but also because, through him and also apart from him, money has become a world power and the practical Jewish spirit has become the practical spirit of the Christian nations. The Jews have emancipated themselves insofar as the Christians have become Jews.}}
 
It is "in North America," according to Marx, that the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" has achieved what he calls "its unambiguous and normal expression."
 
It is "in North America," according to Marx, that the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" has achieved what he calls "its unambiguous and normal expression."
 
As evidence, Marx approvingly quotes one observer who writes of the "devout and politically free inhabitant of New England" that {{cquote|''Mammon'' is his idol.... In his view the world is no more than a Stock Exchange, and he is convinced that he has no other destiny here below than to become richer than his neighbor. Trade has seized upon all his thoughts, and he has no other recreation than to exchange objects.... [He] talks only of interest and profit.}}
 
As evidence, Marx approvingly quotes one observer who writes of the "devout and politically free inhabitant of New England" that {{cquote|''Mammon'' is his idol.... In his view the world is no more than a Stock Exchange, and he is convinced that he has no other destiny here below than to become richer than his neighbor. Trade has seized upon all his thoughts, and he has no other recreation than to exchange objects.... [He] talks only of interest and profit.}}
  
This theme, the "practical domination" of ''Judentum'' over America, would later be exploited by the Nazis, who would label the United States a "Jewish Dictatorship,"<ref>Jeffrey Herf, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3EZ50uDlSoC The Jewish enemy: Nazi propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust]'' (Harvard University Press, 2006) ISBN 0674021754, p. 48</ref> claiming that Jews had "economic life in New York... entirely under their control," and through newspapers "controlled by the Jews" influenced American public opinion: "The question is whether the American people want to make the Jews happy by engaging in fruitless conflict with the German Reich and the German people."<ref>Joseph Goebbels, "[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb28.htm What Does America Really Want?]" ''Völkischer Beobachter'', January 21, 1939 [“Was will eigentlich Amerika,” Die Zeit ohne Beispiel (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP., 1941), pp. 24-30]) This association of Jews with America would  be reprised in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' along [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].</ref> This argument has since been reclaimed by the left, with charges of Jewish influence once again leading America into war.<ref>It has recently been charged that "large and extremely influential Jewish donor groups are... agitating for a U.S. war against Iran" (Glenn Greenwald, as quoted in Adam Levick, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=3211&TTL=Anti-Israelism_and_Anti-Semitism_in_Progressive_U.S._Blogs/News_Websites:_Influential_and_Poorly_Monitored Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism in Progressive U.S. Blogs/News Websites: Influential and Poorly Monitored]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' (Institute for Global Jewish Affairs), No. 92, [December 2010]); that a "secret Jewish coalition [is] raising funds in excess of $200 million to wage a propaganda war in America in an attempt to gain American support for another war against Iran" (PoliSci 000, "[http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/6/21/12160/0406/272/539749 Apartheid Israel Trying to Start World War 3]," dailykos.com, June 21, 2008); that "Israel's powerful lobbies" in the U.S. have "embraced Israel's approach to Iran" creating a "serious stumbling block" to peace, that Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's demand that Israel be "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/world/africa/26iht-iran.html wiped off the map]" was misinterpreted, whereas "the threat is the other way around" (Phyllis Bennis, "[http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/iran_in_the_crosshairs Iran in the Crosshairs]," Institute for Policy Studies, February 28, 2008); that "a great power like the US [is] being dictated to in the conduct of its own foreign policy" by Israel (Andrew Sullivan, "[http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/01/sick-of-the-israelis-and-the-palestinians.html 'Sick' Of The Israelis And The Palestinians]," theatlantic.com, January 6, 2010), etc.</ref> This idea linking America and the Jews has powerful roots.<ref>“The anti-American left... is at least as anti-Jewish as the clerical conservative right, especially among those who have embraced a pronounced 'antifascist' and 'antiracist' credo.” (Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/wistrich.pdf European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself],'' [The American Jewish Committee, 2002], p. 11) "Anti-Americanism in the Islamic world and Anti-Americanism in Europe are in fact linked, and both bear an uncanny resemblance to anti-Semitism." (Natan Sharansky, "On Hating Jews: The inextricable link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism," ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 17, 2003) "America and Jews are seen by many Europeans as paragons of a modernity they dislike and distrust: money-driven, profit-hungry, urban, universalistic, individualistic, mobile, rootless, inauthentic, and thus hostile to established traditions and values." ("[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=658&TTL=European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Semitism:_Similarities_and_Differences European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism: Similarities and Differences]," An Interview with Andrei S. Markovits, ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' [Institute for Global Jewish Affairs], No. 16 [January 1, 2004]) "Jews were blamed for the evils of capitalism in earlier centuries. Americans are blamed for globalization, that is, technological and economic change to the max, in our days." (Josef Joffe, quoted in Mark O'Keefe, "[http://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Anti-Semitism-and-Anti-Americanism.aspx Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, May 5, 2006) "America today has become the world's market-dominant minority," while "Jews are a market-dominant mionority in the Middle East." (Amy Chua, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KSp1okOggpkC World on fire: how exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability]'' [Random House, Inc., 2004] ISBN 0385721862, pp. 218, 229) Thus post-unification Germany, observed a journalist in 2005, is marked by "a poisonous cocktail of the three big As: anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism and anti-capitalism." (Wolfgang Munchau, "[http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/13684/part_2/antiamericanism-antisemitism-anticapitalism.thtml Anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism]," ''The Spectator'', May 21, 2005)</ref> This association of Jews with America was demonstrated in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' along [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].
+
This theme, the "practical domination" of ''Judentum'' over America, would later be exploited by the Nazis, who would label the United States a "Jewish Dictatorship,"<ref>Jeffrey Herf, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3EZ50uDlSoC The Jewish enemy: Nazi propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust]'' (Harvard University Press, 2006) ISBN 0674021754, p. 48</ref> claiming that Jews had "economic life in New York... entirely under their control," and through newspapers "controlled by the Jews" influenced American public opinion: "The question is whether the American people want to make the Jews happy by engaging in fruitless conflict with the German Reich and the German people."<ref>Joseph Goebbels, "[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb28.htm What Does America Really Want?]" ''Völkischer Beobachter'', January 21, 1939 [“Was will eigentlich Amerika,” Die Zeit ohne Beispiel (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP., 1941), pp. 24-30]) This association of Jews with America would  be reprised in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' along [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].</ref> This argument has since been reclaimed by the left, with charges of Jewish influence once again leading America into war.<ref>It has recently been charged that "large and extremely influential Jewish donor groups are... agitating for a U.S. war against Iran" (Glenn Greenwald, as quoted in Adam Levick, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=3211&TTL=Anti-Israelism_and_Anti-Semitism_in_Progressive_U.S._Blogs/News_Websites:_Influential_and_Poorly_Monitored Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism in Progressive U.S. Blogs/News Websites: Influential and Poorly Monitored]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' (Institute for Global Jewish Affairs), No. 92, [December 2010]); that a "secret Jewish coalition [is] raising funds in excess of $200 million to wage a propaganda war in America in an attempt to gain American support for another war against Iran" (PoliSci 000, "[http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/6/21/12160/0406/272/539749 Apartheid Israel Trying to Start World War 3]," dailykos.com, June 21, 2008); that "Israel's powerful lobbies" in the U.S. have "embraced Israel's approach to Iran" creating a "serious stumbling block" to peace, that Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's demand that Israel be "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/world/africa/26iht-iran.html wiped off the map]" was misinterpreted, whereas "the threat is the other way around" (Phyllis Bennis, "[http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/iran_in_the_crosshairs Iran in the Crosshairs]," Institute for Policy Studies, February 28, 2008); that "a great power like the US [is] being dictated to in the conduct of its own foreign policy" by Israel (Andrew Sullivan, "[http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/01/sick-of-the-israelis-and-the-palestinians.html 'Sick' Of The Israelis And The Palestinians]," theatlantic.com, January 6, 2010), etc.</ref> This idea linking America and the Jews has powerful roots.<ref>"Several chroniclers of early New England have enumerated the founders' remarkable and quite widespread attempts to create, as well as to evoke through rhetorical means and typologies, a New Israel." (Michael Hoberman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tKvzmDezJkkC New Israel/New England: Jews and Puritans in Early America]'' [University of Massachusetts Press, 2011] ISBN 1558499202, p. 25) "No Christian community in history identified more with the People of the Book than did the early settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed their own lives to be a literal reenactment of the Biblical drama of the Hebrew nation... these émigré Puritans dramatized their own situation as the righteous remnant of the Church corrupted by the 'Babylonian woe,' and saw themselves as instruments of Divine Providence, a people chosen to build their new commonwealth on the Covenant entered into at Mount Sinai." (Gabriel Sivan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gcoOAAAAIAAJ The Bible and Civilization]'' [Keter Pub. House Jerusalem, 1973], p. 236) "The Puritans saw themselves as the Israelites, fleeing Pharaoh (the king) across the Red Sea (the Atlantic)." (Karin J. Goldstein, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=D5jLfqWJTJgCA History of Jewish Plymouth]'' [The History Press, 2013] ISBN 160949511X, p. 14) "Indeed, [https://fee.org/articles/capitalism-and-the-jews/ the elite Puritan element was, if anything, pro-Semitic]," according to the late Milton Friedman. For more on the Puritan identification of America with Israel, see George McKenna, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_wwA0pdMdg4C The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism]'' (Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 030010099X.
 +
 
 +
Today, the affinity of America for the Jews has given rise to the anti-Israel movement, which twins anti-Americanism with anti-Semitism, with both America and the Jews serving as symbols of capitalism. “The anti-American left... is at least as anti-Jewish as the clerical conservative right, especially among those who have embraced a pronounced 'antifascist' and 'antiracist' credo.” (Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/wistrich.pdf European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself],'' [The American Jewish Committee, 2002], p. 11) "Anti-Americanism in the Islamic world and Anti-Americanism in Europe are in fact linked, and both bear an uncanny resemblance to anti-Semitism." (Natan Sharansky, "[http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122729626907148599 On Hating Jews: The inextricable link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism]," ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 17, 2003) "America and Jews are seen by many Europeans as paragons of a modernity they dislike and distrust: money-driven, profit-hungry, urban, universalistic, individualistic, mobile, rootless, inauthentic, and thus hostile to established traditions and values." ("[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=658&TTL=European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Semitism:_Similarities_and_Differences European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism: Similarities and Differences]," An Interview with Andrei S. Markovits, ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' [Institute for Global Jewish Affairs], No. 16 [January 1, 2004]) "Jews were blamed for the evils of capitalism in earlier centuries. Americans are blamed for globalization, that is, technological and economic change to the max, in our days." (Josef Joffe, quoted in Mark O'Keefe, "[http://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Anti-Semitism-and-Anti-Americanism.aspx Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, May 5, 2006) "America today has become the world's market-dominant minority," while "Jews are a market-dominant mionority in the Middle East." (Amy Chua, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KSp1okOggpkC World on fire: how exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability]'' [Random House, Inc., 2004] ISBN 0385721862, pp. 218, 229) Thus post-unification Germany, observed a journalist in 2005, is marked by "a poisonous cocktail of the three big As: anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism and anti-capitalism." (Wolfgang Munchau, "[http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/13684/part_2/antiamericanism-antisemitism-anticapitalism.thtml Anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism]," ''The Spectator'', May 21, 2005) This association of Jews with America was demonstrated in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' along [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].</ref>
  
 
Marx ends with a call for "the ''emancipation of society from Judaism''":
 
Marx ends with a call for "the ''emancipation of society from Judaism''":
Line 87: Line 89:
 
Although Marx was "more than a little tainted with that most ignoble of pastimes, Jew-baiting," observes British writer Alexander Baron, apologists for Marx "are extremely coy about it nowadays, for obvious reasons."<ref>Alexander Baron, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Khe9AAAACAAJ Anti-capitalism from anti-semitism to 'anti-racism']'' (Anglo-Hebrew Publishing, 1995) ISBN 1898318239, p. 1</ref> Henderson and Manchester University historian W.H. Chaloner comment:
 
Although Marx was "more than a little tainted with that most ignoble of pastimes, Jew-baiting," observes British writer Alexander Baron, apologists for Marx "are extremely coy about it nowadays, for obvious reasons."<ref>Alexander Baron, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Khe9AAAACAAJ Anti-capitalism from anti-semitism to 'anti-racism']'' (Anglo-Hebrew Publishing, 1995) ISBN 1898318239, p. 1</ref> Henderson and Manchester University historian W.H. Chaloner comment:
 
{{cquote|...Marx's anti-Semitism has been played down, or even ignored, in some popular socialist accounts of Marx's career and doctrines published in the West and intended for radical and socialist consumption.... There may not be exactly a conspiracy of silence but attention may be drawn to the fact that there is a difference between telling the truth and telling the whole truth. Deception by omission is still deception. Western commentators, too, with a few honourable exceptions, have tended to dodge the issue or to gloss over unwelcome facts. Scholars unfamiliar with the German language, who rely only upon English translations of the writings of Marx and Engels, may be led astray if they use selections compiled by Marxists who are prepared to suppress evidence which might display their hero in a somewhat unfavourable light.<ref>W.H. Chaloner & W.O. Henderson, "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/marxracism.pdf Marx/Engels and Racism]," ''Encounter'', July 1975, pp. 18-23</ref>}}
 
{{cquote|...Marx's anti-Semitism has been played down, or even ignored, in some popular socialist accounts of Marx's career and doctrines published in the West and intended for radical and socialist consumption.... There may not be exactly a conspiracy of silence but attention may be drawn to the fact that there is a difference between telling the truth and telling the whole truth. Deception by omission is still deception. Western commentators, too, with a few honourable exceptions, have tended to dodge the issue or to gloss over unwelcome facts. Scholars unfamiliar with the German language, who rely only upon English translations of the writings of Marx and Engels, may be led astray if they use selections compiled by Marxists who are prepared to suppress evidence which might display their hero in a somewhat unfavourable light.<ref>W.H. Chaloner & W.O. Henderson, "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/marxracism.pdf Marx/Engels and Racism]," ''Encounter'', July 1975, pp. 18-23</ref>}}
A case in point is the Marxists Internet Archive, which bowdlerizes some of Marx's writings (including ''On the Jewish Question'')<ref>The Marxists Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (''weltliche Kultus'') to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (''schacher'') to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/ Huckstering]." Cf. Allan Megill, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yLF7hxDPWNoC Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market)]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew ''sakhar'', commerce, ''schacher'' became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “''[http://urts55.uni-trier.de:8080/Projekte/WBB2009/DWB//call_wbgui_py_from_form?textpattern=schacher&lemmapattern= Schacher] .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht''” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a784656037~frm=abslink From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement],” ''Journal of Communist Studies'', vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68</ref> and deletes others, such as “The Russian Loan” (See below)<ref>So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxists Internet Archive has dropped it down the [http://www.newspeakdictionary.com/ns-dict.html memory hole]. The Web site's collection of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm Marx's articles from the ''New York Daily Tribune'', August 21, 1852-February 1861], skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856&mdash;erasing this article (of January 4, 1856) as effectively as [http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/research/digitaltampering/stalin1+2.jpg Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov]. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted [http://marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1910/07/marx-and-engels.htm “was not 'helpful'.”]) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally [http://www.marxists.org/admin/intro/index.htm does not “filter out” such views]; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.</ref> altogether. Others argue the point directly: “To designate Marx as an anti-Semite is nothing but cold war propaganda,” wrote the Marxist<ref>Lawrence Jacob Friedman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tFJvyOpFJtUC Identity's architect: a biography of Erik H. Erikson]'' (Harvard University Press, 2000) ISBN 067400437X, p. 422</ref> Erich Fromm.<ref>Karl Marx, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZprWAAAAMAAJ Early writings]'', T. B. Bottomore, tr. (McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. v</ref> The idea that Marx was an anti-Semite, agrees David Hirsh of the University of London, is "a standard misreading" of ''On the Jewish Question''.<ref>David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> The idea that Marx was in any sense anti-Semitic is a “myth,” concurs Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine (a [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/emeritus/robertfine/home/mycv/ member] of the [http://www.cseweb.org.uk/ Conference of Socialist Economists]), arising in part out of what he calls a “deafness” to Marx's “ironic style.” Marx's claim that “Money is the jealous god of Israel,” contends Fine, is actually a “witty and deeply ironic” critique of that claim.<ref>Robert Fine, "[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism], ''Engage'', Issue 2 (May 2006)</ref>
+
A case in point is the Marxists Internet Archive, which bowdlerizes some of Marx's writings (including ''On the Jewish Question'')<ref>The Marxists Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (''weltliche Kultus'') to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (''schacher'') to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/ Huckstering]." Cf. Allan Megill, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yLF7hxDPWNoC Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market)]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew ''sakhar'', commerce, ''schacher'' became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “''[http://urts55.uni-trier.de:8080/Projekte/WBB2009/DWB//call_wbgui_py_from_form?textpattern=schacher&lemmapattern= Schacher] .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht''” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a784656037~frm=abslink From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement],” ''Journal of Communist Studies'', vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68</ref> and deletes others, such as “The Russian Loan” (See below)<ref>So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxists Internet Archive has dropped it down the [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Memory%20Hole memory hole]. The Web site's collection of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm Marx's articles from the ''New York Daily Tribune'', August 21, 1852-February 1861], skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856&mdash;erasing this article (of January 4, 1856) as effectively as [http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov]. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted [http://marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1910/07/marx-and-engels.htm “was not 'helpful'.”]) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally [http://www.marxists.org/admin/intro/index.htm does not “filter out” such views]; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.</ref> altogether. Others engage in 'denialism': “To designate Marx as an anti-Semite is nothing but cold war propaganda,” wrote the Marxist<ref>Lawrence Jacob Friedman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tFJvyOpFJtUC Identity's architect: a biography of Erik H. Erikson]'' (Harvard University Press, 2000) ISBN 067400437X, p. 422</ref> Erich Fromm.<ref>Karl Marx, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZprWAAAAMAAJ Early writings]'', T. B. Bottomore, tr. (McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. v</ref> The idea that Marx was an anti-Semite, agrees David Hirsh of the University of London, is "a standard misreading" of ''On the Jewish Question''.<ref>David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> The idea that Marx was in any sense anti-Semitic is a “myth,” concurs Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine (a [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/emeritus/robertfine/home/mycv/ member] of the [http://www.cseweb.org.uk/ Conference of Socialist Economists]), arising in part out of what he calls a “deafness” to Marx's “ironic style.” Marx's claim that “Money is the jealous god of Israel,” contends Fine, is actually a “witty and deeply ironic” critique of that claim.<ref>Robert Fine, "[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism], ''Engage'', Issue 2 (May 2006)</ref>
  
 
"[http://www.joelkovel.com/newreadings.html#ecosocialism1 Eco-socialist]" Joel Kovel disagrees: "No attempt to read these pages as a play on words can conceal the hostility which infuses them, and is precisely directed against the identity of the Jew."<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Moreover, Marx expressed his contempt for Jews, not only in ''On the Jewish Question'', but in other writings as well. In ''The German Ideology'', Marx likens the bourgeoisie to Jews, whom he describes as criminals and hypocrites: “The attitude of the bourgeois to the institutions of his regime is like that of the Jew to the law; he evades them whenever it is possible to do so in each individual case, but he wants everyone else to observe them.”<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DdMLAAAAYAAJ The German Ideology: including Theses on Feuerbach and introduction to The critique of political economy]'' (Prometheus Books, 1998) ISBN 1573922587), p. 194</ref> In ''The Holy Family'' Marx expands on the theme of "the material, mass-type Jews," arguing that "real ''secular'' Jewry, and hence ''religious'' Jewry ''too''... finds its final development in the ''money system''," concluding that "the task of abolishing the essence of Jewry is actually the task of abolishing the ''Jewish character of civil society''... the most extreme expression of which is the ''money system''."<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KKPaAAAAMAAJ Collected Works'', Vol. 4] (Lawrence & Wishart, 1975) ISBN 0853152942, pp. 94, 109-110</ref>  
 
"[http://www.joelkovel.com/newreadings.html#ecosocialism1 Eco-socialist]" Joel Kovel disagrees: "No attempt to read these pages as a play on words can conceal the hostility which infuses them, and is precisely directed against the identity of the Jew."<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Moreover, Marx expressed his contempt for Jews, not only in ''On the Jewish Question'', but in other writings as well. In ''The German Ideology'', Marx likens the bourgeoisie to Jews, whom he describes as criminals and hypocrites: “The attitude of the bourgeois to the institutions of his regime is like that of the Jew to the law; he evades them whenever it is possible to do so in each individual case, but he wants everyone else to observe them.”<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DdMLAAAAYAAJ The German Ideology: including Theses on Feuerbach and introduction to The critique of political economy]'' (Prometheus Books, 1998) ISBN 1573922587), p. 194</ref> In ''The Holy Family'' Marx expands on the theme of "the material, mass-type Jews," arguing that "real ''secular'' Jewry, and hence ''religious'' Jewry ''too''... finds its final development in the ''money system''," concluding that "the task of abolishing the essence of Jewry is actually the task of abolishing the ''Jewish character of civil society''... the most extreme expression of which is the ''money system''."<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KKPaAAAAMAAJ Collected Works'', Vol. 4] (Lawrence & Wishart, 1975) ISBN 0853152942, pp. 94, 109-110</ref>  
Line 112: Line 114:
 
"[T]he net result of Marx's essay is to reinforce a traditional anti-Jewish stereotype," concludes Robert S. Wistrich of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, "the identification of the Jews with money-making&mdash;in the sharpest possible manner."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Hl8MAQAAMAAJ Soviet Jewish Affairs'', Vol. 4, No. 1], (Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1974), p. 56</ref> "Marx argues that the Jew will have to cast off his 'Jewishness'&mdash;that is, his mean and grasping ways," writes Lindemann, "in order to become fully human."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> “Marx’s position is essentially an assimilationist one," according to Ray, "in which there is no room within emancipated humanity for Jews as a separate ethnic or cultural identity.”<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the radical critique of difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> "Jews, Marx seems to be saying, can only become free when, as Jews, they no longer exist," observes Fischman.<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> Marx expresses a "bitter grudge against Judaism which borders on the desire to see it destroyed," wrote long-time ''Haaretz'' editor Moshe Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 20</ref> Marx "did not hesitate to besmirch the traditions of the Jewish people and to place a sword in the hands of its enemies," writes Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 15</ref> Marx's "solution of the Jewish question was not very different from Adolf Hitler's," comments Marx's biographer Robert Payne, "for it involved the liquidation of Judaism...."<ref>Robert Payne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cA4YAAAAIAAJ Marx]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1968) as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70</ref> Indeed, Marx's anti-Semitic rhetoric “may have contributed mightily to the bloodshed and the fire to come,” writes Max Geltman.<ref>Max Geltman, “[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/geltman.pdf On Socialist Anti-Semitism]," ''Midstream'', vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1977), p. 25</ref> Of this essay, Gérard Lyon-Caen, professor of labor law at the University of Paris, concludes:
 
"[T]he net result of Marx's essay is to reinforce a traditional anti-Jewish stereotype," concludes Robert S. Wistrich of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, "the identification of the Jews with money-making&mdash;in the sharpest possible manner."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Hl8MAQAAMAAJ Soviet Jewish Affairs'', Vol. 4, No. 1], (Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1974), p. 56</ref> "Marx argues that the Jew will have to cast off his 'Jewishness'&mdash;that is, his mean and grasping ways," writes Lindemann, "in order to become fully human."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> “Marx’s position is essentially an assimilationist one," according to Ray, "in which there is no room within emancipated humanity for Jews as a separate ethnic or cultural identity.”<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the radical critique of difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> "Jews, Marx seems to be saying, can only become free when, as Jews, they no longer exist," observes Fischman.<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> Marx expresses a "bitter grudge against Judaism which borders on the desire to see it destroyed," wrote long-time ''Haaretz'' editor Moshe Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 20</ref> Marx "did not hesitate to besmirch the traditions of the Jewish people and to place a sword in the hands of its enemies," writes Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 15</ref> Marx's "solution of the Jewish question was not very different from Adolf Hitler's," comments Marx's biographer Robert Payne, "for it involved the liquidation of Judaism...."<ref>Robert Payne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cA4YAAAAIAAJ Marx]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1968) as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70</ref> Indeed, Marx's anti-Semitic rhetoric “may have contributed mightily to the bloodshed and the fire to come,” writes Max Geltman.<ref>Max Geltman, “[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/geltman.pdf On Socialist Anti-Semitism]," ''Midstream'', vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1977), p. 25</ref> Of this essay, Gérard Lyon-Caen, professor of labor law at the University of Paris, concludes:
 
{{cquote|To say that it was at the origin of modern anti-Semitism would very certainly be excessive. But to put forward the theory that it encouraged certain anti-Semitic currents in capitalistic countries or even in countries which were freed from capitalism seems hard to dispute.<ref>Gérard Lyon-Caen, "Marx et le droit moderne", ''Archives de philosophie du droit'', No. XII, Paris, Sirey, 1967, p. 1-11 (as cited in Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 557, n. 150</ref>}}
 
{{cquote|To say that it was at the origin of modern anti-Semitism would very certainly be excessive. But to put forward the theory that it encouraged certain anti-Semitic currents in capitalistic countries or even in countries which were freed from capitalism seems hard to dispute.<ref>Gérard Lyon-Caen, "Marx et le droit moderne", ''Archives de philosophie du droit'', No. XII, Paris, Sirey, 1967, p. 1-11 (as cited in Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 557, n. 150</ref>}}
From the writings of Karl Marx it is but a short distance to Nazi Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels' justification for the Holocaust: "The Jews are the incarnation of capitalism.”<ref>Victor Klemperer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-_E1rr7tLlcC I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942-1945]'' Vol. 2 (Random House, Inc., 2001) ISBN 0375756973, p. 317</ref>
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From the writings of Karl Marx it is but a short distance to Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels' justification for the Holocaust: "The Jews are the incarnation of capitalism.”<ref>Victor Klemperer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-_E1rr7tLlcC I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942-1945]'' Vol. 2 (Random House, Inc., 2001) ISBN 0375756973, p. 317</ref>
  
 
===Notes===
 
===Notes===
 
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Latest revision as of 21:49, February 24, 2019

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I don't think that the way to correct a spin from the left is to try to impart a spin from the right.... [A]n information flow distorted from the right would be just as much a disservice as distortion from the left. What we really should be after... is accurate information. And I don't see what any conservative or anybody else for that matter has to fear from accurate information.
-M. Stanton Evans, “Can Conservatives Change the Media?” Heritage Foundation Resource Bank lecture, August 7, 1990


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Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818[1] – March 14, 1883) was a bourgeois[2] political pamphleteer,[3] polemicist[4] and propagandist,[5] credited as co-founder (with Friedrich Engels) of communism[6] and specifically of Marxism, a theory identified by Karl Popper as pseudoscience. Although Marx always considered himself an economist,[7] "the Marxist system as a whole is not regarded as economics by the mainstream," according to Don Ross, co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics.[8] Ex-Marxist[9] economist Thomas Sowell agrees:

[T]he Marxian contribution to economics can be readily summarized as virtually zero. Professional economics as it exists today reflects no indication that Karl Marx ever existed... [T]he development of modern economics has simply ignored Marx. Even economists who are Marxists typically utilize a set of analytical tools to which Marx contributed nothing... In professional economics, Capital was a detour into a blind alley...[10]

William Coleman of the Australian National University actually goes so far as to identify Marx as an "anti-economist."[11] Ross concurs, labeling Marx "the most influential anti-economist of all."[12] Even Michael Harrington, a well-known Marxist,[13] in his book, The Twilight of Capitalism, devoted an entire chapter to Marx "The anti-economist."[14] Nevertheless, men and women of zeal, often well-meaning but without understanding[15] of economics, ravaged the 20th century reifying Marx's anti-economics—in the process killing more people than all the century's wars combined.[16]

Early life

Marx was born "Carl Marx"[17] in the Rhineland city of Trier, then in the Kingdom of Prussia (now in the Federal Republic of Germany),[18] the son of Heinrich Marx and Henriette Pressborck.[19] Marx's father was a successful lawyer[20] and owner of several Moselle vineyards.[21] Philosophically, he was a liberal[22] who “knew his Voltaire and Rousseau by heart.”[23] After the Prussian Edict of 1812 effectively banned Jews from public office and the professions,[24] he converted from Judaism to the Evangelical Church[25] (established in 1817 as the state church of Prussia),[26] changing his name from Hershel Mordechai to Heinrich Marx.[27] In 1824, he had his seven children, including six-year-old Karl, baptized.[28]

Marx the Christian

Marx was confirmed at age 15. As a student at the Royal Frederick William III gymnasium, he was to all appearances a Christian. When Marx graduated in 1835, his diploma read, under the category “Religious knowledge”: “His knowledge of the Christian faith and morals is fairly clear and well grounded; he knows also to some extent the history of the Christian Church.”[29] Yet even then Marx betrayed a tendency to substitute man for God as the primary and ultimate object of Christian love and sacrifice. In an 1835 senior thesis, the 17-year-old Marx wrote that in union with Christ, "we turn our hearts to our brothers whom He has closely bound to us, and for whom also He sacrificed Himself... Therefore union with Christ bestows... a heart which is open to love of mankind..."[30] Likewise, in another senior thesis written at the same time, Marx wrote that "religion itself teaches us that the ideal being whom all strive to copy sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, and who would dare to set at nought such judgments?"[31] Marx, a descendant of famous Talmudic scholars and sages on both sides of his family,[32] apparently studied Greek and French, but not Hebrew.[33] He would put this education to strange uses: "Many of Marx’s dogmas were not original," writes economist Mark Skousen. "They came from the Bible, which he twisted and changed to suit his purposes."[34]

Bonn University

As a Christian, Marx appears to have been one of those whom Jesus described as seeds "sown on stony ground; who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness," but who "have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time..."[35] Barely a month after starting the study of law at Bonn University in October 1835, Marx seems to have embraced atheism. Heinrich disapproved, warning his son:

[A] great support for morality is pure faith in God. You know that I am anything but a fanatic. But this faith is a real [require]ment of man sooner or later, and there are moments in life when even the atheist is [involun]tarily drawn to worship the Almighty... for what Newton, Locke and Leibniz believed, everyone can [...] submit to.[36]

Marx was not academically successful, and proved to be a disappointment to his parents,[37] confirming his father's opinion “that in your heart egoism is predominant.”[38] As a leader of the Trier Tavern Club, a group of students “whose main ambition was to get drunk as frequently and riotously as possible,” Marx began playing cards, getting into drunken brawls, and was even wounded in a duel.[39] He spent 24 hours in jail “for disturbing the peace by rowdiness and drunkenness at night.”[40] His father tried to dissuade the young Marx from such vices, warning his son that “youthful sins in any enjoyment that is immoderate or even harmful in itself meet with frightful punishment.”[41]

His father's warning had no discernible effect. Years later, in London, Marx went on “many a pub crawl.”[42] On one of these, accompanied by Wilhelm Liebknecht and Edgar Bauer, Marx drank in no less than 18 different pubs. In one of these, Marx's “inebriated comments”[43] that Germany “would yet outclass all other nations” nearly got them, once again, into a fight. They fled into the street where, according to Liebknecht, “we broke four or five street lamps.”[44] When he participated in this crime, Marx was a husband and father himself, nearly 40 years old.[45]

Marx's personal economy

Marx's youthful bacchanalia seem to have been ruinously expensive; while he was still a student, there emerged what was to become a dominant theme of his life: his "grotesque incompetence"[46] in real-world economics.[47] On this score, the letters of Marx's long-suffering father tell a sorry tale:

  • “Your accounts, dear Karl, are... disconnected and inconclusive. If only they had been shorter and more precise, and the figures properly set out in columns, the operation would have been very simple. One expects order even from a scholar, and especially from a practical lawyer.... I enclose a money order for 50 talers [equivalent to approximately $900 today]...”[48]
  • “I sent... 50 talers. With what you took with you, that makes 160 talers [~$2,880].... I am convinced that it is possible to manage with less... But no more under any condition... I enclose a draft on... the lottery office in the university building; you will get money there, as m[uch as] you need.”[49]
  • “You are receiving 100 talers [~$1,800] herewith and, if you ask for it, you will receive the rest... You have not kept your word to me—you remember your promise... At the moment I could not send you any more. In the next few days you will probably receive 20 talers [~$360] through Rabe.”[50]
  • “Please, dear Karl, write at once, but write frankly, without reserve and truthfully. Calm me and your dear, kind mother, and we will soon forget the little monetary sacrifice.”[51]
  • “For the time being I am sending you herewith 50 talers. You must at present be able to estimate approximately the amount you absolutely need each year, and that is what I should like to know.”[52]
  • “Enclosed a money order for 50 talers. If you prefer me to look for a firm there to make an arrangement with you, you must tell me approximately the monthly sum I should fix for you. By now you must be able to say what it amounts to with one thing and another.”[53]
  • "As if we were men of wealth, my Herr Son disposed in one year of almost 700 talers [~$12,600] contrary to all agreement, contrary to all usage, whereas the richest spend less than 500 [~$9,000]."[54]
  • "...we are now in the fourth month of the law year and you have already drawn 280 talers [~$5,040]. I have not yet earned that much this winter."[55]

If the young Marx's money woes were due to immaturity, in this regard he he never grew up. "Marx was perpetually in debt, thanks largely to a disastrous combination of traits in his own character," writes Hugh Griffith: "an incorrigible hopelessness with money, together with a refusal to stop spending when it ran out."[56] "Marx, the economist of the proletarian class," writes former Soviet economist Yuri Maltsev, "was hardly what we would call a sound financial administrator."[57] As Sowell observes:

Running left-wing movements has always been the prerogative of spoiled rich kids. This pattern goes all the way back to the days when an over-indulged and affluent young man named Karl Marx combined with another over-indulged youth from a wealthy family named Friedrich Engels to create the Communist ideology.[58]

As a young man, Marx's financial irresponsibility "drove him into the hands of moneylenders at high rates of interest."[59] This pattern continued into his middle age: "Marx was constantly borrowing money against his future income," writes Jerrold Seigal, professor of history at New York University, "and until 1863 against his family inheritance too...."[60] Marx's relations with his mother were "icy and distant," according to biographer Francis Wheen, at least in part because "she had been inconsiderate enough to stay alive," delaying Marx's eagerly-anticipated inheritance.[61] Upon the death of Engels' mistress, Mary Burns, Marx wrote, "Instead of Mary, ought it not to have been my mother," whom Marx judged "has had her fair share of life."[62]

By Marx's own admission he was paying interest rates as high as 50% in 1866, when he was 48 years of age.[63] Perhaps not coincidentally, a "passionate hatred of usury was the real emotional dynamic of [Marx's] whole moral philosophy," argues historian Paul Johnson. "It explains why he devoted so much time and space to the subject" and, suggests Johnson, might be found "lying perhaps at the very roots of his hatred for the capitalist system."[64]

In 1869, Marx told Engels he was £210 in debt (the equivalent of nearly $24,000 today),[65] "of which about 75 are for pawnshop and interest."[66] That year, Engels sold his interest in the family firm and paid off all Marx's debts; in addition, Engels gave Marx a pension of £350 per year,[67] equivalent to an income of more than $280,000 today.[68] According to Maltsev (using figures from an 1867 study presented to the Statistical Society of London),[69] that put Marx's income in the top 2% of the British population—at the time the wealthiest in the world.[70] Yet even this sum was not enough for Marx, who by his own admission was spending from £400 to £500 per year,[71] the income-equivalent of $300,0000-$400,000 per year today.

Marx's anti-Semitism and racism

Among the money-lenders in London, Marx "made use of the Jews"—particularly "the Bambergers, Steifer and Spielmann," writes economic historian W.O. Henderson, "to raise small loans and to discount bills of exchange" from his editor—although he became "furious when they pressed him to honour debts due for repayment," showing "his contempt by always referring to them as 'Jew (or little Jew) Bamberger' and 'Jew Spielmann.'"[72] (Elsewhere, he called Bamberger a member of "the stock-exchange synagogue.")[73]

Marx's anti-Semitism was intertwined with racism. One one occasion when fellow socialist Ferdinand Lassalle (who regularly loaned Marx money) refused him a loan, Marx complained to Engels:

The Jewish nigger Lassalle... would sooner throw money down the drain than lend it to a ‘friend’, even though his interest and capital were guaranteed.... It is now quite plain to me—as the shape of his head and the way his hair grows also testify—that he is descended from the negroes who accompanied Moses’ flight from Egypt (unless his mother or paternal grandmother interbred with a nigger).... The fellow’s importunity is also nigger-like.[74]

Marx called Lassalle a "kinky-haired Nigger-Jew" (kraushaariger Nigger-Jude)[75] with "cynical, oily-obtrusive, phony Baronial Jew-manners."[76] He continually referred to him as "Jew-boy Braun,"[77] "Isaac," "Baron Isaac," a "little Jew," "Ephraim the clever," "Braun Yid" and "Itzig," names commonly used by anti-Semites of the day. "[T]he exodus of the Jews from Egypt was nothing but... the expulsion of the 'leprous people' from Egypt. At the head of these lepers was an Egyptian priest, Moses," asserted Marx. "Lazarus, the leper, is therefore the prototype of the Jew, and so also of Lazare-Lassalle."[78]

Marx's style was shared by his companions: his wife referred to Lassalle "the little Berlin Jew,"[79] while Engels called him a "greasy Jew."[80]

Marx's self-loathing

"That Karl Marx was an inveterate antisemite is today considered a commonplace which is hardly ever questioned," wrote Shlomo Avineri, professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[81] Marx “was at best negative towards Jews in theory,” according to University of London historian David Cesarani;[82] he was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.[83] Indeed, Marx's "entire theory of class was rooted in anti-Semitism," charges Johnson.[84] Thus Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew,”[85] while Sander Gilman of Emory University's Tam Institute for Jewish Studies ranks him among the most influential “Jewish anti-Semites” of his generation of Germans.[86] Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, dubs Marx “a self-hating Jew”;[87] Sir Isaiah Berlin diagnosed Marx's condition as "self-hate," and Marx's biographer Werner Blumenberg "self-hatred"; Raphael Patai pronounced Marx the "most influential of Jewish self-haters."[88]

"On the Jewish Question"

In his essay, "On the Jewish question," Marx makes it clear that he considered Jews "worshippers of mammon," writes Flannery. [89] "The Jew of Marx's essay," agrees Lindeman, "worships money...."[90] As Marx put it in that essay:

What is the secular basis of Judaism? Practical need, self-interest. What is the secular cult of the Jew? Haggling.[91] What is his worldly God? Money.

Marx hammers the point:

Money is the jealous god of Israel, before which no other god may exist. The bill of exchange is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange.

Judaism has only contempt, according to Marx, for non-monetary values:

Contempt for theory, art, history, and for man as an end in himself... is contained in an abstract form in the Jewish religion.

Despite political disenfranchisement in Prussia, claims Marx, Jews have come to dominate politics through "the power of money":

The contradiction that exists between the practical political power of the Jew and his political rights is the contradiction between politics and the power of money in general. Although theoretically the former is superior to the latter, in actual fact politics has become the serf of financial power.

Marx claimed that the Jews had elevated "their greedy, exploitive spirit"[92] into the reigning spirit of the age, writes Matthew Lange, director of the German program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. As Marx put it, "The god of the Jews has become secularized and has become the god of the world":

The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish manner, not only because he has acquired financial power, but also because, through him and also apart from him, money has become a world power and the practical Jewish spirit has become the practical spirit of the Christian nations. The Jews have emancipated themselves insofar as the Christians have become Jews.

It is "in North America," according to Marx, that the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" has achieved what he calls "its unambiguous and normal expression." As evidence, Marx approvingly quotes one observer who writes of the "devout and politically free inhabitant of New England" that

Mammon is his idol.... In his view the world is no more than a Stock Exchange, and he is convinced that he has no other destiny here below than to become richer than his neighbor. Trade has seized upon all his thoughts, and he has no other recreation than to exchange objects.... [He] talks only of interest and profit.

This theme, the "practical domination" of Judentum over America, would later be exploited by the Nazis, who would label the United States a "Jewish Dictatorship,"[93] claiming that Jews had "economic life in New York... entirely under their control," and through newspapers "controlled by the Jews" influenced American public opinion: "The question is whether the American people want to make the Jews happy by engaging in fruitless conflict with the German Reich and the German people."[94] This argument has since been reclaimed by the left, with charges of Jewish influence once again leading America into war.[95] This idea linking America and the Jews has powerful roots.[96]

Marx ends with a call for "the emancipation of society from Judaism":

Once society has succeeded in abolishing the empirical essence of Judaism—huckstering and its preconditions—the Jew will have become impossible.... In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism. [All italics Marx's][97]

Analysis

Although Marx was "more than a little tainted with that most ignoble of pastimes, Jew-baiting," observes British writer Alexander Baron, apologists for Marx "are extremely coy about it nowadays, for obvious reasons."[98] Henderson and Manchester University historian W.H. Chaloner comment:

...Marx's anti-Semitism has been played down, or even ignored, in some popular socialist accounts of Marx's career and doctrines published in the West and intended for radical and socialist consumption.... There may not be exactly a conspiracy of silence but attention may be drawn to the fact that there is a difference between telling the truth and telling the whole truth. Deception by omission is still deception. Western commentators, too, with a few honourable exceptions, have tended to dodge the issue or to gloss over unwelcome facts. Scholars unfamiliar with the German language, who rely only upon English translations of the writings of Marx and Engels, may be led astray if they use selections compiled by Marxists who are prepared to suppress evidence which might display their hero in a somewhat unfavourable light.[99]

A case in point is the Marxists Internet Archive, which bowdlerizes some of Marx's writings (including On the Jewish Question)[100] and deletes others, such as “The Russian Loan” (See below)[101] altogether. Others engage in 'denialism': “To designate Marx as an anti-Semite is nothing but cold war propaganda,” wrote the Marxist[102] Erich Fromm.[103] The idea that Marx was an anti-Semite, agrees David Hirsh of the University of London, is "a standard misreading" of On the Jewish Question.[104] The idea that Marx was in any sense anti-Semitic is a “myth,” concurs Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine (a member of the Conference of Socialist Economists), arising in part out of what he calls a “deafness” to Marx's “ironic style.” Marx's claim that “Money is the jealous god of Israel,” contends Fine, is actually a “witty and deeply ironic” critique of that claim.[105]

"Eco-socialist" Joel Kovel disagrees: "No attempt to read these pages as a play on words can conceal the hostility which infuses them, and is precisely directed against the identity of the Jew."[106] Moreover, Marx expressed his contempt for Jews, not only in On the Jewish Question, but in other writings as well. In The German Ideology, Marx likens the bourgeoisie to Jews, whom he describes as criminals and hypocrites: “The attitude of the bourgeois to the institutions of his regime is like that of the Jew to the law; he evades them whenever it is possible to do so in each individual case, but he wants everyone else to observe them.”[107] In The Holy Family Marx expands on the theme of "the material, mass-type Jews," arguing that "real secular Jewry, and hence religious Jewry too... finds its final development in the money system," concluding that "the task of abolishing the essence of Jewry is actually the task of abolishing the Jewish character of civil society... the most extreme expression of which is the money system."[108]

Extreme as these German works were, Marx surpassed them in vituperation with an article he wrote for publication in America, where according to Marx the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" had achieved what he called "its unambiguous and normal expression."[109] "The Russian Loan," published in the New York Daily Tribune, did not just savage the Jews as capitalists, but specifically exploited the anti-Semitic stereotype of Jews as usurers:

Thus we find every tyrant backed by a Jew... [T]he cravings of oppressors would be hopeless, and the practicability of war out of the question, if there were not... a handful of Jews to ransack pockets....

[T]he real work is done by the Jews, and can only be done by them, as they monopolize the machinery of the loan-mongering mysteries.... The language spoken smells strongly of Babel, and the perfume which otherwise pervades the place is by no means of a choice kind....

Thus do these loans, which are a curse to the people, a ruin to the holders, and a danger to the governments, become a blessing to the houses of the children of Judah. This Jew organization of loan-mongers is... dangerous to the people.... The fortunes amassed by these loan-mongers are immense, but the wrongs and sufferings thus entailed on the people and the encouragement thus afforded to their oppressors still remain to be told....

The fact that 1855 years ago Christ drove the Jewish moneychangers out of the temple, and that the moneychangers of our age enlisted on the side of tyranny happen again chiefly to be Jews, is perhaps no more than a historical coincidence. The loan-mongering Jews of Europe do only on a larger and more obnoxious scale what many others do on one smaller and less significant. But it is only because the Jews are so strong that it is timely and expedient to expose and stigmatize their organization.[110]

More important, Marx did not limit his disparagement of Jews to his public writing and his creditors, but extended it to Jews in general. "His private letters are replete with anti-Semitic remarks, caricatures, and crude epithets," writes Marx's biographer, Saul K. Padover: "'Levy's Jewish nose,' 'usurers,' 'Jew-boy,' 'nigger-Jew,' etc."[111] Marx "sprayed anti-Semitic insults at his enemies with savage glee," writes Francis Wheen:[112] "The Jew [Heymann] Steinthal, with the bland smile"; "that pig... is a Jew by the name of Meier"; he called the journalist Max Friedländer "the cursed Jew of Vienna," French Minister of Finance Achille Fould a "stock-exchange Jew," and Joseph Süß Oppenheimer "the Jew Süß of Egypt." He once referred to a woman who, he wrote, "swamped me with her benevolence" as "the most ugly creature I ever saw in my life, a nastily Jewish physiognomy."[113] On another occasion he refers to a Jewish man as "a cunning-looking Jew-boy."[114] He even called his doctor a Jew for pressing him for payment.[115]

Nor did Marx merely disdain Jews, but Judaism itself: "the Israelite faith is repugnant to me," he wrote.[116] He wrote to Engels from Ramsgate: "Many Jews and bedbugs hereabouts."[117] In thus lumping Jews together with parasites, Marx prefigured a trope that would later figure prominently in the writing of the Nazis.[118]

In On the Jewish Question itself, writes Dennis K. Fischman, assistant professor of social science at Boston University, "Marx seems fairly to bristle with anti-Jewish sentiments."[119] The views Marx expressed in that essay "were part of the classic repertoire of anti-Semitism," according to Gertrude Himmelfarb, professor of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.[120] It is “almost a classic anti-Semitic tract,” agrees Johnson.[121] It is "without any question an anti-Semitic tract," admits even Kovel, former Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College.[122] Indeed, concurs Lewis, it has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda.” [123] This essay was "reprinted, widely quoted, and praised," adds Himmelfarb, "and became the exemplar of a classic genre of socialist anti-Semitism."[124]

"Much of the essay seems simply to borrow from standard anti-Semitic fare," writes Lindemann.[125] Coleman identifies this work as "perhaps, the most condensed identification of Jews with self-interest."[126] Marx exploits the stereotype of Jews “linked in the popular imagination with usury, sharp dealing, and ruthless cunning,” writes Stephen J. Greenblatt of Harvard.[127] He uses the “widespread antisemitic caricature of Jews as inveterate moneylenders and hucksters along with the use of the term Judentum [Judaism] as a metaphor for commerce,” writes Larry Ray, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.[128] Not only are Judaism and capitalism "described as basically the same," according to Lindeman,[129] but in Marx's view, Jews are "responsible for capitalism," writes Lewis.[130] Marx considered Jews "the very soul of the corrupt capitalism he fought," wrote Flannery.[131] The essay, writes Johnson, is “based upon a fantasied Jewish archetype and a conspiracy to corrupt the world.”[132]

Marx expresses “a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background,” writes Greenblatt, as well as “extreme [rhetorical] violence” and “utter separation of himself from the people he excoriates....”

[T]he tone of the attack on the Jews rises to an almost ecstatic disgust at the moment when Marx seems to be locating the Jews most clearly as a product of bourgeois culture; it is as if Marx were eager to prove that he is in no way excusing or forgiving the Jews.[133]

"[T]he net result of Marx's essay is to reinforce a traditional anti-Jewish stereotype," concludes Robert S. Wistrich of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, "the identification of the Jews with money-making—in the sharpest possible manner."[134] "Marx argues that the Jew will have to cast off his 'Jewishness'—that is, his mean and grasping ways," writes Lindemann, "in order to become fully human."[135] “Marx’s position is essentially an assimilationist one," according to Ray, "in which there is no room within emancipated humanity for Jews as a separate ethnic or cultural identity.”[136] "Jews, Marx seems to be saying, can only become free when, as Jews, they no longer exist," observes Fischman.[137] Marx expresses a "bitter grudge against Judaism which borders on the desire to see it destroyed," wrote long-time Haaretz editor Moshe Glickson.[138] Marx "did not hesitate to besmirch the traditions of the Jewish people and to place a sword in the hands of its enemies," writes Glickson.[139] Marx's "solution of the Jewish question was not very different from Adolf Hitler's," comments Marx's biographer Robert Payne, "for it involved the liquidation of Judaism...."[140] Indeed, Marx's anti-Semitic rhetoric “may have contributed mightily to the bloodshed and the fire to come,” writes Max Geltman.[141] Of this essay, Gérard Lyon-Caen, professor of labor law at the University of Paris, concludes:

To say that it was at the origin of modern anti-Semitism would very certainly be excessive. But to put forward the theory that it encouraged certain anti-Semitic currents in capitalistic countries or even in countries which were freed from capitalism seems hard to dispute.[142]

From the writings of Karl Marx it is but a short distance to Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels' justification for the Holocaust: "The Jews are the incarnation of capitalism.”[143]

Notes

  1. Birth Certificate of Karl Marx, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635
  2. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278
  3. George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” The Nation (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950 (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, The Postmodern Marx (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160
  4. Chris Matthew Sciaberra, Marx, Hayek and Utopia (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17
  5. Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, The Cambridge Modern History (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758. Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113
  6. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi
  7. Charles H. Powers, Making Sense of Social Theory: A Practical Introduction (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) ISBN 1442201193, p. 115
  8. Don Ross, "Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology," p. 10
  9. "'I was a Marxist when I went to the University of Chicago, and I was still a Marxist after I took Milton Friedman’s course. ... But just one summer as an economics intern in Washington got rid of all of that.' Sowell worked in the Labor Department, in the Wage and Hour Division. He was interested in whether minimum wages helped the poor by raising their pay or hurt them by denying them jobs. He found that the personnel around him were interested in other things: namely, the preservation of their own jobs, and the perpetuation of government programs." Jay Nordlinger, "A Lion in High Summer," National Review, Vol. LXIII, No. 3 (February 21, 2011)
  10. Thomas Sowell, Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (Taylor & Francis, 1985) ISBN 0043201717, p. 217.
  11. William Coleman, Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-Economics (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 1403941483, p. 234. As economics concerns human prosperity and thriving, "anti-economics" may be understood as an anti-human project of death and destruction.
  12. Don Ross, "Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology," p. 10
  13. Wayne Price, "Anarchism: Utopian or Scientific?" The Utopian Vol. 5, p. 62
  14. Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism (Simon and Schuster, 1976) ISBN 0671227599, chapter 5
  15. "The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well meaning but without understanding." Brandeis, J., Dissenting, Olmstead v. United States 277 US 438 (1928)
  16. R.J. Rummel, What? Only 35,000,000 Killed in 20th Century War?, Democratic Peace Blog, November 30, 2008. In 1918, Grigory Zinoviev, first head of the Comintern, announced: "To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated." (George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police [Oxford University Press, 1986] ISBN 0-19-822862-7, p. 114) Zinoviev's estimate that Communists would murder 10 million people was about an order of magnitude too low: Mid-range academic estimates of the number of civilians murdered by Marxists range from 94 million (Stéphane Courtois, ed. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression [Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 0-674-07608-7, p. 4) to 148 million. Margaret Cox, The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures [Cambridge University Press, 2008] ISBN 0521865875, p. 8; Cf. Rudy Rummel, Reevaluated democide totals for 20thC. and China, H-Genocide Discussion Logs, H-Net (Humanities and Social Sciences Online), Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online (Michigan State University), November 28, 2005, cited in T. Matthew Ciolek, R.J. Rummel: Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China, Asia Pacific Research Online, Internet Publications Bureau, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, National Institute for Asia and the Pacific (Australian National University), November 29, 2005
  17. Birth Certificate of Karl Marx, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635
  18. Roman Culture in Germany, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, London
  19. Birth Certificate of Karl Marx, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635
  20. Hyam Maccoby, Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64
  21. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10
  22. John Spargo, Karl Marx: His Life and Work (B. W. Huebsch, 1912), p. 18
  23. Wilhelm Liebknecht (Trans. Ernest Untermann), Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs (Chicago: C. H. Kerr & company, 1901), p. 163
  24. Michael A. Meyer, ed., German-Jewish History in Modern Times: Vol. 2, Emancipation and acculturation, 1780-1871 (Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231074743, pp. 24-27
  25. Birth Certificate of Karl Marx, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635. Cf. Allan Megill, Karl Marx: The Burden of Reason (Why Marx Rejected Politics and the Market) (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 72
  26. John Henry Kurtz, History of the Christian Church from the Reformation to the Present, Volume 3 (Edinburgh: Clark, 1863) ISBN 1417991631, pp. 302-303. Cf. "Prussia" in Hugh Chisholm, ed., The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 11th Ed., Vol. 22 (New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911), p. 522; "Evangelical Church," Catholic Encyclopedia
  27. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (New York: International Publishers, 1950), p. 9
  28. Werner Blumenberg, Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography (Verso, 2000) ISBN 1859842542, p. 10
  29. Certificate of Maturity for Pupil of the Gymnasium in Trier, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 643
  30. Karl Marx, “The Union of Believers With Christ According to John 15: 1-14, Showing its Basis and Essence, its Absolute Necessity, and its Effects,” in Robert Payne, ed.,The Unknown Karl Marx (New York University Press, 1971), ISBN 0340093935, pp. 39-43, reprinted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 636–639
  31. Karl Marx, “Reflections of a Young Man on The Choice of a Profession,” Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung (1925), reprinted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 3-9
  32. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals(HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 53
  33. Certificate of Maturity for Pupil of the Gymnasium in Trier, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 643
  34. Mark Skousen, The big three in economics: Adam Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes (M.E. Sharpe, 2007) ISBN 0765616947, p. 70
  35. Mark 4:16-17, King James Bible
  36. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, November 18, 1835, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 645-648
  37. John Spargo , Karl Marx: His Life and Work (B. W. Huebsch, 1912) , p. 33
  38. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, November 8, 1835, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 645
  39. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 15-16
  40. Leaving Certificate from Berlin University, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1, pp. 703-704
  41. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 648-652
  42. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 6, 74. Cf. Jack Newcombe, "The Karl Marx Memorial Pub Crawl," Life, October 25, 1968, pp. 105-106; "Cheers to Karl Marx, BBC, 1 May, 1998; Richard Newberry, "London Pub Crawl with Karl Marx," La Stampa, November 26, 2007
  43. N. Ann Davis, Richard Keshen and Jeff McMahan, eds., Ethics and Humanity: Themes from the Philosophy of Jonathan Glover (Oxford University Press, 2010) ISBN 0195325192, p. 278
  44. Wilhelm Liebknecht (Trans. Ernest Untermann), Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs (Chicago: C. H. Kerr & company, 1901), p. 150
  45. Boris Nicolaievsky and Otto Maenchen-Helfen, (Trans. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher), Karl Marx: Man and Fighter (London: Methuen, 1936) ISBN 1406727032, p. 40
  46. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73
  47. The word "economics" is used here in the original sense of household management, administration or stewardship. M. M. Austin and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Economic and social history of ancient Greece: an introduction (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042670, p. 162
  48. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 648-652. A Prussian taler or thaler (whence we get the word "dollar") was ~16.7 grams (about 0.6 ounces) of silver. At the current price of ~$30 per ounce, each taler would therefore be worth ~$18 today, so 50 talers would be worth ~$900.
  49. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, March 18, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 652-653
  50. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, ca. May-June 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 652-653
  51. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, July 1, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 655-656
  52. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, November 9, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 661-663
  53. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, December 28, 1836, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 663-666
  54. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, December 9, 1837, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 685-691
  55. Letter from Heinrich Marx to son Karl, February 10, 1838, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. I (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 691-694
  56. Hugh Griffith, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (Collector's Library, 2009) ISBN 1905716737, p. 10
  57. Yuri N. Maltsev, Requiem for Marx (Auburn, AL: Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 1993) ISBN 1610161165, p. 101
  58. Thomas Sowell, Is reality optional?: and other essays (Hoover Institution Press, 1993) ISBN 0817992626, p. 81
  59. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73
  60. Jerrold Seigal, Marx's Fate: The Shape of a Life (Penn State Press, 2004) ISBN 0271025816, p. 257
  61. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 8
  62. Marx To Engels, January 8, 1863, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Vol. 41 (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 442
  63. Karl Marx, Marx To Ludwig Kugelmann, 13 October 1866, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Volume 42, p. 327
  64. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73
  65. £210 in 1869 is equivalent to £15,100, using retail price index ($23,904) today.
  66. Quoted by Otto Ruhle, Karl Marx: His Life and Work (New York: Now Home Library, 1942; reprint: Lightning Source Inc, 2007) ISBN 1406727024, p. 360
  67. F.Engels to Karl Marx, March 28, 1869: “Enclosed draft on the Union Bank of London £87–10s for March to June” (ie £350 per annum) in Gesamtausgabe [Collected Works], Part III, Vol. 3, p. 173, as cited in William Otto Henderson, Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 26, n. 41. The Marxists Internet Archive has apparently not yet found the time to post this letter.
  68. Using average income.
  69. R. Dudley Baxter, National income: the United Kingdom (London: Macmillan and co, 1868)
  70. Yuri N. Maltsev, Requiem for Marx (Auburn, AL: Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 1993) ISBN 1610161165, p. 103
  71. Marx to Kugelmann, 17 March 1868, Letters to Kugelmann (Greenwood Press, 1973) ISBN 0837170451, p. 65. This is yet another letter the text of which is missing from the Marxists Internet Archive.
  72. William Otto Henderson, Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70
  73. Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 424-425
  74. Marx To Engels, July 30, 1862, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Volume 41 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 388
  75. Reinhold Aman, "Karl Marx, Maledictor," Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression Vol. 6, No. 1 (1982), p. 31
  76. Marx to Jenny Longuet, April 11, 1881, reprinted in Saul Kussiel Padover, ed., The letters of Karl Marx (Prentice-Hall, 1979) ISBN 0135315336, p. 338
  77. Andrew Valls, Race and racism in modern philosophy (Cornell University Press, 2005) ISBN 0801472741, p. 243 (The Marxists Internet Archive bowdlerizes "Jew-boy" [Jüdel] into "little Jew."
  78. Pierre Birnbaum, Geography of hope: exile, the Enlightenment, disassimilation (Stanford University Press, 2008) ISBN 0804752931, p. 68
  79. William Otto Henderson, Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 71
  80. Paul Johnson, A history of the Jews (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060915331, p. 350
  81. Shlomo Avineri, “Marx and Jewish Emancipation,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 25, No. 3 (July–September, 1964) pp. 445-450
  82. David Cesarani, The Jews and the Left (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 1 (PDF p. 7)
  83. Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168
  84. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575), p. 73
  85. Shlomo Sharan, Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125
  86. S.L. Gilman (1984), “Karl Marx and the Secret Language of Jews,” Modern Judaism, Vol. 4 No. 3, p. 275. Reprinted in Charlie Malcolm-Brown and Russell Wheatley, Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments (Taylor & Francis, 1990) ISBN 0415193273, p. 22
  87. Albert S. Lindemann , Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166
  88. Raphael Patai, The Jewish mind (Wayne State University Press, 1977) ISBN 081432651X, p. 470
  89. Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168
  90. Albert S. Lindemann, Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163
  91. The Marxists Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (weltliche Kultus) to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (schacher) to "Huckstering." Cf. Allan Megill, Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market) (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew sakhar, commerce, schacher became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “Schacher .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement,” Journal of Communist Studies, vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68
  92. Matthew Lange, Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850-1933 (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007)ISBN 3039110403, p. 39
  93. Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish enemy: Nazi propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Harvard University Press, 2006) ISBN 0674021754, p. 48
  94. Joseph Goebbels, "What Does America Really Want?" Völkischer Beobachter, January 21, 1939 [“Was will eigentlich Amerika,” Die Zeit ohne Beispiel (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP., 1941), pp. 24-30]) This association of Jews with America would be reprised in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl along with an American flag.
  95. It has recently been charged that "large and extremely influential Jewish donor groups are... agitating for a U.S. war against Iran" (Glenn Greenwald, as quoted in Adam Levick, "Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism in Progressive U.S. Blogs/News Websites: Influential and Poorly Monitored," Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (Institute for Global Jewish Affairs), No. 92, [December 2010]); that a "secret Jewish coalition [is] raising funds in excess of $200 million to wage a propaganda war in America in an attempt to gain American support for another war against Iran" (PoliSci 000, "Apartheid Israel Trying to Start World War 3," dailykos.com, June 21, 2008); that "Israel's powerful lobbies" in the U.S. have "embraced Israel's approach to Iran" creating a "serious stumbling block" to peace, that Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's demand that Israel be "wiped off the map" was misinterpreted, whereas "the threat is the other way around" (Phyllis Bennis, "Iran in the Crosshairs," Institute for Policy Studies, February 28, 2008); that "a great power like the US [is] being dictated to in the conduct of its own foreign policy" by Israel (Andrew Sullivan, "'Sick' Of The Israelis And The Palestinians," theatlantic.com, January 6, 2010), etc.
  96. "Several chroniclers of early New England have enumerated the founders' remarkable and quite widespread attempts to create, as well as to evoke through rhetorical means and typologies, a New Israel." (Michael Hoberman, New Israel/New England: Jews and Puritans in Early America [University of Massachusetts Press, 2011] ISBN 1558499202, p. 25) "No Christian community in history identified more with the People of the Book than did the early settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed their own lives to be a literal reenactment of the Biblical drama of the Hebrew nation... these émigré Puritans dramatized their own situation as the righteous remnant of the Church corrupted by the 'Babylonian woe,' and saw themselves as instruments of Divine Providence, a people chosen to build their new commonwealth on the Covenant entered into at Mount Sinai." (Gabriel Sivan, The Bible and Civilization [Keter Pub. House Jerusalem, 1973], p. 236) "The Puritans saw themselves as the Israelites, fleeing Pharaoh (the king) across the Red Sea (the Atlantic)." (Karin J. Goldstein, History of Jewish Plymouth [The History Press, 2013] ISBN 160949511X, p. 14) "Indeed, the elite Puritan element was, if anything, pro-Semitic," according to the late Milton Friedman. For more on the Puritan identification of America with Israel, see George McKenna, The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism (Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 030010099X. Today, the affinity of America for the Jews has given rise to the anti-Israel movement, which twins anti-Americanism with anti-Semitism, with both America and the Jews serving as symbols of capitalism. “The anti-American left... is at least as anti-Jewish as the clerical conservative right, especially among those who have embraced a pronounced 'antifascist' and 'antiracist' credo.” (Robert S. Wistrich, European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself, [The American Jewish Committee, 2002], p. 11) "Anti-Americanism in the Islamic world and Anti-Americanism in Europe are in fact linked, and both bear an uncanny resemblance to anti-Semitism." (Natan Sharansky, "On Hating Jews: The inextricable link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism," The Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2003) "America and Jews are seen by many Europeans as paragons of a modernity they dislike and distrust: money-driven, profit-hungry, urban, universalistic, individualistic, mobile, rootless, inauthentic, and thus hostile to established traditions and values." ("European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism: Similarities and Differences," An Interview with Andrei S. Markovits, Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism [Institute for Global Jewish Affairs], No. 16 [January 1, 2004]) "Jews were blamed for the evils of capitalism in earlier centuries. Americans are blamed for globalization, that is, technological and economic change to the max, in our days." (Josef Joffe, quoted in Mark O'Keefe, "Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism," Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, May 5, 2006) "America today has become the world's market-dominant minority," while "Jews are a market-dominant mionority in the Middle East." (Amy Chua, World on fire: how exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability [Random House, Inc., 2004] ISBN 0385721862, pp. 218, 229) Thus post-unification Germany, observed a journalist in 2005, is marked by "a poisonous cocktail of the three big As: anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism and anti-capitalism." (Wolfgang Munchau, "Anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism," The Spectator, May 21, 2005) This association of Jews with America was demonstrated in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl along with an American flag.
  97. Karl Marx, "On The Jewish Question," Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, February 1844, reprinted in Karl Marx, Early writings (Penguin, 1992) ISBN 0140445749, p. 232
  98. Alexander Baron, Anti-capitalism from anti-semitism to 'anti-racism' (Anglo-Hebrew Publishing, 1995) ISBN 1898318239, p. 1
  99. W.H. Chaloner & W.O. Henderson, "Marx/Engels and Racism," Encounter, July 1975, pp. 18-23
  100. The Marxists Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (weltliche Kultus) to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (schacher) to "Huckstering." Cf. Allan Megill, Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market) (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew sakhar, commerce, schacher became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “Schacher .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement,” Journal of Communist Studies, vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68
  101. So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxists Internet Archive has dropped it down the memory hole. The Web site's collection of Marx's articles from the New York Daily Tribune, August 21, 1852-February 1861, skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856—erasing this article (of January 4, 1856) as effectively as Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted “was not 'helpful'.”) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally does not “filter out” such views; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.
  102. Lawrence Jacob Friedman, Identity's architect: a biography of Erik H. Erikson (Harvard University Press, 2000) ISBN 067400437X, p. 422
  103. Karl Marx, Early writings, T. B. Bottomore, tr. (McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. v
  104. David Hirsh, Book Review: "Perry and Schweitzer, Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology," Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750
  105. Robert Fine, "Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism, Engage, Issue 2 (May 2006)
  106. Joel Kovel, “Marx on the Jewish Question,” Dialectical Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46
  107. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology: including Theses on Feuerbach and introduction to The critique of political economy (Prometheus Books, 1998) ISBN 1573922587), p. 194
  108. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 4 (Lawrence & Wishart, 1975) ISBN 0853152942, pp. 94, 109-110
  109. Karl Marx, "On The Jewish Question," Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, February 1844, reprinted in Karl Marx, Early writings (Penguin, 1992) ISBN 0140445749, p. 232
  110. Karl Marx, "The Russian Loan," New-York Daily Tribune, January 4, 1856, reprinted in Richard Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, eds., The Eastern question: a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War (S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1897), pp. 600-606. So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxists Internet Archive has dropped it down the Memory Hole. The Web site's collection of Marx's articles from the New York Daily Tribune, August 21, 1852-February 1861, skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856—erasing this article as effectively as Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted “was not 'helpful'.”) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally does not “filter out” such views; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.
  111. Saul Kussiel Padover, Karl Marx, an intimate biography (McGraw-Hill, 1978) ISBN 0070480729, p. 171
  112. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 55
  113. Marx to Nanette Philips, March 24, 1861, reprinted in Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe, Volume 11 (Akademie Verlag, 2005) ISBN 3050041803, p. 404. (The text of this letter to his cousin is missing from the Marxists Internet Archive.)
  114. Marx to Engels, August 21, 1875, reprinted in Saul Kussiel Padover, ed., The letters of Karl Marx (Prentice-Hall, 1979) ISBN 0135315336, p. 306. (The text of this letter is missing from the Marxists Internet Archive.)
  115. Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 424-425
  116. Robert S. Wistrich, Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky (Harrap, 1976) ISBN 0245527850, p. 30. The Marxists Internet Archive bowdlerizes this to "I dislike the Jewish faith," but the word Marx used—widerlich—is generally translated as disgusting, foul, abominable, etc.
  117. Sigmund Krancberg, A Soviet postmortem: philosophical roots of the "Grand Failure" (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994) ISBN 0847679284, p. 59, n. 13. (The text of this August 25, 1879 letter to Engels is missing from the Marxists Internet Archive.)
  118. E.g., "...that parasitic nation which, particularly at the present time preys upon the honest portion of mankind; I mean the Jews." Adolph Hitler (tr. James Murphy), Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band (Bottom of the Hill, 1938), p. 138; "Antisemitism is exactly the same as delousing. Getting rid of lice is not a question of ideology. It is a matter of cleanliness. In just the same way, antisemitism, for us, has not been a question of ideology, but a matter of cleanliness, which now will soon have been dealt with. We shall soon be deloused. We have only 20,000 lice left, and then the matter is finished within the whole of Germany." Heinrich Himmler, quoted in Hugh Raffles, "Jews, Lice, and History," Public Culture, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Fall 2007), pp. 521-566
  119. Dennis K. Fischman, Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13
  120. Gertrude Himmelfarb, “The 'Real' Marx,” Commentary, April 1985
  121. Paul Johnson, "Marxism vs. the Jews," Commentary, April 1984
  122. Joel Kovel, “Marx on the Jewish Question,” Dialectical Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46
  123. Bernard Lewis, Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112
  124. Reader Letters: Marx, Commentary, August 1985
  125. Albert S. Lindemann, Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163
  126. William Coleman, "Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics," History of Political Economy, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777
  127. Stephen J. Greenblatt, Learning to curse: essays in early modern culture (Routledge, 1990) ISBN 0415901731, p. 41
  128. Larry Ray, “Marx and the Radical Critique of Difference,” Engage, Issue 3 (September 2006)
  129. Albert S. Lindemann, Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163
  130. Bernard Lewis, Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112
  131. Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168
  132. Paul Johnson, "Marxism vs. the Jews," Commentary, April 1984
  133. Stephen J. Greenblatt, "Marlowe, Marx, and Anti-Semitism," Critical Inquiry, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter 1978), pp. 291-307
  134. Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 1, (Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1974), p. 56
  135. Albert S. Lindemann, Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163
  136. Larry Ray, “Marx and the radical critique of difference,” Engage, Issue 3 (September 2006)
  137. Dennis K. Fischman, Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13
  138. Moshe Glickson, The Jewish complex of Karl Marx, J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 20
  139. Moshe Glickson, The Jewish complex of Karl Marx, J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 15
  140. Robert Payne, Marx (Simon and Schuster, 1968) as cited in William Otto Henderson, Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70
  141. Max Geltman, “On Socialist Anti-Semitism," Midstream, vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1977), p. 25
  142. Gérard Lyon-Caen, "Marx et le droit moderne", Archives de philosophie du droit, No. XII, Paris, Sirey, 1967, p. 1-11 (as cited in Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 557, n. 150
  143. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942-1945 Vol. 2 (Random House, Inc., 2001) ISBN 0375756973, p. 317