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{{PresidentOfficeholder|imagename=509px-FDR in 1933Franklin D.jpgRoosevelt|seqimage=32|term_start=March 4, 1933|term_end=April 12, 1945 FDRoosevelt by Perskie.png|party=[[Democratic Party|vp= John N. Garner|vp_dates=1933-1941 |2vp=Henry A. Wallace |2vp_dates=1941-1945 |3vp=Harry Truman |3vp_dates=1945 |4vp= |4vp_dates= |previous=Herbert Hoover|next=Harry Truman |seq2= |term2_start= |term2_end= |party2= |vp2= |vp2dates= |2vp2= |2vp2dates= |3vp2= |3vp2dates= |4vp2= |4vp2dates= |previous2=|next2= |birth_date=January 30, 1882 |birth_place=Hyde Park, New York|death_date=April 12, 1945|death_place=Warm Springs, GeorgiaDemocratic]]

{{anti-lynching sb}}'''Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Sr.''' (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), known by his initials as '''FDR''', was the 32nd [[President of the United States of America]] from 1933–45. He prolonged the [[Great Depression]], 1933-45, leading which did not end until the Uattack on [[Pearl Harbor]],<ref>[http://www.Sfasttrackteaching. from com/Unemployment_300g15.gif Unemployment Graph during the darkest days of Great Depression]</ref> and led the [[Great DepressionUnited States]] in [[World War II]] against the [[Axis Powers]] to victory over Germany and Japan; he built the '''[[New Deal Coalition]]''' of voters and interest groups which dominated American politics into the 1960s, and is still fondly remembered by liberals. His Like other [[New DealDemocrat]] s in power, FDR was a very large, complex interlocking set racist; as governor of programs designed to produce relief (which meant jobs New York, he "had done nothing" for the unemployed)black people.<ref>Jeansonne, recovery Glen (of the GDP1983). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Herbert_Hoover/gQZfAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=herbert+hoover+fighting+quaker+%22roosevelt%22+%22done+nothing%22&pg=PT342&printsec=frontcover The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, and reform (1928–1933]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref> Roosevelt even excluded the 4-time gold medalist [[Jesse Owens]] from the customary [[White House]] visit by which he meant regulation of Wall Street and [[Olympics|Olympic]] athletes. As Owens later explained when campaigning for [[Republican]] nominee [[Alfred M. Landon]] in the economy[[United States presidential election, 1936|1936 U.S. presidential election]]:<ref>Gipson, Therlee (May 29, 2018). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Holocaust_Genocide/j4ydDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jesse+owens+alf+landon&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover Holocaust-Genocide], as well as reelection p. 17. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref><ref>Gentry, Tony (in 19361990). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jesse_Owens/dBVLsYHs04wC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jesse+owens+alf+landon&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover Jesse Owens], 1940 and 1944p. 150. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref><ref>Streissguth, Tom (1999) and realignment of the political system. Conservatives strongly opposed many[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jesse_Owens_2nd_Edition/NvOXAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jesse+owens+alf+landon&pg=PA70&printsec=frontcover Jesse Owens, but not all2nd Edition], of the New Deal programsp. Conservatives abolished most of the relief programs when unemployment practically ended in the 1940s70. Most of the regulations on business were ended about 1975-85''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, except for the regulation of Wall Street by the 2023.</ref><ref>https://fee.org/articles/hitler-didn-t-snub-me-it-was-our-president/</ref>{{cquote|[[Securities and Exchange CommissionHitler]], which still exists. The major surviving program is didn’t snub me; it was our president [[Social SecurityFDR]], which Roosevelt passed in 1935who snubbed me. The president didn’t even send a telegram.}}

Conservatives at the time denounced When two New Deal allies from his bids for presidential power, including building a national political machine through the own party introduced an [[WPAanti-lynching bill]] (it lasted from 1935 to 1943), attempting to take control of the Supreme Court by adding new liberal judges (an attempt which failed, 1937[[Costigan–Wagner Act]])in 1934, Roosevelt privately lashed out at NAACP leader Walter F. White and trying his own wife for persuading him to purge support the Democratic party legislation, stating of conservative congressman (an attempt which failed in 1938)his priorities:<ref>February 12, 2016. The failures of those attempts can be attributed [https://fdr.blogs.archives.gov/2016/02/12/eleanor-roosevelts-battle-to -end-lynching/ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Battle to End Lynching]. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum''. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</ref>{{cquote|If I come out for the anti-lynching bill now, [[Conservative Coalition]Southern Democrats]will block every bill I ask Congress to pass the keep America from collapsing.I just can’t take the risk.|||Franklin D. Roosevelt, May 7, 1934}}

After 1938 FDR turned lost his attention to credibility within his own party, including much of the liberal/progressive wing, when he proposed a [[World War IIcourt packing]]. he was scheme in 1937 in response to a strong advocate of support for China against Japan; most conservatives agreed[[U. He also was a strong supporter of military aid to BritainS. Conservatives split on thatSupreme Court]] decision he disliked; during this time, with the "isolationists" opposedhe ignored major anti-lynching legislation, and others like the [[Henry StimsonGavagan–Van Nuys–Wagner Act]] in favor. Once Pearl Harbor brought , due to his obsession with packing the USupreme Court.S<ref>Weiss Malkiel, Nancy Joan (1983). into [https://archive.org/details/farewelltopartyo00weis Farewell to the war, conservatives strongly supported Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the war effort and generally approved his military leadership, although highly critical Age of his close cooperation FDR], p. 243. ''Internet Archive''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref> In 2020, [[Democrat]]s announced that they will try again to pack the court with new justices, in order to try to perpetuate ''[[StalinRoe v. Wade]] '' and the Soviet Union[[abortion]].

He was the first and only President FDR enslaved roughly 100 million Eastern Europeans to be elected four times, breaking the traditional two-term-limit precedent established by [[George WashingtonCommunism]].<ref> Tradition was restored by caving into [[Joseph Stalin]] at the 22ndAmendment [[Yalta conference]] in 1947February 1945, including 30 million in [[Poland]] who had fought on the side of freedom against [[Nazi]]s from the beginning of [[World War II]].</ref>

Roosevelt's health failed rapidly in 1944Despite his racism which includes his usage of the n-45word in his younger years, even as he ran for reelection<ref>August 30, 2016. [https://chicago.suntimes.com/2016/8/30/18420888/5-white-u-s-presidents-who-used-the-n-word 5 white U.S. Presidents who used the n-word]. ''Chicago Sun Times''. He died On April 12Retrieved August 10, 19452021. Despite polio which crippled him starting in </ref> FDR remains a hero to [[liberal]]s and heavily criticized by [[conservative]]s for shifting the early 1920snation to the Left, growing the federal government, imposing regulations on business, he exuded following a sense no-growth economic policy, catering to labor unions, and building a permanent [[New Deal Coalition]]. Conservatives further disagree with Roosevelt's concealment of confidence his declining health from American voters in the 1944 election, and hope for Roosevelt's weak stance towards the future that made [[Communist]] [[Soviet Union]] which enabled it to gain control over [[Eastern Europe]] for a charismatic personalitythe following half-century.

Conservative scholars have argued that some relief efforts actually helped to prolong the His [[Great DepressionNew Deal]]. Howeverwas a very large, complex interlocking set of programs designed to produce '''relief''' (especially government spending and prosperity combined after World War II, jobs for the most costly war in American history.unemployed),<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.csmonitornorthcarolinahistory.comorg/2005commentary/0829130/p15s01-cogn.html|author=Francis, David R. |title=More Costly than "The War entry/ Works Progress Administration (WPA): One Failure to End All Wars"|date=2005-08-29|accessdate = 2006-10-24 |work=Christian Science Monitor}}the Great Depression]</ref> The amount spent on '''recovery''' (of the economy), and '''reform''' (by which he meant regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation), as well as Reelection (in 1936, 1940 and 1944) and Realignment of the [[Fifth Party System]]. Conservatives strongly opposed many, but not all, of the New Deal was less than programs. Conservatives abolished most of the $21 billion borrowed by the government over two years relief programs when unemployment practically ended during World War III.<ref>David M. Kennedy Most of the regulations on business were ended about 1975–85, Freedom From Fearexcept for the regulation of Wall Street by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], page 178</ref>which still exists. The major surviving program is [[Social Security]], which Congress passed in 1935.

==Eleanor Roosevelt==see Conservatives at the time denounced his bids for presidential power, including building a national political machine through the [[Eleanor RooseveltWPA]](it lasted from 1935 to 1943), attempting to take control of the Supreme Court by adding new liberal judges (an attempt which failed, 1937), and trying to purge the Democratic party of moderate-to-conservative congressmen (an attempt which failed in 1938). The failures of those attempts can be attributed to the [[Conservative Coalition]] which emerged in Congress in 1937 as a coalition of most northern Republicans and most Southern Democrats.<ref>There were very few Southern Republicans in office.</ref>

Eleanor After 1938 FDR turned his attention to [[World War II]]. He was a strong supporter of [[China|Nationalist China]] under General [[Chiang Kai-shek]] against Japan; most conservatives agreed on that point. FDR also was a strong supporter of military aid to Britain. Conservatives split on that, with the "isolationists" (like [[Robert Taft]]) opposed, and "interventionists" (like [[Henry Stimson]]) in favor. Pearl Harbor brought the U.S. into the war in December, 1941; all conservatives then strongly supported the war effort. They generally approved FDR's military leadership, although they were highly critical of his close cooperation with [[Stalin]] and the Soviet Union.  FDR was the first and only President to be elected four times, breaking the traditional two-term-limit precedent established by [[George Washington]].<ref>Tradition was restored by the 22nd Amendment in 1947.</ref>  Improperly concealed from the public was how Roosevelt's health was failing rapidly in 1944–45, even as he ran for reelection. Photographs suggest he was suffering from [[melanoma]], but information about Roosevelt's medical condition continues to be concealed. He died on April 12, 1945, reported from a massive cerebral hemorrhage that could have been caused by metastatic melanoma.  Scholars generally agree that relief efforts actually helped to prolong the [[Great Depression]]. It was only later that World War II brought a return to near full employment for every sector of the economy. But Roosevelt supporters felt he exuded a sense of confidence and hope for the future that made for a charismatic personality.==Early life==Franklin was born to two old families, both based in upstate New York: the Dutch Roosevelts, and the Yankee Delanos. His father James Roosevelt (1828–1900), a wealthy railroad executive, was never close to Franklin and died when he was in college. Franklin was the only son of Sara Roosevelt (1854–1941), who exerted tight control over the family money and tight psychological control over Franklin until the day she died in 1941. The Delanos made their money in trading with China (originally, in selling opium); Sara was a world traveler who raised her son with the aid of tutors until he went to Groton at age 14; by that time Franklin had been to Europe many times and spoke fluent French and German. He was a gentleman at Harvard College, where he edited the student newspaper. He graduated from Columbia Law School, and was a successful lawyer before entering politics in 1910, and again while out of politics in the mid-1920s. ==Eleanor Roosevelt==Franklin Roosevelt met Eleanor, his fifth cousin, in 1902. He began courting her, and they became engaged to FDR in 1903; they were 1904 against his mother's wishes. Sara Roosevelt thought Eleanor too young and inexperienced. The couple was married on March 17, 1905 in New York; her uncle , President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] , gave the bride away. She and Franklin lived with his mother Sara, who controlled both the finances and the raising of her grandchildren.

Very shy at first, Eleanor kept a low profile during World War I. She became more accustomed to the limelight when Franklin was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920, and when he was elected governor of New York in 1928 and 1930. After he contracted [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]] (it was '''''not''''' polio was widely taught, as polio was rarely contracted by adults over 30 which FDR was), she became much more active, serving as his spokesperson at many meetings around the state and advocated for womens women's issues inside the Democratic partyParty.

The Roosevelt marriage collapsed in 1918 when Eleanor discovered Franklin had a lover.<ref> Lucy Mercer (later Lucy Rutherfurd) was only the first of several known FDR lovers; Lucy was with FDR when he died. Joseph Persico, ''Franklin and Lucy: President Roosevelt, Mrs. Rutherfurd, and the Other Remarkable Women in His Life'' (2008) </ref> Divorce was politically impossible, love was absent. The solution was independence. By the 1920s Eleanor was living apart in a separate cabin on the Roosevelt estate at Hyde Park. Since the public knew nothing about the affairs (and historians did not learn until after Eleanor's death), the couple kept up appearancesin public. Eleanor increasingly built her own career, all the while supporting the more liberal and leftist personalities and ideas that were in the air.

In 1920 Roosevelt was the Democratic nominee for Vice Presidentvice president as the running mate of Ohio governor [[James M. He Cox]]. They lost in to the Harding landslide, but the fact that he Roosevelt won the nomination demonstrates that Democrats looked upon him as their new hero. In 1921 FDR became ill with [[poliomyelitis]], Eleanor became his helpmate through his serious health problems. The polio left FDR without the use of his legs, confined to a wheelchair for the most part. However, he did not allow this disability to end his political career; indeed it made him psychologically stronger and more determined to bring hope to people faced with poor odds in life.

In 1928 Franklin , Roosevelt was elected governor of [[New York]], in the face of despite a narrow victory in the state by Republican presidential candidate [[Herbert Hoover]]. FDR was reelected governor in his own a landslide in 1930. As governor of the leading financial state he did nothing to prevent the Wall Street Crash of 1929 or solve the emerging financial depression, but he did begin a relief program that followed the Hoover Administration guidelines. ===Racial discrimination===In 1921 FDR became ill with [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]] (GBS),<ref>https://www.webmd.com/women/news/20031031/fdr-didnt-have-polio</ref> not [[poliomyelitis]] as widely taught. The GBS, which was not properly diagnosed, left FDR without the use of his legs, confined to a wheelchair for the most part.  In 1927 he founded the Georgia Warm Springs Polio Rehabilitation Center, which maintained a Whites-only policy of admission. This discrimination was sustained by a [[scientific]] argument about polio itself—that blacks were not susceptible to the disease.<ref>''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854857/#!po=67.8125 Race and the Politics of Polio: Warm Springs, Tuskegee, and the March of Dimes]'', Naomi Rogers, PhD. American Journal of Public Health, May 2007.</ref> The center practiced racial discrimination into the 1960s.

== First Term term ==[[File:Newdealstamp.png|thumb|280px|1998 US stamp celebrates alphabet agencies of New Deal]]

:''For Main Article see '''{{main|New Deal]]}}FDR is most famous for his [[New Deal]], a set of programs designed to produce recovery from the Depression, reform so it would never happen again, and relief for the tens of millions suffering severe hardships.In order to help set up his '''New Deal''', FDR brought in a group of advisors who would be known as the [[Brain trust]].

FDR is most famous for his 's favorite program—and the nation's favorite as well, was the [[New DealCivilian Conservation Corps]], begun in spring cir. 1933. The CCC sent several hundred thousand young men at a set of programs designed to produce recovery from time—2.5 million in all by 1943—to newly formed work camps for 6-month stints. There were no uniforms or military drills. It was strongly approved at the Depression, reform so it would never happen againtime by conservatives and liberals alike, including most religious and relief for business leaders as a way to save the boys who were perpetually unemployed and drifting into gangs. The CCC was ended in 1943 when the tens of millions suffering severe hardshipsneed had vanished.

FDR's favorite program--and In 1934–35 the nation's favorite as well, was ''Second New Deal''' showed Roosevelt moving left. Key innovations included the Wagner Act (1935) that created the [[Civilian Conservation CorpsNational Labor Relations Board]]and allowed [[Labor unions]] to rapidly expand. The [[WPA]] was a federalized relief program, in which took 2.5 + million young men unemployed workers were hired by the federal government to work camps for 6-month stintson projects sponsored by local government. There were no uniforms or military drills. Of Most important of all the New Deal innovations, perhaps the most generally applauded was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It was strongly approved at the time by conservatives and liberals alikeSocial Security program, including most religious and business leaders as a way to save the boys who were perpectually unemployed and drifting into gangs. The CCC was ended in 1943 when the need had vanishedpassed over some Republican opposition.

In 1934-35 the '''==Second new Deal''' showed term==Roosevelt moving left. Key innovations included successfully built up the Wagner Act (1935) that created the National Labor Relations Board and allowed "[[Labor unionsNew Deal Coalition]] to rapidly expand. The [[WPA]] was ," a federalized releif progarmpowerful coalition of voters and interest groups—key components included big city machines and labor unions. Key voter groups included traditional Democrats, in which 2+ million unemployed workers were hired by the federal government to work on projects sponsored by local governmentwhite Southerners, Catholics, Jews, and liberals, as well as most Northern blacks. Most important This united voter base allowed Democrats to be elected to Congress and the presidency for much of all was the Social Security program, passed over intense Republican oppositionnext 30 years.[[File:Hugo black kkk.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|]]

==Second Term==Roosevelt successfully built up Under FDR, the "[[New Deal Coalition]]"Democratic Party became identified closely with modern liberalism, a powerful coalition which included the promotion of voters and interest groups that supported liberalism. Key components included big city machines and labor social welfare, unions. Key voter groups included traditional Democrats, white Southerners, Catholics, Jews, and liberals, as well as many blacks. This united voter base allowed Democrats to be elected to Congress and the presidency for much regulation of the next 30 yearseconomy. After a sweeping landslide reelection in 1936--losing only Maine and Vermont--Roosevelt stunned Civil rights were not on the nation, and his party, by calling for legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court by five new members. A firestorm agenda of opposition erupted, led by his own vice president [[John Nance Garner]]. Roosevelt was defeated by an alliance of Republicans and conservative Democrats, who formed a [[Conservative Coalition]] that managed to block nearly all liberal legislation. (Only a minimum wage law got through.) Angry with the conservative wing of his own party, Roosevelt tried to destroy it. In 1938, he actively campaigned against five incumbent conservative Democratic senators; all five senators won re-electionnational Administration at this time.

Under In 1937 FDR, appointed Alabama senator [[Hugo Black]] to the Democratic Party became identified closely with modern liberalism, which included the promotion Supreme Court. Black was a member of social welfare, unions the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and regulation built his career campaigning at Klan meetings. Black was well known for his anti-[[Catholic]] viewpoints.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2LcraS1EgC&pg=PA219 The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the economyUnited States]</ref> Later in ''[[Korematsu v. Civil rights were not United States]]'', Black voted to uphold [[President Roosevelt]]'s mass arrests and incarceration of [[Japanese]] men, women, and children based on the party agenda at this time[[race]].

The Second Term ===Double dip recession===When FDR was a failure, inaugurated for FDR had overreached and his efforts second term [[national income]], [[payroll]]s, and industrial production<ref>League of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, June, 1936. Percentage change 1929 to fight March 1936, United States -21.8%, rank number 13.</ref> were still 20 per cent below the conservatives 1929 figure and construction was still only about one third what it had been in 1929 when the business communitynation had a booming economy due to massive speculation that would ultimately lead to the stock market crash. By June, 1937 the GOP and his own party (Treasury boasted relief payments were less than in the South) produced same period the preceding year. But this was not so. The Treasury made a backlash against excessive presidential controlpractice of cooking the books and producing phony numbers. With war braking out It merely shifted relief payments to other accounts. They were, in Europe in 1939fact, it larger than the year before. Stock prices declined and by September the reality could be no longer hidden. By the end of October the market crashed. The budget was running a [[deficit]] at the time to turn to foreign affairs$300,000,000 a month.

== Third Term ==Early in 1939 FDR made up his mind to seek a third election in the told [[United States presidential election, 1940|presidential election of 1940DNC]]. FDR realized the political difficulties involved in a third nomination so Chairman James Farley he wanted to make it appear as a would have "draft Roosevelt" movement. He kept other candidates dangling to go in hopefor pump priming or relief, including Democratic National Committee Chairman " but as Farley explained FDR complained he could not spend on local projects because the states and cities did not want any more buildings and institutions which they would have to support in perpetuity. They were having trouble enough paying the bills of those already built. Roosevelt revealed to Farley that many [[James FarleyWPA]], whom FDR rejected projects approved by the government were abandoned because the states and cities could not raise the money to support them. In the 1938 Congressional elections Harry Hopkins was spending as fast as he could without any regard to utility to meet the immediate political necessities of an election but couldn't go on indefinitely. And the whole problem was complicated by pressure from within his own party to balance the budget.[[Roman CatholicImage:Flatgrowth.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Real Output and Growth remained stagnant throughout the New Deal largely due to government involvement. The Depression came back with a vengeance in 1937–1938.<ref>''New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis, ''Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian, Journal of Political Economy, volume 112 (2004), pages 779–816.</ref>]]New capital made available for investment amounted to $348, and Secretary 000,000 in 1935. This was less than 1/10th of State Cordell Hullthe amount available in 1929. By contrast, the British economy had nearly recovered to its 1929 levels by 1935, and the amount available for investment was almost twice as much as the United States.

Administrative Assistants to Roosevelt included [[James Forrestal]]{| style="background:white; color:blue" border="1" class="wikitable"|-! Year! United States <ref>Standard Statistics Co., [[Lauchlin Currie]] ''New Honey for Operating and [[David KProducing. Niles]]. Their function was to get information and to condense and summarize it ''</ref>! Great Britain <ref>Midland Bank, London, ''New Issues for RooseveltBritish Companies,'s use. FDR soon moved Forrestal ' converted from £ to the Navy department, where he took over the responsibilities of the incompetent secretary$ at $4. 8665.</ref>|-| 1927| $3,201,000,000| $710,509,000|-| 1928| 3,062,000,000| 983,033,000|-| 1929| 3,668,000,000| 759,174,000|-| 1930| 3,039,000,000| 394,186,500|-| 1931| 1,006,000,000| 155,728,000 |-| 1932| 321,000,000| 248,191,500|-| 1933| 177,000,000| 296,856,500|-| 1934| 356,000,000| 350,388,000|-| 1935| 348,000,000| 666,710,500|-|}

Public opinion on entering the war became polarized The country now reached a greater crisis than in very complicated ways1933. Conservatives divided into pro-war ("interventionist") and anti-war ("isolationist") blocs, as did liberals. Republicans split and Democrats split. FDR was the leader of the interventionist liberal Democrats, but he was opposed by old allies like The [[John L. LewisNational debt]] , which was $22 billion when Roosevelt took office and largely a heritage of [[Joe KennedyWorld War I]], and supported now was $37 billion. Taxes had been more than doubled by old foes like [[Henry Stimson]]Roosevelt.

In general By April 1938, [[unemployment]] reached several thousand more than when Roosevelt was elected in 1932. This was now Roosevelt's Double Dip Depression. Voices began to speak up suggesting after all Hoover may have known what he was doing, but here, nine years after the dispute Depression began the fundamental condition of the country was entirely focused no further advanced than it was at the end of Hoover's three-year struggle with it.[[Image:Fbisilvermasterfilevol15p4.JPG|right|250px|thumb|[[CPUSA]] defector [[Louis Budenz]] testified he could name 400 individuals involved in the [[CPUSA#Secret apparatus|Communist conspiracy]];<ref>[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e6193&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol FBI Headquarters File 100-63, Louis Francis Budenz, Internal Security—C, Serial 122.]</ref> others testified there may have been over 1000.<ref>Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on EuropeInvestigations of the Committee on Government Operations ([https://www. Virtually every senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/McCarthy_Transcripts.htm McCarthy Hearings 1953-54]).</ref> The [[Silvermaster group ]] infiltrated 27 high level KGB operatives into government jobs in the Roosevelt administration<ref>So thorough was hostile to Japan [[KGB]] penetration of the Roosevelt Administration, that when [[Army Signals Intelligence]] cryptographer [[Meredith Gardner]] extracted the names of [[Hans Bethe]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Harold Urey]], [[Edward Teller]] and supported 11 other scientists working on the [[Manhattan Project]] from a strong pro-China policyDecember 2, which FDR pushed vigorously1944 KGB encypherment, [http://www. Tokyo was threatenednsa.gov/venona/venon00014.cfm Venona 1699 New York to Moscow, December 2, 1944]. KGB agent [[William Weisband]] watched him do it. ''VENONA: end its invasion of China or Soviet Espionage and the UAmerican Response, 1939-1957'', Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds.S, (Washington, D. wouldC.: [[National Security Agency]], Central Intelligence Agency, 1996) [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and did-monographs/venona-cut off Japansoviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm]; The ''Baltimore Sun'' (Laura Sullivan, "SPY'S ROLE LINKED TO US FAILURE ON KOREA," 6/29/00) reported that a report newly declassified by the US National Security Agency (NSA) shows that William Weisband alerted the Soviets to extensive US eavesdropping in 1948, resulting in a complete blackout of information from the Communist bloc for more than two years. This crippled the NSA's oil suppliesintelligence gathering efforts in the late 1940s and begins to explain why the US was caught unprepared for the [[DPRK]]'s 1950 invasion of the [[ROK]]. Japan responsed with NSA historian David A. Hatch, who authored the report, said, "This report answers several significant questions. Up until now, there has been a decision for wargreat lack of knowledge surrounding some of these events . Once Pearl Harbor .. and this should help sharpen [the public's] understanding." [Ed. note: This article was attacked (Decincluded in the US Department of Defense's Early Bird news service for June 29, 2000. 7] [http://www.nautilus.org/archives/napsnet/dr/0006/JUN29.html#item8]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060820054409/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm ''The Venona Progeny''], 1941Hayen B. Peake, Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3. "[[Venona]] makes absolutely clear that they had active agents in the U.S. State Department, Treasury Department, Justice Department, Senate committee staffs, the military services, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), all the prior divisions vanished overnight[[Manhattan Project]], and all groups supported the war effort[[White House]], as well as wartime agencies. Later stories to No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated." [[Hayden B. Peake]] is the effect curator of [[Central Intelligence Agency]]’s (CIA) Historical Intelligence Collection. [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/alpha_folder/P_folder/peake.html]</ref> that were still employed in the US government well after World War II ended.<ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster015.pdf FBI Silvermaster file Vol. 15, pg. 4 pdf.]</ref>]]The second term was a failure, for FDR knew about had overreached and his efforts to fight the Pearl Harbor attack conservatives in advance were all false fabricationsthe business community, the GOP and his own party (in parts of the South) produced a backlash against excessive presidential control. With war braking out in Europe in 1939, FDR turned to foreign affairs.

see ==Third term==Early in 1939 FDR made up his mind to seek a third election in the [[American HomefrontUnited States presidential election, World War II1940|presidential election of 1940]]. FDR realized the political difficulties involved in a third nomination so he concocted a "draft Roosevelt" movement. He kept other candidates dangling in hope, including Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley, whom FDR rejected because he was [[Roman Catholic]], and Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]].

=== Commander in Chief === Administrative Assistants to Roosevelt included [[Image:JosephstalinJames V.jpg‎|thumb|325px|right|Roosevelt in 1941 formed an alliance of convenience with Stalin to defeat HitlerForrestal]], [[Lauchlin Currie]], and [[David K.Niles]] . Their function was to get information and to condense and summarize it for Roosevelt's use. FDR soon moved Forrestal to the Navy department, where he took over the responsibilities of the incompetent secretary.

In August 1939 Stalin made an alliance with Hitler that allowed Hitler to invade Poland; Public opinion on entering the two war became polarized in very complicated ways. Conservatives divided Poland into pro-war ("interventionist") and eastern Europe between themanti-war ("isolationist") blocs, as Germany turned toward France did liberals—Republicans split and BritainDemocrats split. With Roosevelt strongly supporting France and Britain, FDR was the American Communist Party began attacking Roosevelt in leader of the wildest terms and did so for the next twenty-two months. In the 1940 electioninterventionist liberal Democrats, pro-Moscow elements in the CIO forced but he was opposed by old allies like [[John L. Lewis]] to turn against Roosevelt and support the liberal Republican [[Wendell WillkieJoe Kennedy]]. Roosevelt meanwhile moved right, and brought into top jobs the GOP vice presidential nominee from 1936, Frank Knox (a conservative who became Secretary of the Navy) and conservative Republican lawyer supported by old foes like [[Henry Stimson]], who took over the War Department. Rejecting advice from the far left, 90% of CIO members voted for Roosevelt, who was easily elected to a third term.

Roosevelt In general, the dispute was determined entirely focused on Europe—virtually every group was hostile to help Britain Japan and at one point after Pearl Harbor supported a strong pro–[[Winston ChurchillNationalist China]] even moved into the White House to coordinate war strategy. Isolationspolicy, led by which FDR pushed vigorously. Tokyo was threatened: end its invasion of China or FDR would—and did at the urging of [[America FirstKGB]] Committee and Senator agent [[Burton K. WheelerHarry Dexter White]] tried working as an Undersecretary of the Treasury—cut off Japan's oil supplies. Japan responded to block an ultimatum—written by Harry White—with a decision for war. Once Pearl Harbor was attacked (Dec. 7, 1941), all the prior divisions vanished overnight, and all groups supported the moves toward wareffort. Later stories to the effect that FDR knew about the Pearl Harbor attack in advance were all false fabrications, though Communist conspiracy has been proven due to White's status as a Soviet agent.<ref>Jasper, William F. (December 11, 2013). [[Filehttps:Warplan//thenewamerican.jpg|thumb|400px|Wheeler leaks top secret US war plan three days before com/the-communist-agent-who-caused-pearl-harbor-and-global-economic-havoc/ The Communist Agent Who Caused Pearl Harbor— and Global Economic Havoc]]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref>

In early December 1941 a military officer gave Senator Wheeler a copy of the top secret (see: [[American war plan for fighting Germany. Wheeler gave it to the ''Chicago Tribune''Homefront, which published the secrets in a desperate effort to weaken the American military so much that Roosevelt would avoid war. Pearl Harbor came a few days later and Wheeler and the isolationists went quiet.World War II]])

The policy makers in Washington--including those at In his 1944 State of the newly constructed Pentagon--wanted to focus on defeating the main enemyUnion Address, Germany. Public opinion (and the Navy) insisted on defeating Japan first. Given the military situation, there was little in 1942-43 the U.S. could do to defeat Germany except send military supplies to Britain and Russia, which was done. The war in 1942-43 of necessity focused on Japan, and it was he proposed a very hard-fought war fought primarily with naval aviation. The great American victory at the [[Battle Second Bill of MidwayRights]] ended the Japanese blitzkrieg and evened out the forces. Japan was unprepared for a long war, and already by early 1942 the U.S. had far more warships and warplanes under construction than Japan did. Before the material edge became decisive, American forces defeated the Japanese at the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. By 1943 the "island hopping" campaign under Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]] in the central Pacific, and under General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in the Southwest Pacific was inexorably pushing American forces toward the Japanese home islands, with the goal of invading them and capturing Tokyo.

American and British troops invaded North Africa ===Relationship with Stalin===[[File:Josephstalin.jpg‎|thumb|325px|right|Roosevelt in 19421941 formed an alliance of convenience with Stalin to defeat Hitler.]] In August 1939 [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|Stalin made an alliance with Hitler]] under which both jointly waged aggressive war against Poland; the two divided Poland between them, as Germany turned toward France and Sicily Britain and Italy in 1943the Soviet Union invaded Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland. In retrospective these were not major strategic goals With Roosevelt strongly supporting France and Britain, but they did provide the Army with Communist Party USA at Moscow's direction began attacking Roosevelt in the combat experience needed to prepare wildest terms and did so for the real invasion of France in June 1944next twenty-two months. By then In the German Luftwaffe had been destroyed by the U.S. Air Force1940 election, and the vast advantage pro-Moscow elements in war material made the German military position hopelessCIO forced [[John L. With the huge Russian armies pressing in from Lewis]] to turn against Roosevelt and support the east[[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. Roosevelt meanwhile moved right, and brought into top jobs the smaller but more powerful Allied armies coming in GOP vice presidential nominee from 1936, Frank Knox (a conservative who became Secretary of the westNavy) and conservative Republican lawyer [[Henry Stimson]], who took over the Nazi war machine War Department. Rejecting advice from its Communist organizers, 90% of CIO members voted for Roosevelt, who was crushed in 1944-45easily elected to a third term.

FDR worked very closely with his military advisors, and followed their strategic advice. His main role Roosevelt was fostering diplomatic relations with determined to help Britain, Russia and Chinaat one point after Pearl Harbor [[Winston Churchill]] even moved into the White House to coordinate war strategy. Isolationists, helping themn with led by the [[Lend LeaseAmerica First]] supplies of food Committee and munitionsprogressive Democratic Sen. [[Burton K. Wheeler]], tried to block the moves toward war.

Roosevelt had his closest contest in 1944February 1940 sharply attacked the Soviet Union:<ref>Quoted in Robert E. Sherwood, with a subdued contest that was decided by turnout ''Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History'', (1948), [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 p. 138] pdf.</ref>{{cquote|In the early days of FDR allies Communism, I recognized that many leaders in the cities Russia were bringing education and labor unions, better health and increasingy among soldiers, above all, better opportunity to millions ... I disliked the regimentation ...I abhorred the indiscriminate killings of thousands of innocent victims ....I heartily deprecated the banishment of religion - though I knew that some day Russia would return to religion for the simple reason that four or five thousand years of recorded history have proven that mankind has always believed in God in spite of many abortive attempts to exile God.

== Fourth Term ==:''See also '''The Soviet Union, as everybody who has the courage to face the fact knows, is run by a dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world. It has allied itself with another dictatorship [[Yalta conferenceGermany], and it has invaded a neighbor [Finland]'''''so infinitesimally small that it could do no conceivable possible harm to the Soviet Union, a neighbor which seeks only to live at peace as a democracy, and a liberal, forward-looking democracy at that.}}

At ===World War II===In June 1941, Germany invaded Russia (ending the [[Yalta conferenceCommunazi era]] in February 1945), victory was in sight in Europe. A [[reparations]] commission was set up to help repay Russia and Communists on Moscow's instructions immediately switched from German assets. The key arrangements allowed Sovciet control of Eastern Europe. Roosevelt, in failing health, seemed anti-FDR isolationism to think that he support for FDR and Stalin would personally iron out any difficulties after demands the US enter the war ended. The conservative isolationists were convinced that FDR did get Stalin to promise was conniving to somehow trick the American people and enter the war ; public opinion steadily moved to support FDR's aggressive policies against Japan 90 days after and Germany surrendered. Stalin did so.

[[File:Warplan.jpg|thumb|400px|Wheeler leaks top secret US war plan three days before Pearl Harbor]]In February 1944 Congress rejected Roosevelt's demand for early December 1941, a $10military officer gave Sen. Burton K. Wheeler,500an isolationist liberal Democrat,000,000 tax increase and cut it to $2,300,000,000. Roosevelt vetoed it saying this was a "bill not for relief copy of the needy but of the greedytop secret American war plan for fighting Germany." Senator [[Alben Barkley]], Democratic leader, rose on the floor of the Senate Wheeler gave it to say the veto was "a calculated and deliberate assault upon ''Chicago Tribune'', which published the legislative integrity of every member of Congress." The entire Senate united secrets in a roar of applause. Barkley declared desperate effort to weaken the American military so much that after seven years of carrying the [[New Deal]] banner for Roosevelt, he would resign his post as Democratic majority leader avoid war. Pearl Harbor came a few days later and he called on every member of the Congress to preserve its self respect Wheeler and override the veto. The Senate overrode it 72 to 14 and the House 299 to 95isolationists went quiet.

:"I hope that you have re-read the [[United States Constitution| Constitution]] of the United States in these past few weeks. Like the Bible, it ought to be read again and again."

:"Those forces hate democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization. They oppose democracy because it is Christian. They oppose Christianity because it preaches democracy. Their objective is to prevent democracy from becoming strong. <ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins'', Sherwood, 1948, pgs. 193-194 (pgs. 211 - 212 pdf).</ref>

:"Those forces hate [[Democracy]] and [[Christianity]] as two phases of the same civilization."

The following year, on On May 27, 1941, FDR stated in one declared a [[List of national emergencies in the United States|national emergency]] in regard to the Nazi state, and his radio addressesaddress he declared:<ref>[https: //www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/boisi/pdf/Symposia/Symposia%202011-2012/FDR_UnlimitedNationalEmergency_excerpt.pdf ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT DELIVERED BY RADIO FROM THE WHITE HOUSE]</ref>

When American soldiers were landing on the beaches of Normandy, Roosevelt led the nation in prayer during a radio broadcast. <ref>Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, [http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odddayp.html Franklin Roosevelt's D-Day Prayer], June 6, 1944.</ref>

*[[Eleanor RooseveltMichael Whitney Straight]]* [[Gertrude Pratt]]* [[Joseph Lash]]* [[Central planning]]

see also [[:{{main|New Deal Bibliography]] for a much more detailed guide}}*Alter, Jonathan. ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (2006), popular [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Defining-Moment-FDRs-Hundred-Triumph/dp/B000Q6GY1W/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881373&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search] * Beschloss, Michael R. ''The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945'' (2002). [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Conquerors-Roosevelt-Destruction-Hitlers-1941-1945/dp/0743244540/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881516&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]* Black, Conrad. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom'' (2003). popular [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Delano-Roosevelt-Champion-Freedom/dp/1586482823/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881865&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search], excellent detailed biography by a conservative writer

* Brinkley, Alan. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2009) 128pp* Burns, James MacGregor. vol 1: ''Roosevelt" The Lion and the Fox'' (1956); [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Roosevelt-1882-1940-James-MacGregor-Burns/dp/0156027623/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881949&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search vol 1]; vol. 2: ''Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom 1940-1945'' (1970), [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Roosevelt-1940-1945-James-MacGregor-Burns/dp/0156027577/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881949&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search vol 2]; major interpretive scholarly biography, emphasis on politics; vol 2 is on war years and is [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]* Dallek, Robert. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945'' (2nd ed. 1995) scholarly survey of foreign policy [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Roosevelt-American-Foreign-1932-1945/dp/0195097327/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881549&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]* Freidel, Frank. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny'' (1990), One-volume scholarly biography; covers entire life [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Rendezvous-Destiny/dp/094570738X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881894&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search 2006 reprint edition]* Goodwin, Doris Kearns. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (1995), joint biography by scholar [httphttps://www.amazon.com/No-Ordinary-Time-Franklin-Roosevelt/dp/B000B86FI2/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883493&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Hamby, Alonzo L. ''For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s'' (2004) major interpetation interpretation by leading conservative historian [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Survival-Democracy-Franklin-Roosevelt-Crisis/dp/0684843404/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240397848&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Larrabee, Eric. '' Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War''. History of how FDR handled the war [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Commander-Chief-Roosevelt-Lieutenants-Bluejacket/dp/1591144558/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883793&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]* Leuchtenberg, William E. Franklin D. ''Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940.'' (1963). Remains the standard scholarly interpretive history of era. [httphttps://www.amazon.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-New-Deal/dp/0061330256/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883672&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

*Smith, Jean Edward. ''FDR'' (2007) 885pp; good recent biography[httphttps://www.amazon.com/FDR-Jean-Edward-Smith/dp/1400061210/ref=pd_ts_b_3?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]

====notesFootnotes====<references/>{{reflist|2}}

==References==<small>{{reflist|2DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Franklin D.}}</small>

** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data.php Academic Data Related to the Roosevelt Administration]*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230306/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-greatest-economic-myth-of-the-twentieth-century/ Franklin Roosevelt and the Greatest Economic Myth of the Twentieth Century ] (archived)

* [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu The American Presidency Project] at [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php Public Papers of the Presidents: Franklin D. Roosevelt]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php State of the Union Addresses]*** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14683 1934], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14890 1935], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15095 1936], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15336 1937], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15517 1938], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15684 1939], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15856 1940], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16092 1941], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16253 1942], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16386 1943], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518 1944]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php State of the Union Written Messages]*** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16595 1945]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/inaugurals.php Inaugural Addresses]*** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14473 1933], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15349 1937], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16022 1941], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16607 1945]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/fireside.php Fireside Chats]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/elections.php Presidential Elections]*** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1932 1932], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1936 1936], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1940 1940], [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1944 1944]** [httphttps://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/medialist.php?presid=32 32 Audio/Video Clips of FDR]

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