Difference between revisions of "World History Study Guide from 1648"

|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control

|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army

|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888

|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart

|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages

|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean

|[[Columbian Exchange]]

|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages

|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588

|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today

|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples

|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor

|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself

|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.

|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war

|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797

|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.

|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed

|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price

|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916

|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics

|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government

|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it

|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality

|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories

|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor

|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.

|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline

|Economies of scale

|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do

|Enclosure movement

|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)

|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.

|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes

|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread  

|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)

|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo

|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.

|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution

|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today

|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then

|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.

|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"

|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard

|[[The Axis]]

|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia

|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II

|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.   

|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too

|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.

|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun

|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet

|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918

|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon

|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini

|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.

|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.

|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.

|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.

|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)

|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany

|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender

|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain

|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.

|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb

|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were

|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever

|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders

|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village

|[[Gandhi]]

|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience

|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs

|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.

|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII

|[[Korematsu v. United States]]

|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute

|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)

|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.

|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.   

|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.

|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011

|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia

|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland  

|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989

|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989

|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down

|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic

|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion

|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.

|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers

|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years

|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.  

|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900

|[[Cotton]]

|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism. 

|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.

|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.

|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.  

|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.