Viktor Orbán

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Viktor Orbán

Viktor Mihály Orbán (born May 31, 1963, in Székesfehérvár) is a conservative Hungarian politician and served as Prime Minister of Hungary between 1998 and 2002 and again since May 29, 2010. He is a member and leader of the Fidesz party, which is socially conservative and moderately-Euroskeptic. In his earlier years, Orbán ensured that Hungary joined NATO in 1999 despite Russia's opposition.

Since starting his second term as prime minister in 2010, Orbán has served as a strong voice for maintaining traditional conservative values in Europe, supporting national sovereignty and identity, and opposing the globalist, one-world agenda of the EU and other entities. He united with Poland's conservative government to that end.[1] Additionally, Orbán was recognized for turning Hungary around after taking power, getting it out of the negative effects of the Recession of 2008 and improving its finances.[2][3]

Second tenure as Prime Minister

Fidesz, led by Orbán, saw a landslide victory in the April 11, 2010, elections, winning over 50% of the vote.[4] In the runoff elections held later that month, Fidesz secured a two-thirds majority in parliament, enough to change the constitution.[5] According to The New York Times, Orbán decided to use his party's super-majority to enact major changes rather than have a minimalist agenda.[6]

Orbán again won a two-thirds majority in parliament in the April 2014 elections.[7] However, Fidesz lost its two-thirds majority after a by-election defeat in February 2015.[8]

Orbán faced a difficult re-election in 2018,[9] in which he emphasized the issues of immigration and sovereignty.[10] Despite this, Orbán did significantly better than expected and won a supermajority a third time in a row.[11] After the election results became known, Orbán stated his intention of pushing forward with his conservative and nationalist agenda,[12] as well as to preserve Hungary's Christian culture,[13] and he gave a strongly conservative speech outlining his fourth-term agenda.[14]

Adopting a new constitution

While Communism nominally ended in Hungary in 1989, the country's old constitution – adopted in 1949 and based on the 1936 Soviet Union constitution – remained in effect despite some constitutional amendments.[15] Among other necessary reasons for changing this constitution was the fact that Hungarians would now be able to write their own constitution and mark a clear break from the Soviet era.[15]

The new constitution,[16] which was passed in 2011 and went into effect in January 2012, promoted conservative and Christian values on numerous topics. For example, the preamble recognized Christianity's major role in Hungary's history, promoted family values, and condemned Hungary's occupation under the Third Reich and the USSR as well as the 1949 constitution.[16] In addition, the constitution instituted the forint as Hungary's official currency (Article K), called for protecting Hungary's culture and language (preamble, Article H),[17] recognized marriage as between one man and one woman (Article L), and recognized that human life begins at conception (Article II).[18][19] Liberals and the European establishment criticized Orbán for these constitutional changes.[20]

Response to the European migrant crisis

Orbán gives a victory speech after a 2016 referendum on immigration. The card in front of him reads "Let us defend Hungary!"
Hungary's border fence with Serbia
See also: European migrant crisis

In 2015, Hungary was overrun by refugees passing through the country, and it has the largest per capita number of asylum applications of any European country in 2015.[21] In response, Orbán took several actions,[22] including building a border barrier along the border with Serbia[23] and Croatia.[24] The fence was so effective that illegal immigration levels dropped to levels seen before the crisis began,[25] and by September 2017, illegal immigration levels had dropped by 99% since 2015.[26] In April 2017, the Hungarian government completed construction of a second border fence, one with high-tech features, on the Serbian border.[27] Unlike most other European countries, Hungary's leadership has taken a more conservative right-wing, common sense approach to the immigration crisis.[28][29] In March 2017, the Hungarian government refused a Swedish request to let 5,000 asylum seekers into its borders.[30] In May 2018, the Hungarian government under Orbán rejected a European Union-African migration declaration that disproportionately favored the African countries and "further inspires migration."[31] Hungary's government has also criticized the United Nations's Global Compact on Migration,[32] and it withdrew from it in July 2018.[33]

On September 15, 2015, the same day the Hungarian government closed its border with Serbia, several laws came into effect in the nation. The laws made illegal immigrants in Hungary subject to criminal charges and made it illegal to damage the nation's border fence.[34] On September 21, 2017, the Hungarian parliament voted to give the army the ability to use non-lethal force on migrants.[35] In July 2016, Hungary enacted a law allowing the army to push migrants back to the border if they were found 8 kilometers (4.97 miles) or less from the border.[36]

Orbán stated that Hungary would admit all Europeans fleeing from their respective countries' liberal and globalist policies.[37] As Orbán himself noted, Hungary's policies likely saved all of Europe from an even greater and more catastrophic migrant crisis.[38] He also stated that his conservative migration and family policies helped Hungary avoid the culture war being fought in Western Europe.[39] According to Politico in September 2017, he "won" the argument on immigration policy.[40] Despite this, the left-wing mainstream media strongly opposed his migration policies.[41]

In June 2018, Hungary's parliament passed a series of laws cracking down on individuals and entities that aid illegal immigration, and it passed a constitutional amendment banning the settlement of an "alien population" in the country.[42] In September 2018, the EU parliament voted to move forward with sanctions on Hungary because of the Stop Soros laws along with his government's other conservative policies.[43] Orbán's government fought attempts by the EU to weaken its sovereignty.[44]

Opposition to George Soros

Orbán is known for his opposition to George Soros, who himself is from Hungary.[45] He strongly opposed the ultra-liberal Central European University (founded and funded by Soros) and on March 29, 2017, announced a new law which could close it.[46] He stated that it was cheating students and breaking rules by awarding both a Hungarian and an American diploma, despite the university having no U.S. presence.[47][48] He also opposed George Soros due to his efforts by supporting the massive immigration from Muslim nations into Europe.[47]

On April 10, 2017, Hungary enacted a law tightening its standards for universities and thus threatening CEU's existence.[49][50] Orbán passed another law in June 2017 ordering foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with a certain revenue or higher to register as a "foreign-supported organisation," something thus targeting the NGOs funded by Soros.[51] He proposed "Stop Soros" legislation to crack down on NGOs that actively support illegal immigration.[52] The Hungarian parliament passed the "Stop Soros" legislation in June 2018.[42] Soros's Central European University stopped offering courses to asylum seekers because of the law.[53]

Orbán started a new campaign against Soros in September 2017 by distributing a questionnaire to Hungarians so they could express their thoughts on Soros.[54] According to the Hungarian government, over 2.3 million people sent responses.[55]

After Orbán's landslide election victory in 2018, Soros's Central European University,[56] along with his Open Society Foundations,[57][58] considered leaving Hungary, though the former ultimately announced it would stay.[59] In May 2018, the Open Society Foundations announced they would leave the country,[60] and it moved to Berlin later that year.[61] The Hungarian government continued to believe that Soros had not ceased trying to advance his left-wing agenda in the country.[62]

While liberals claim that Orbán's government is somehow "anti-Semitic" because of its opposition to Soros, many figures including liberal Jews have noted that Hungary's government under Orbán took pro-Israel and pro-Jewish stances.[63]

Other

In addition to supporting a border fence along Hungary's border, Orbán has voiced solidarity with other EU nations, such as Poland, for defying the EU on various issues.[64] The governments of Poland and Hungary worked together to counter the EU.[1] When French President Emmanuel Macron fired his ambassador to Hungary for speaking highly of Orbán's migration policy, his government chose to honor the ambassador.[65] Hungary's government under Orbán has voiced opposition to punishing the United Kingdom for its 2016 Brexit vote.[66]

In May 2018, Orbán, along with two other EU member-states, blocked a proposed EU motion to condemn U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to move the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem,[67] and he sent an envoy to the celebration of the opening of the U.S.'s new embassy.[68]

Orbán and his government have pursued strongly pro-family policies. In 2017, he hosted the annual conference of the conservative World Congress of Families.[69] In his fourth term starting in 2018, Orbán made solving Hungary's demographic problems a priority for his agenda,[70] and his government has pushed for socially cohesive solutions rather than simply importing foreigners to increase the population.[71] By 2018, his pro-family policies saw abortions fall by a third, marriages rise, and divorces become less frequent.[72][73] The country's fertility rate for married women also began to rise again.[74] In August 2018, the Hungarian government moved to ban "gender studies" programs at state-run universities due to not having any real purpose and favoring "ideology rather than science,"[75] and the decision was made official in October 2018.[76] Orbán's government began a formal consultation with Hungarian citizens for input on how the solve Hungary's demographic decline.[77][73] In December 2018, Orbán's government, along with Poland, killed a proposed EU statement speaking favorably of "LGBTQI" people.[78][79]

Orbán has promoted the arts as a means to promote Hungarian culture.[80]

Political views

Orbán takes strong stands against mass immigration and George Soros and for national sovereignty and cultural Christian values.[81][82][83][84] He is a nationalist and strongly opposes globalism as its supporters want mass migrants and the abolition of national identity, something he strongly voiced in a March 2018 speech.[85] He believes that Islamization is real and occurring in Europe because of mass migration and open borders.[86][87] For his 2017 Christmas message, Orbán stated that "Christianity is culture and civilization" and that "we love our country, our nation, our family, Hungarian culture and European civilization."[88] In February 2018, Orbán stated that "Christianity is Europe's last hope" and that Europhiles and other liberal elites "opened the way to the demise of Christian culture and the spreading of Islam."[2][89] Orbán voiced strong support for an illiberal Christian democracy in a July 2018 speech in Romania, arguing that Western European countries had acted undemocratically and criticizing the leftist "1968 elite."[90]

Orbán is one of the most outspoken opponents to the European migrant crisis and calls for a stronger border defense in Hungary, he is also a defender of national interests and values. Unlike most other European heads-of-government, Orbán has taken a more conservative right-wing, common sense approach to the immigration crisis,[28][91] and he remained committed to protecting Hungary's demographic composition.[92] He has criticized the European Union[93] and has argued that the EU's policies and attitudes favor terrorists.[94] In addition to criticizing the EU for holding Marxist values,[95] he has also criticized supporters of a "United States of Europe" for intentionally supporting and enabling mass migration to Europe in order to create a "post-Christian and post-national" state.[96] Orbán has warned against EU plans to take away border security obligations from its member nations.[97]

Orbán has stressed that the responsibility for defending Hungary lies with Hungary rather than the EU or NATO and has stated that "a nation which is unable to protect its country is not worthy of it."[98]

Orbán looks highly upon former United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[81] He became the first leader of an EU member state to endorse Donald Trump for U.S. President in 2016.[99] Orbán has spoken positively of President Trump, stating that he speaks straightforwardly and that he and Trump agree on numerous issues.[100] His administration has cast itself as a "natural ally" of the U.S.[101] Orbán and his government have spoken highly of Matteo Salvini, Italy's conservative immigration minister.[102] He also has a good relationship with Israel and its prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[103] Orbán sent a letter of congratulations to German Conservative politician Horst Seehofer on his re-election as leader of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria.[104] He has spoken critically of Hillary Clinton and globalist EU politicians,[105][106] such as Emmanuel Macron.[107]

Orbán has discussed reintroducing the death penalty in Hungary,[108] something not allowed under EU law, though he has denied plans to actually do so.[109]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Multiple references:
  2. 2.0 2.1 Dunai, Marton (February 18, 2018). Hungary's Orban calls for global anti-migrant alliance with eye on 2018 elections. Reuters. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  3. Dunai, Marton (May 23, 2018). Booming economy, anti-migrant stance help Orban tighten grip in Hungary. Reuters. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  4. Multiple references:
  5. Multiple references:
  6. Kingsley, Patrick (February 10, 2018). As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What’s Possible. The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  7. Multiple references:
  8. Multiple references:
  9. Roser, Thomas; Davis, Austin (April 5, 2018). Viktor Orban faces tough test in bid for third term as Hungarian president. The Washington Times. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  10. Shaw, Adam (April 6, 2018). Hungary's Viktor Orban, running on anti-mass migration platform, eyes fourth term. Fox News. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  11. Multiple references:
  12. Than, Krisztina; Szakacs, Gergely (April 10, 2018). Hungary's Orban to seek EU of strong nations after landslide re-election. Reuters. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  13. Multiple references:
  14. Multiple references: See also:
  15. 15.0 15.1 The Fundamental Law. Hungarian Government. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  16. 16.0 16.1 The Fundamental Law of Hungary (in English). Hungarian Government. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  17. Hungary’s Orban: ‘Islamisation’ Banned By Constitution. Breitbart News. April 26, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  18. Clabough, Raven (June 14, 2011). Hungary's Pro-Life Constitution Draws Ire of European Institutions. The New American. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  19. Singson, Samantha (May 5, 2011). New Hungarian Constitution recognizing life ‘from conception’ signed into law. LifeSiteNews. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  20. Hungary's parliament passes controversial new constitution. Deutsche Welle. April 18, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  21. Connor, Phillip (August 2, 2016). Number of Refugees to Europe Surges to Record 1.3 Million in 2015. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  22. Savitsky, Shane (February 1, 2017). Border fences and refugee bans: Hungary did it — fast. Axios. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
    See also:
  23. Multiple references:
  24. Hungary Closes Border With Croatia. Voice of America. October 16, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  25. Lane, Oliver JJ (October 29, 2015). Hungarian Border Fence So Effective Illegal Immigrants Are Now At Pre Migrant-Crisis Levels. Breitbart. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  26. Montgomery, Jack (September 15, 2017). Hungary Builds a Wall, Cuts Illegal Immigration by Over 99 Per Cent. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
    See also:
  27. Multiple references:
  28. 28.0 28.1 Shaw, Adam (March 1, 2017). Europe's pro-Trump outpost: Populist Hungary buoyed by US shift on refugees, Russia. Fox News. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  29. Multiple references:
  30. Tomlinson, Chris (March 28, 2017). Hungary Refuses to Take 5,000 Migrants From Sweden. Breitbart News. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  31. Friedman, Victoria (May 4, 2018). Hungary Rejects EU-Africa Declaration that ‘Inspires Migration’. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  32. Multiple references:
  33. Shaw, Adam (July 19, 2018). Hungary joins US in withdrawing from UN global migration agreement. Fox News. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  34. Multiple references:
  35. Multiple references:
  36. Thorpe, Nick (July 14, 2016). Hungary deploys army to push migrants back to Serbia. BBC. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  37. Montgomery, Jack (February 11, 2017). Orban: Hungary Will Welcome ‘European Refugees’ Fleeing Multicultural West. Breitbart News. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
    See also:
  38. Montgomery, Jack (April 4, 2017). Orban: ‘Hypocrisy’ Prevents Europe from Admitting Gratitude to Hungary for Halting Migrant Influx. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  39. Friedman, Victoria (October 7, 2018). Orbán: Europe Locked in ‘Culture War’, But ‘Cultural Peace’ Reigns in Hungary. Breitbart News. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  40. Barigazzi, Jacopo (September 15, 2017). Orbán wins the migration argument. Politico. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  41. Duke, Selwyn (October 11, 2018). CNN Accuses Hungary of Racism; Bullies Country on Migrant Issue. The New American. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  42. 42.0 42.1 Multiple references: See also:
  43. Multiple references: See also:
  44. Newman, Alex (September 21, 2018). Hungary Resists EU Assault on Sovereignty, Christian Civilization. The New American. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  45. Multiple references: See also:
  46. Simon, Zoltan; Gergely, Andras (March 29, 2017). Soros-Funded University Pledges to Fight Hungarian Crackdown. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  47. 47.0 47.1 Soros-Backed University Is ‘Cheating’, Says Hungarian PM. Breitbart News. March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  48. Hungary: Parliament to Fast-Track Bill Targeting Soros University. Breitbart News. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  49. Hungary President Signs Law Threatening Soros University. Breitbart News. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  50. Sandford, Alasdair (April 10, 2017). Hungary Defies Protests to Pass into Law 'Anti-Soros' University Bill. Euronews. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  51. Tomlinson, Chris (June 13, 2017). Anti Soros Law? Hungary Tightens Rules On Foreign-Funded NGOs. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  52. Montgomery, Jack (June 2, 2018). Hungarian Govt Outlines ‘Stop Soros’ Legislation Criminalising NGOs Which Aid and Abet Illegal Migrants. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  53. Friedman, Victoria (August 29, 2018). Soros University Suspends Programmes for Migrants Due to Hungarian Anti-Propaganda Tax. Breitbart News. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  54. Multiple references:
  55. Multiple references:
  56. Multiple references:
  57. Hale, Virginia (April 20, 2018). Soros’s Open Society Foundations Announces Exit from Hungary. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  58. Nolan, Daniel (April 20, 2018). Crackdown prompts Soros's Open Society to quit Budapest. The Guardian. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  59. Simon, Zoltan (June 26, 2018). Soros-Founded College to Stay in Hungary, Forcing Orban’s Hand. Bloomberg. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  60. Multiple references: See also:
  61. Hale, Virginia (October 5, 2018). Kicked Out of Hungary, Soros’s Open Society Foundations Re-Opens in Berlin. Breitbart News. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  62. Hale, Virginia (April 20, 2018). Hungary: George Soros Plotting with Brussels to Overturn Patriotic Election Result. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  63. Multiple references: See also:
  64. Lane, Oliver JJ (July 22, 2017). Orban: ‘Europe Must Regain Sovereignty From The Soros Empire’, Build Border Wall to Stop ‘Muslimized Europe’. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  65. Friedman, Victoria (July 6, 2018). Hungary Trolls Macron by Awarding Fired French Ambassador State Honour. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  66. Friedman, Victoria (September 26, 2018). Hungary Urges EU to Agree ‘Extensive’ Free Trade Agreement with Brexit Britain. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  67. Montgomery, Jack (May 12, 2018). Orban’s Hungary Blocks Macron-led EU Motion Condemning Trump’s Jerusalem Decision. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  68. Kent, Simon (May 13, 2018). Four European Envoys Break with E.U. to Attend U.S. Embassy Celebration in Jerusalem. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  69. Multiple references:
  70. Montgomery, Jack (May 28, 2018). Hungarian PM Says ‘First Priority’ is Demographics: Rejects Mass Migration, Pledges to Support Mothers, Families. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
    See also:
  71. Montgomery, Jack (February 11, 2019). EXCLUSIVE – Hungary Rejects Mass Migration, Prefers Social Cohesion, Pro-Family Policies. Breitbart News. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  72. Bourne, Lisa (June 1, 2018). Hungary sees abortion numbers plunge with rise of pro-family policies. LifeSiteNews. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  73. 73.0 73.1 Montgomery, Jack (November 3, 2018). Marriage Up, Abortion and Divorce Down as Hungary Chooses Family Support Over Mass Migration. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  74. Friedman, Victoria (July 12, 2018). Make Babies Great Again: Hungarian Fertility Rates Rise, Turns Back Demographic Decline. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  75. Multiple references: A conservative critique of the decision:
  76. Multiple references:
  77. Cummings McLean, Dorothy (November 1, 2018). Hungary plans to encourage, support ‘large, stable families’. LifeSiteNews. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  78. Herszenhorn, David M.; Bayer, Lili (December 7, 2018). Hungary and Poland say no to LGBTIQ. Politico. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  79. Cummings McLean, Dorothy (December 12, 2018). Poland and Hungary block ‘LGBTIQ rights’ from being enshrined in EU legislation. LifeSiteNews. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  80. Cooper, Michael (October 26, 2018). Hungary Turned Far Right. That’s Meant Millions for Its Opera. The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  81. 81.0 81.1 Friedman, Victoria (April 16, 2017). Orban Easter Speech: ‘Battlefield Europe… Stop Mass Migration. The Future of Europe Is at Stake’. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
  82. Williams, Thomas D. (April 27, 2017). George Soros ‘Has Ruined the Lives of Millions of Europeans’ Says Hungarian Prime Minister. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  83. Tomlinson, Chris (July 10, 2017). Viktor Orban: European Union Is Following ‘Soros Migrant Plans’. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  84. Friedman, Victoria (November 1, 2017). Hungary: Governments Should Be ‘Dedicated to Christian Values’ that Made Europe Great. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  85. Multiple references:
  86. Williams, Thomas D. (September 6, 2017). Hungarian PM Orban: ‘The Islamization of Europe Is Real’. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  87. Friedman, Victoria (January 12, 2019). Orban: Islam and Open Borders Will Divide EU into ‘Two Civilisations’. Breitbart News. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  88. Montgomery, Jack (December 25, 2017). Hungarian Christmas Message: ‘We’ll Protect Christian Culture, Not Retreat Behind Concrete Blocks and Watch Our Women Harassed on New Year’s’. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  89. Multiple references: See also:
  90. Multiple references: See also:
  91. Multiple references:
  92. Williams, Thomas D. (September 8, 2017). PM Viktor Orban: ‘Hungary Is Not an Immigrant Country and Does Not Want to Become One’. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  93. Montgomery, Jack (October 9, 2017). Hungarian PM: ‘The EU Insults Member-States, Abuses its Powers, and Eats from George Soros’s Hand’. Breitbart News. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  94. Tomlinson, Chris (June 13, 2017). Hungarian PM Orbán: ‘The European Union Is on the Side of Terrorists’. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  95. Montgomery, Jack (June 22, 2018). Hungarian PM: ‘The Spirit of Marx, Lenin, and the Re-Education Camps’ Lives on in the EU. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  96. Montgomery, Jack (November 14, 2017). Hungary PM: ‘United States of Europe’ Plotters Using Mass Migration to Create ‘Post-National, Post-Christian’ Super-state. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  97. Multiple references:
  98. Friedman, Victoria (May 17, 2018). Orbán: ‘Defending Hungary Is Our Duty – Not NATO’s or the EU’s’. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  99. Multiple references: See also:
  100. Williams, Thomas D. (June 8, 2017). Hungarian PM: With Trump, Finally Someone Who Speaks in ‘Straightforward Manner’. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  101. Sands, David R. (May 31, 2018). 'Natural ally': Hungary leads fight against anti-U.S. 'hysteria' in Europe. The Washington Times. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  102. Multiple references: See also:
  103. Multiple references: See also:
  104. Viktor Orbán congratulates Horst Seehofer. Miniszterelnok.hu (from MTI). December 19, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  105. Montgomery, Jack (October 2, 2018). Orbán Praises Trump, Slams Clinton, Rebukes EU Migration Commissioner: ‘This Man Is Our Employee’. Breitbart News. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  106. Montgomery, Jack (February 1, 2019). Hungary: EU Vice-Prez, European Socialists ‘Following Orders of Soros Network’ to Increase Immigration. Breitbart News. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  107. Williams, Thomas D. (January 10, 2019). Hungary’s Orbán Says He ‘Must Fight’ French President Macron on Immigration. Breitbart News. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  108. Traynor, Ian (April 29, 2015). Hungary PM: bring back death penalty and build work camps for immigrants. The Guardian. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  109. (April 30, 2015). Hungary’s PM Orban Denies Plans to Restore Death Penalty. Novinite.com. Retrieved June 22, 2018.

External links