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| + | The '''Sign of the Cross''' is a hand motion common in the religious devotions and [[worship]] services of [[Roman Catholic]], [[Anglican]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and some [[Lutheran]] Christians. It is also become popular for athletes, even those who are not of a denomination that practices it otherwise, to make the Sign after a significant event (e.g. scoring a touchdown). |
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| − | The '''Sign of the Cross''' ({{lang-la|Signum Crucis}}) is a ritual hand motion made by members of many but not all branches of [[Christianity]]. It may be accompanied by the [[trinitarian formula]]. For Christians the motion symbolizes the [[Christian cross|Cross]] on [[Calvary]] by tracing the shape of the cross in the air or on one's own body. There are two principal forms, one followed by [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, and the other by the [[Western Christianity|Western Churches]] ([[Anglicanism]], [[Lutheranism]], and [[Roman Catholicism]]) and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]. The sign is rarely used by non-liturgical or evangelical [[Protestantism|Protestants]].
| + | It is commonly done accompanying the recitation of the words "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the [[Holy Spirit]]", a reference to the [[Trinity]]. The Sign of the Cross is made by touching the hand to the forehead, the sternum, and then to each shoulder, symbolizing the Cross of [[Christ]] (the order in which each shoulder is touched is right-to-left in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] tradition, and left-to-right in Western churches). |
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| − | ==The gesture== | + | ==Earliest history and Biblical underpinning== |
| − | {{Cleanup-section|date=June 2007}}
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| − | [[Image:Sign-of-the-cross--fingers-position.jpg|thumb|110px|Position of the fingers while making the sign of the cross in the Byzantine fashion.]]
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| − | ;The hand
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| − | The open right hand is used in the Churches of the West. The five open fingers represent The Five Wounds of Christ. Though this is the most common method of crossing by Western Christians, other forms are sometimes used. The West also employs the "Small Sign of the Cross" in which a small cross is traced with the thumb over the forehead, lips, and breast of the individual while whispering the words "May Christ's words be in my mind, on my lips, and in my heart". This is used at the Proclamation of the Gospel at Holy Mass and also is commonly used when blessing oneself with holy water when leaving or entering a church. In the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox Churches, the thumb, index, and middle finger are brought to a point, symbolizing the [[Trinity]] (the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit/Ghost, three persons sharing a single essence), the remaining two fingers (kept pressed together and touching the palm) representing the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ. However, the Russian Orthodox in the past used two fingers brought to a point with the three remaining fingers pressed down. Russian Old Believers still use this form. The Oriental Orthodox (Armenians, Copts, Ethiopians etc.) generally use the "Western" direction as well, though often with the Byzantine finger formation.
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| − | [[Image:Boyarynja Morozova.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Detail of the painting ''Boyarynya Morozova'' by [[Vasily Surikov]] depicting a defiant Old Believer holding up two fingers (instead of three) during her arrest.]]
| + | The making of the cross or the "signing" is understood by the churches that practice it as a "sacramental" rather than a sacrament. That is, it is something done that God uses as a blessing mixed with the faith of the believer, but it is not specifically commanded by Christ, or a specific practice of the Church of the New Testament for the Christians. To understand how it arose and what it means, the source is the Old Testament. This also provides an example of how Biblical concepts and teachings form the matter for apparently unrelated customs. |
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| − | In [[Russia]] until the reforms of [[Patriarch Nikon]] in the 17th century, it was customary to make the sign of the cross with two fingers (symbolising the dual nature of Christ). The enforcement of the three-finger sign was one of the reasons for the [[Schism (religion)|schism]] with the [[Old Believers]] whose congregations continue to use the two-finger sign of the cross.
| + | It is clear that "signs of the covenant (Otot HaBrit in plural - Hebrew) were to be set up in heaven and on earth to be seen by God who faithfully would act (or refrain from acting - the rainbow of the days of Noah that He would see and "remember" and never again send a flood to destroy all life on the earth. See [[Eucharist]] for the connection to the Lord's Supper). This idea was carried forth in the Prophet Ezekiel, "...set a sign ("mark" - King James Version) upon the foreheads of the men who sigh and that cry for all the abominations...slay old and young...but come not near any man on whom is the mark..." Ezek. 9:4-6. Here the sign is clearly protective. The Hebrew for "sign" here is the last letter of the Hebrew alphabet, "tav" (Even in Modern Hebrew, tav in all its forms has something to do with sign - "label", "tag", musical note - symbol of a sound, etc.). The way it was written in Biblical days was in the form of a "t", a cross, slightly tilted or on the arm and leg of one side (forming an '''x'''), just as in the cognate languages of Hebrew of the times - Phoenecian, Canaanite, Moabite, etc. Our letter "t" comes through the cognate of Hebrew - Phoenecian, via Greek. (Modern Hebrew script is different, being in reality the Aramaic script). The sign of protection, therefore, in Ezekiel was the cross. |
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| − | ;The motion
| + | The book of the Revelation in the New Testament preserves for us the same idea. Just as those deluded by the beast were to be sealed on the forehead, so the believers of the Lord are to be protected by the sign on the forehead. "Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God in their foreheads". Rev. 7:3. What was that sign? We do not have to guess or theorize to find out, as we have the literature of the earliest Aramaic Church, coming from the time of some of the New Testament Literature. This early Jewish Christian community see [[Aramaic Church]], prior to the work of the day, would pray their "psalms" together, and would "sign" themselves, not on their forehead as Christians of the Roman sphere were doing, but they would involve their whole body, stretching out their arms as the cross bar. And they would tell what they meant, and so the sign continued on through the centuries. This is the earliest literary mention of making the sign of the cross: |
| − | The sign of the Cross is made by touching the hand sequentially to the forehead, [[sternum]], and both shoulders, accompanied by the [[Trinitarian formula]]: at the forehead: ''In the name of the Father'' (or ''In nomine Patris'' in Latin); at the stomach or heart: ''and of the Son'' (''et Filii''); across the shoulders from left to right: ''and of the [[Holy Spirit]]/Ghost'' (''et Spiritus Sancti''); and finally: ''[[Amen]]''.
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| − | There are several interpretations, according to [[Church Fathers]]:<ref name="prayer-book-bor">''Prayer Book'', edited by the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]], several editions (''Carte de rugăciuni'' - Editura Institutului biblic şi de misiune al Bisericii ortodoxe române, 2005),</ref> the forehead symbolizes Heaven; the stomach, the earth; the shoulders, the place and sign of power. Also, the hand to the forehead may be seen as a prayer to the Father for wisdom; the hand to the stomach as a prayer to the Son who became [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnate]]; and the hand to the shoulders as a prayer to the Holy Spirit.
| + | "I extended my hands and approached my Lord, For the expansion of my hands is His sign, And my extension is the common cross; That was lifted up on the way of the Righteous One." (A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. l., Samuel Hugh Moffett, Orbis,{Odes Sol.42:1,2,}, 1998, pg.52) |
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| − | [[Image:2fingers.jpg|thumb|Position of the fingers used by [[Old Believers]] while making the sign of the cross.]]
| + | == See also == |
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| − | There are some variations: for example a person may first place the right hand in [[holy water]]. After moving the hand from one shoulder to the other, it may be returned to the stomach. It may also be accompanied by the recitation of a prayer e.g. the [[Jesus Prayer]], or simply "[[Kyrie|Lord have mercy]]". In some cultures it is customary to kiss one's hand or fingers at the conclusion of the gesture.
| + | *[[Rosary]] |
| | + | *[[Hail Mary]] |
| | + | *[[Aramaic Church]] |
| | + | *[[Eucharist]] |
| | + | *[[Ichthys]] |
| | + | *[[The Sign of the Cross: of Jewish Origin]] |
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| − | ;Sequence
| + | [[Category:Christian Rites]] |
| − | [[Pope Innocent III]] (1198–1216) gave the following instruction: | + | |
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| − | <blockquote>
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| − | The sign of the cross is made with three fingers, because the signing is done together with the invocation of the Trinity. ... This is how it is done: from above to below, and from the right to the left, because Christ descended from the heavens to the earth, and from the Jews (right) He passed to the Gentiles (left).
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| − | Others, however, make the sign of the cross from the left to the right, because from misery (left) we must cross over to glory (right), just as Christ crossed over from death to life, and from Hades to Paradise. [Some priests] do it this way so that they and the people will be signing themselves in the same way. You can easily verify this — picture the priest facing the people for the blessing — when we make the sign of the cross over the people, it is from left to right...
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | Writers such as Herbert Thurston, author of the article [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13785a.htm Sign of the Cross] in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] interpret this as indicating that at that time both Eastern and Western Christians moved the hand from the right shoulder to the left. However, Thurston confesses that the point is not entirely clear. He quotes another liturgist who inclined to the opinion that in this passage of Innocent III,<ref>De myst. Alt., II, xlvi.</ref> and in those of [[Belethus]],<ref>xxxix</ref> [[Sicardus]]<ref>III, iv.</ref> and [[Durandus]],<ref>V, ii, 13.</ref> which are usually appealed to in proof of this, these authors had in mind the small cross made upon the forehead or external objects, in which the hand moves naturally from right to left, and not the big cross made from shoulder to shoulder.
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| − | Today, Western Christians and the Oriental Orthodox touch the left shoulder before the right. Orthodox Christians use the right-to-left movement.
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| − | A Greek catechetical textbook attempted to explain the difference between the Latin and the Greek customs by saying that the right side is associated with holiness, and the heart (on the left) with the spirit, so that those who, in mentioning the Holy Spirit, used the Latin phrase "Spiritus Sancti" (noun before adjective) touched left before right, while those who said, in Greek, "τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος" (adjective before noun) did the opposite.
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| − | ==Use of the sign==
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| − | The Sign of the Cross may be made by individuals upon themselves as a form of [[Prayer in Christianity|prayer]], and by clergy upon others or objects as an act of [[blessing]]. [[Priest]]s are allowed to bless using the right hand, while [[bishop]]s may bless simultaneously with both, the left mirroring the right. While individuals may make it at any time, clergy must make it at specific times (as in [[Christian liturgy|liturgies]]), and it is customary to make it on other occasions (see below).
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| − | During rituals such as the Roman Catholic [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] the Sign is required at certain points: the laity sign themselves at the beginning of the Eucharist, at the Gospel and at the final blessing; additionally, the celebrant makes the Sign over the bread and wine before the [[Words of Institution]] (i.e. words of Christ). In the [[Tridentine Mass]] the priest signs the bread and wine 25 times during the [[Canon of the Mass]], ten times before and fifteen times after they have been consecrated. In the [[Mass of Paul VI]] the priest signs them once only and before the consecration. Roman Catholic bishops make the Sign of the Cross three times when they are blessing a large group of people, at the names of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
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| − | [[Image:BASIL.jpg|thumb|left||[[Icon]] of [[St. Basil the Great]] depicting the manner in which an Orthodox priest or bishop holds his hand when he blesses.]]
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| − | In the Eastern traditions, both celebrant and congregation make the Sign of the Cross much more frequently than in Western Christianity. It is customary in some Eastern traditions to cross oneself at each petition in a [[Ektenia|litany]], and to closely associate oneself with a particular intention being prayed for or with a saint being named. The Sign of the Cross is also made upon entering or leaving a church building, at the start and end of personal prayer, when passing the main altar (which represents Christ), whenever all three persons of the Trinity are addressed, and when approaching an icon.
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| − | When an [[Eastern Orthodox]] or [[Eastern Catholic]] bishop or priest blesses with the sign of the cross, he holds the fingers of his right hand in such a way that they form the Greek abbreviation for Jesus Christ "[[IC XC]]". The little finger is extended to make the "I"; the index finger and middle finger are also raised, with the middle finger bent slightly so that the two fingers together form the "X"; the thumb touches the lowered third finger to signify the two "C"s. When a priest blesses in the sign of the cross, he positions the fingers of his right hand in the manner described as he raises his right hand, then moves his hand downwards, then to his left, then to his right. A bishop blesses with both hands (unless he is holding some sacred object such as a blessing cross, [[chalice (cup)|chalice]], [[Gospel Book]], [[icon]], etc.), holding the fingers of both hands in the same configuration, but when he moves his right hand to the left, he simultaneously moves his left hand to the right, so that the two hands cross, the left in front of the right, and then the right in front of the left. The blessing of both priests and bishops consists of three movements, in honour of the [[Holy Trinity]].
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| − | Some Christians make the Sign of the Cross in a way that may seem [[idiom]]atic: for example, in response to perceived blasphemy. Others sign themselves to seek God's blessing before or during an event with uncertain outcome. In Latin countries people often sign themselves in public.
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| − | Athletes can be seen crossing themselves before entering the field or while concentrating for competition.
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| − | In societies with constant Christian observance the Sign of the Cross is employed during everyday activities. For example the [[spoon]] crosses the newly poured mixture before stirring, housewives bless food when placing it in the [[oven]], potters bless the clay before creating a vessel, and one slicing bread crosses the [[bread]] with the knife before cutting, as bread is considered to represent the body of [[Christ]].
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| − | During persecutions, such as in [[Communist Romania]], some believers would hide the gesture by moving their tongues in a cross pattern inside their mouths.
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| − | ==Origins of the sign of the cross==
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| − | [[Image:Christus Ravenna Mosaic.jpg|thumb|160px|right|[[Ravenna]] mosaic, 6th c.: Jesus is portrayed gesturing a sign of the cross with his right hand facing outward, like a Christian priest giving a blessing. ([[Christ Pantocrator]]).]]
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| − | The Christian sign of the cross was originally made with the right hand thumb and across the forehead only. The custom is attested to as early as the second century{{Fact|date=December 2007}}.
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| − | Vestiges of this practice remain: some Christians sign a cross on their forehead to hear the Gospels during Mass; foreheads are marked with an ash cross on [[Ash Wednesday]]; holy oil (called [[chrism]]) is applied on the forehead for the [[sacrament]] of [[Confirmation]]. Around year 200 in [[Carthage]] (modern Tunisia, Africa), [[Tertullian]] says: "We Christians wear out our foreheads with the sign of the cross". It is thought that by the end of the second century Christians signed the cross on their forehead before taking any risk, such as embarking on a journey{{Fact|date=December 2007}}.
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| − | By the fourth century, the sign of the cross involved other parts of the body beyond the forehead. By the sixth century, these variations of smaller signs across the body became the one larger sign used now{{Fact|date=December 2007}}.
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| − | ==Low-Church attitudes==
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| − | Although the Sign of the Cross dates to early Christianity, it was rejected by some of the Reformers, and is absent from some forms of [[Protestantism]]. Since the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] it has generally been rejected by Protestants and some [[Low church|Low-Church]] Anglicans as being a Catholic practice, despite Martin Luther's positive personal view, the prescribed use of the sign in ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' and the defence of the sign of the Cross in Anglican Canon Law in 1604.
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| − | === Lutheranism ===
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| − | Among Lutherans the practice was widely retained. For example, [[Luther's Small Catechism]] states that it is expected before the morning and evening prayers. Lutheranism never abandoned the practice of of making the sign of the cross in principle, and it was retained in worship at least until the early 19th Century. During the 19th and 20th Centuries it was largely in disuse until the liturgical renewal movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, the sign of the cross has become more commonplace among Lutherans at worship. The sign of the cross is now customary in the [[Divine Service]].<ref name="ELCA">{{cite web|url = http://www.elca.org/worship/faq/liturgy/sign_of_cross.html| title = Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross?|publisher = Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|accessdate = 2007-06-16}}</ref><ref name="LCMS">{{cite web|url = http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3941| title = Sign of the Cross|publisher = Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod|accessdate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> Rubrics in Contemporary Lutheran worship manuals, including Evangelical Lutheran Worship,<ref>Minneapolis:Augsburg Fortress, 2006</ref> Lutheran Service Book,<ref>St. Louis: Concordia, 2006</ref> Lutheran Book of Worship<ref>Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1978</ref> and Lutheran Worship<ref>St. Louis: Concordia, 1982</ref> provide for making the sign of the cross at certain points in the liturgy.
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| − | === Methodism ===
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| − | [[The United Methodist Church]] is essentially a product of the [[Protestant Reformation]] and consequently tends to be [[iconoclastic]] — that is rejecting statues, icons, and many other practices which it sees as being "Catholic".<ref name="UMC 1">{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=16&mid=1432| title = Can United Methodists use the sign of the cross?|publisher = United Methodist Church|accessdate = 2007-06-16}}</ref> Currently the sign of the cross is made regularly by few Methodists, but on [[Ash Wednesday]] it is almost always applied by the [[Elder (Methodism)|elder]] on the [[laity]].<ref name="UMC 2">{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2871| title = What is the significance of ashes being placed on the forehead on Ash Wednesday?|accessdate = 2007-06-16}}</ref>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Christian cross]]
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| − | *[[Christian symbolism]]
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| − | *[[Prayer in Christianity]]
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| − | *[[Veneration]]
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| − | *[[Genuflection]]
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| − | *[[Trinitarian formula]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | ;Roman Catholic
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| − | *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13785a.htm Sign of the Cross] (entry from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]])
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| − | *[http://www.catholictradition.org/Classics/signum-crucis.htm The Sign of the Cross] (a Traditional Catholic perspective)
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| − | *[http://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/ZSIGNCRO.HTM Significance of the Sign of the Cross]
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| − | ;Orthodox
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| − | *[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Sign_of_the_Cross Sign of the Cross] (orthodoxwiki.org)
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| − | *[http://www.orthodox.net/articles/about-crossing-oneself.html Why do Orthodox Christians "cross themselves" different than Roman Catholics?]
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| − | *[https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/3.CS/3.L/3.L.18.html The Church Council of the Hundred Chapters(1551)] ([[Old Believers]])
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| − | ;Protestant
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| − | *[http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Resources/FAQs/Sign-of-the-Cross.aspx Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross?] ([[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]] website)
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| − | *[https://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3941 Sign of the Cross] ([[Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod]] website)
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| − | *[http://www.episcopalchurch.org/19625_15358_ENG_HTM.htm Sign of the Cross] ([[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]] website)
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| − | {{Gestures}}
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| − | {{Catholic Prayers}}
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| − | [[Category:Cross symbols]]
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| − | [[Category:Sacramentals]]
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| − | [[Category:Gestures]]
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| − | [[Category:Catholic spirituality]]
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| − | [[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy]]
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| − | [[Category:Eastern Catholicism]]
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| − | [[Category:Oriental Orthodoxy]]
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| − | [[Category:Lutheran liturgy and worship]]
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| − | [[de:Kreuzzeichen]]
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| − | [[es:Señal de la cruz]]
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| − | [[eo:Krucosigno]]
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| − | [[fr:Signe de la croix]]
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| − | [[ko:십자성호]]
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| − | [[id:Tanda Salib]]
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| − | [[la:Signum Crucis]]
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| − | [[nl:Kruisteken]]
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| − | [[no:Korstegnet]]
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| − | [[pl:Znak krzyża]]
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| − | [[pt:Sinal da Cruz]]
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| − | [[ru:Крестное знамение]]
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| − | [[simple:Sign of the cross]]
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| − | [[sl:Pokrižanje]]
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| − | [[fi:Ristinmerkki]]
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| − | [[sv:Korstecken]]
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| − | [[uk:Хресне знамення]]
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