Changes

[[File:Egyptian taskmaster.png|right|300px|thumbnail|[[Egypt]]ian taskmaster whipping [[Hebrew]] slave.]]'''Slavery''' is a system of involuntary servitude to another person or persons, such that has a highly debated date of origin, and in [[modern slavery|modern discourse]] usually refers to the persons held form as such exists in bondage are considered [[socialist]] [[gulag]]s, re-education camps, [[grooming gang]]s, [[prostitution]], human trafficking, and other forms of involuntary labor. Slavery continues to be propertypracticed in some [[Africa]]n countries, although officially made illegal under pressure by [[imperialism]]. It reduces a person to In contemporary societies that still practice slavery (including [[Marxist]] ones), the status of subjects have limited or no [[chattelRights]] who can be owned by another person. The selling price of a slave varied from less than While many [[liberal]]s claim or suggest that slavery in the [[U.S.]] was unusual, slavery was common and predominant in the vast majority of horse to as many as a dozen horsesthe world and throughout history.<ref>Williams, Walter E. (May 29, 2019). [httphttps://curry.edschoolwww.virginiathenewamerican.educom/socialstudiesreviews/projectsopinion/jvcitem/unit/econ/msstatemsg.html Indentured Servants and Slave Prices32464-slavery-is-neither-strange-nor-peculiar Slavery Is Neither Strange Nor Peculiar] (forum post). ''The New American''. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</ref>The master controls and commands the slave, either through property-like ownership of the slave or by right to command him. The last forms of legal slavery wwere outlawed in 1970 in the Arabian countries, but hidden slavery still exists today in remote parts of Africa such as [[Western civilization]] is the only [[Sudancivilization]] where Arabs that has ever existed in human history to bring slavery to an end, not only within its own black slavesterritory, but globally.

The term "In many societies slavery" is often used metaphorically was the precursor of a modern criminal justice system; many [[Islamic]] societies regard a modern criminal justice system as a form of [[Western]] [[colonialism]] that impinges on their indigenous cultural values because instead of the Islamic traditions of enslavement for sex workers offenders and people who become a public charge, a modern criminal justice system has [[prison]]s for convicted criminals or [[prisoners of war]]. In [[Marxist]] theory the entire population, other than government officials and [[bureaucrat]]s, are controlled by pimpspublic charges.

Slavery was found in the history There are several different types of most civilizationsslavery which have been known to history. Debt slavery, war trophies, and racial or cultural prejudice have all been used to justify slave systems. Slavery flourishes where there is became a high demand legal form of debt payment prior to [[bankruptcy]] laws for labor people incapable of managing their financial affairs. Not all Master-slave relationships were abusive{{citation needed}} - some slaves willingly served a fair master for life who provided sustenance and not enough workersprotection. When the workers are plentiful, slavery dies out because it is unprofitableSlaves could be bought and sold (see [[slave trade]]). That is it The [[Year of Jubilee]] was cheaper to free a slave day of freedom and hire low cost paid labor than to keep slaves. Typically, when it had almost died out, it was made illegal celebration as traditionally instituted by the government, as God for His own nation in Brazil.==Economics==The two main forms of order to prevent slavery are house servants (in from becoming a means by which slaves are luxury items owned by the rish)cleverly unscrupulous, and field workor cleverly ignorant, in which slaves are used as people made a cheap labor force. If free labor is cheaper than expensive slavesliving, slavery will disappear. If there is a shortage of laborers (and an abundance of work to do), slavery becomes economically possible. It is especially profitable such as happened in new lands with few people and rich soils or mines that require imported laborthe American South.

==Ancient history==Most ancient civilizationsPeople captured in warfare were historically considered slaves, including Greece and Rome, had slavery on a large scalein modern times some societies still consider them as such.

In [[Egypt]] Hebrews America, the vast majority of slaves were slavesfrom the African continent, and many of these had been bought from African tribal leaders. The primary slave market in ancient Greece was on an island in the Aegean sea known Rather than live as "Delos"slaves, Native Americans starved themselves to death. From there slaves Hundreds of thousands of Europeans were traded taken and used throughout made slaves by Muslims after being captured in war between the Greek city-states. In [[Ancient Greece|ancient Athens]] about 30% years of the population consisted of slaves.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741501460_4/Ancient_Greece1500 to 1820.html Ancient Greece]</ref>

Often prisoners of wars Western Christendom abolished slavery in ancient history were used as slavesthe 19th century; while it has been abolished globally ''de jure'', particularly during the it still exists in many leftwing Marxist countries and under [[Roman EmpireKoran]]. Probably over 25% of the population was enslaved ic law in the Roman Empire.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml BBC - History - Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome]</ref> [[ChristianityIslam]] helped lessen ''de facto''. Historians estimate that as many as 18 million Africans were sold into the harshness by which Romans treated slaves; however, later Christian nations like Spain, England, Islamic slave trade between 650 and 1905. The last forms of legal slavery were outlawed in 1970 in the Netherlands would continue Arabian countries, but hidden slavery still exists today in forced prostitution and other industries all over the use of slaves. According to the [[Domesday Book]] census in 1086, 10% of England's population was enslavedworld.<ref>[http://www.domesdaybookleaderu.netcom/helpfilesftissues/hs2970ft9605/articles/gregory.htm Domesday Book Slavehtml African Slavery 1996]</ref>

Slavery was found in the history of most civilizations. Slavery flourishes where there is a high demand for labor and not enough workers. When the workers are plentiful, slavery dies out because it is unprofitable. That is, it becomes cheaper to free a slave and hire low cost paid labor than to buy and maintain slaves. Typically, when it had almost died out, it was made illegal by the government, as in Brazil. One of the most famous instances of slavery was in the [[The South|American South]], which was based on racial origin rather than debt payment until it was forcibly ended during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65) – the only major war in world history fought over slavery. Prof. [[Walter E. Williams]] of George Mason University summarized,<center>{{Cquote|The reason slavery is immoral is, because it violates private property rights.}}</center> ==Medieval EuropeHistory=====Ancient world===[[ImageFile:RuslaverySlavebeating.jpg|right|thumb|350pxleft|Painting 250px|Slavery in Ancient Egypt. Wall [[painting]] from 15th century BC Egyptian tomb.]]Most ancient civilizations, including Greece and Rome, practiced slavery on a large scale.  Slavery has its roots deep in humanity's pagan past, in humanity's fallen, self-centered nature. According to the Bible, God created humankind free, giving them the dignity of choice. Yet slavery is found earlier than the time of Abraham (about 2,000 B.C.) In the Garden of Eden, according to the Bible, God gave Adam the blessing of work even before the Fall. That work became harder after our first parents rebelled against their Creator.<ref>The Holy Bible, Genesis 3:17-19</ref> Heathen nations despised manual labor, and consigned it to slaves<ref>Lorella Rouster, The History of Slavery, ECM Publ, 2011, 1</ref> All early civilizations were built on slave labor—Mesopotamia, Babylon, Eqypt, Greece, Rome, and the big civilizations of Central America.<ref>Rouster, p. 2</ref> Milton Meltzer's book, Slavery, A World History, is filled with pictures of ancient carvings, paintings and other artifacts clearly picturing slavery.<ref>Milton Meltzer, Slavery, a World History</ref> Historian Kenneth Scott LaTourette said, "Slavery was a characteristic feature of the social and economic organization of the ancient world."<ref>LaTourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, Vol. I, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 1939, 1967, p. 26</ref> In [[Egypt]], the Hebrews were slaves for a time. "All the slaves were considered the property of the gods and the pharaoh."<ref>Meltzer, p. 32</ref> Technically, slaves in Egypt were prisoners of war and foreigners. However, the peasant class which did all the manual labor were tied to the land belonging to pharaoh and had a standard of living difficult to distinguish from slavery.<ref>Meltzer, p. 30</ref>  The primary slave market in ancient Greece was on the island of Delos in the [[Aegean Sea]]. From there slaves were traded and used throughout the Greek city-states. In [[Ancient Greece|ancient Athens]] about 30% of the population consisted of slaves.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741501460_4/Ancient_Greece.html Ancient Greece]</ref> "Sumerian society knew two classes: free men and slaves." Over time, slaves grew in number and provided cheap and abundant labor.<ref>Milton Meltzer, Slavery, a World History, p. 11-12</ref> Greek civilization was utterly dependent on slave labor. Three-fourths of Athens were slaves. (Athens was the city the Apostle Paul described as "given to idolatry" in Acts 17:16.) In Greek and Roman society, human beings were seen as having no intrinsic value. They had value only as citizens of the state, and only a minority of people qualified as such. Those who had no value included the infirm, the poor, the lower classes, prisoners of war, slaves, artisans and manual workers. Noncitizens were defined as having no purpose and hence unworthy to be helped when their lives were at risk. This meant they were not considered worthy to receive physical protection or even food.<ref>Alvin Schmidt, Under the Influence, How Christianity Transformed Civilization, p. 130</ref> The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote, "a slave is a living took, just as a tool is an inanimate slave."<ref>Nichomadean Ethics 8:11, quoted in Schmidt, p. 274</ref> In Roman society, "domestic slaves did every conceivable kind of work for their masters. Among them were eunuchs to attend to the women and cripples to "amuse" guests with their deformities. A rich man needed at least two slaves to carry him to the circus, but eight to ten usually went along for show. When a man walked at night, he had to have a train of slaves bearing torches to light and protect him on his way. Domestic slaves of the wealthy were many that they were organized like armies into specialized battalions. The more powerful Romans acquired staffs of better than a thousand slaves. One man, C. Caelius Isidorus, left 4,116 slaves when he died. The emperors, whose wealth outstripped all, boasted slave "families" of 20,000 or more<ref>Meltzer, p. 138</ref> Under Roman law, slaves had no rights. They were considered property, not persons. They could not own or inherit property. They were not permitted to legally marry, so all their children were considered illegitimate.<ref>Meltzer, p. 144 & 176</ref> Often prisoners of wars in ancient history were used as slaves, particularly during the [[Roman Empire]]. Historians debate how extensive slavery was in the Roman Empire—estimates go as high as 25% of the population.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml BBC - History - Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome]</ref> [[Christianity]] helped lessen the harshness by which Romans treated slaves. The Roman jurist Ulpian wrote, "As far as Roman law is concerned, slaves are regarded as nothing."<ref>Meltzer, p. 178</ref> Other means by which ancient peoples went into slavery were inability to pay debts, being sold by their parents for the same reason, being born to slave parents, and being kidnapped by slave raiders or pirates. The name "[[Slavs|slav]]" (As in [[Slavic]]) is derived from the word "slave."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml The Roots of Slavery]</ref> According to the [[Domesday Book]] census in 1086 AD, 10% of England's population was enslaved.<ref>[http://www.domesdaybook.net/helpfiles/hs2970.htm Domesday Book Slave]</ref> ==== Biblical references ====[[File:Alma - Tadema The Finding of Moses 1904.jpg|thumb|360px|[[Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema]], The Finding of Moses, 1904.]]{{main|Slavery in the Bible}}The Bible refers to unsaved or non-Christian individuals as "slaves of [[sin]]" (Romans 6:20). Jesus said, "I am the truth" (John 14:6) and "the truth shall set you free" (John 8:31-32). All sinners are slaves, unable to make choices for themselves in their own best interests, or guide their own lives and ultimate destiny. [[Atheism|Atheist]] apologists often bring up the subject of [[slavery in the Bible]] in terms of the Israelites and some early Christians owning slaves. However, they rarely if ever, bring up the subject of slavery and forced labor in atheistic societies (see: [[Atheism and slavery]]). Slavery was a well-established institution throughout the Ancient Near East, and the [[Old Testament]] sanctions its form of regulated slavery, though that is seen as being counter-cultural in its degree of amelioration, including as compared to that of ancient slave states as Greece and Rome, and the typical practice of slavery in American history.<ref>[http://www.christian-thinktank.com/qnoslave.html ''Does God condone slavery in the Bible?'']</ref><ref>[http://www.christian-thinktank.com/qnoslavent.html ''The issue of 'slavery' in the NT/Apostolic world'']</ref> The New Testament does not condemn the institution itself, but makes requirements upon both masters and slaves in further improving treatment in the inherited economic institution. The system of slavery commonly diminished a person to the point where they would be regarded as a thing or an object to be owned. The Christian [[abolitionists]] disagreed with this valuation, and saw the New Testament in particular, and its ethos of love for neighbor as oneself, as supporting the abolition of slavery, and advanced an interpretation of the Bible which presented human value in terms of God's parental love for all people as His children (see [[human rights]]).<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/bourne/bourne.html Bourne, George, 1780-1845, ''A Condensed Anti-Slavery Bible Argument; By a Citizen of Virginia'']</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3n4OGC-OoqIC&dq=God+Against+Slavery+George+B.+Cheever,&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=YCiuzJHs7T&sig=GyTdW1UZEO6eqV6XxdKv2v_SJF8&hl=en&ei=oaWRSvHyJpPDlAeXqdCjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false George B. Cheever, ''God Against Slavery'' (1875)]</ref> While requiring Christian obedience <ref>''Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible'', Eph. 6:7; cf. Rm. 13:1</ref> of slaves toward their masters, the New Testament also requires masters to exercise their duties in the fear of God, and prohibits threatening, abuse or unequal pay for slaves. (Eph. 6:9; Col. 4:1) (1 Cor. 7:21) It also commands slaves to obtain freedom if possible, and contains the record of the [[apostle Paul]] requiring that the escaped slave Onesimus be received back by his master Philemon, no longer "as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved", even as Paul himself (Philemon 1:16,17) ====Marxist slavery====:''See:'' [[Marxism]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Gulag]] and [[Atheism and slavery]]In a [[socialist]] or [[progressive]] society, the rights of the individual are subordinated to the [[collective]] rights of the state in theory, however "the state" in Marxist theory refers to a criminal gang and corrupt [[political party]] of elites. {{Clear}} == Decline of slavery under Christianity == Christianity was born into a world that was overwhelmed with slavery, with Rome, the dominant world power in the time of Jesus, utterly dependent on slave labor. The life and teachings of Jesus and His followers, described in the New Testament, while not forbidding slavery nor organizing any campaign against it, struck at the very roots of slavery, drying up its power much as herbicides work on killing stubborn weeds from the roots up.<ref>Rouster, History of Slavery, p.6.</ref> Jesus dignified labor by working as a carpenter. He took the form of a servant. He washed the disciples' feet. He commanded us to love our neighbors and do good to our enemies. He had a habit of calling people back to the beginning of things, and in the beginning God created people free. Christianity promoted the equality of its members, accepting slave and slavemaster as equal brothers and sisters serving side by side in the church (Galatians 3:28). Christianity, like Judaism before it, taught that God gave humankind the dignity to choose for ourselves. That is possible only in liberty and not in slavery. These influences worked quietly at first, for Christians were not a world power or even a majority. Most had no political power, and they lived in a totalitarian system. Yet because of the Christian emphasis on love and mercy, slavery was soon rid of most of its extreme features of cruelty. In early Christian writings, there was an emphasis on being free in spirit to serve Christ even if one's station in life was as a slave. Ambrose wrote that the slave "might be superior in character to his master and might be more truly free" (LaTourette, p.&nbsp;622). However, in the second and third centuries after Christ, as wealthy Romans began to be converted to Christianity, tens of thousands of slaves were freed by converts. Melania freed 8,000, Ovidus 5,000, Chromatius 1400, Hermes 1200.<ref>Shmidt, p. 274, from W.E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, 1911</ref> Converted out of a decadent, totally self-absorbed society, many Christians sold their goods and lands and used the proceeds to help the poor, support hospitals, take in orphans, free prisoners, and free slaves. Liberation was frequent, especially on Easter and other special days of the church. Church law from the early centuries allowed for liberation (called manumission) of slaves during church services.<ref>Cannon LIIIV, The African Code CAnons, also called the Canons of the Fathers, Assembled at Carthage, 419 A.D.</ref><ref>The Canons of the Council in Tuillo (also called the Quinisext Council, 692 A.D..</ref> Freeing slaves took great conviction and courage, for the Roman emperors issued edicts unfavorable to the practice. Clement said in his Epistle to the Corinthians no 55, "Some Christians surrendered their own freedom to liberate others."<ref>Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, Book III, Chapter IV</ref> Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) led many clergy under his authority in N Africa to free their slaves "as an act of [[piety]]".<ref>Augustine, "Of the Work of Monks", p. 25, Vol. 3, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref> He boldly wrote a letter to the emperor urging a new law against slave traders, and showed great concern about the enslavement of children.<ref>The Saints, p. 72</ref> He saw slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's plan, writing that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion man over man, but man over the beasts.<ref>Augustine, The City of God, chapter 15, p. 411, Vol. II, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref> Likewise, Chrysostom, a fourth-century church leader, wrote that Christ annulled slavery and admonished Christians to buy slaves, teach them a skill by which to make a living, and set them free. The act of Christians freeing slaves was so common in his day that he wrote that many outside the church complained that Christianity was subverting the system, causing masters to have their slaves taken from them. Ambrose, a church leader about the same time, redeemed all the slaves he could.<ref>Ambrose, Duties of the Christian Clergy, p. 54</ref>=== Christian roots of abolitionist movement ===[[Image:Thomassowell.jpg‎|thumbnail|150px|right|[[Thomas Sowell]] ]]''See also:'' [[Abolitionism]][[William Wilberforce]] was a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], philanthropist,[[abolitionist]], and the leader of the campaign against the [[Slave Trade]]. [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote: {{cquote|While slavery was common to all civilizations, as well as to peoples considered uncivilized, only one civilization developed a moral revulsion against it, very late medieval Eastern Europein its' history…not even the leading moralists in other civilizations rejected slavery at all….Moreover, within [[Western civilization]], the principle impetus for the abolition of slavery came first from very [[conservative]] religious activists – people who would today be called ‘the religious right.’…this story is not ‘[[politically correct]]’ in today’s terms. Hence it is ignored, as if it never happened.”<ref>Sowell, Thomas (2005) The real history of slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books</ref>}} ===Eastern Europe===

Slavery was a major institution in [[Russia]], and families facing starvation often sold themselves into slavery. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. In 1723, when the [[Peter the Great]] converted the remaining household slaves into house serfs. <ref>[httphttps://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref> Serfdom was abolished in 1863by Tsar [[Alexander II]]; however, most serfs had to pay the government for giving them land. == African slavery == Slavery was widespread within Africa itself, and the richest in Africa were not those owning the most land, but those who owned the most slaves. In the Sahara Desert, slaves were used in gold and salt mining. Slaves were usually prisoners of war from other areas of Africa, or debtors, or enemies or the king, but many women outside of those three categories were also enslaved in African societies. Slavery was historically a tradition with the Ashanti people of [[Ghana]],<ref>http://ultimatehistoryproject.com/kente-cloth-and-the-history-of-the-ashanti-people.html</ref> slaves typically taken as captives from enemies in warfare. The welfare of their slaves varied from being able to acquire wealth and intermarry with the master's family to being a human sacrifice in funeral ceremonies.<ref>[[Alfred Burdon Ellis]],[https://archive.org/details/tshispeakingpeo01elligoog/page/n302 <!-- pg=290 --> , ''The Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA290 |date=2016-06-10 }}, 1887. p. 290</ref><ref>Rodriguez, Junius P. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1'', 1997. p. 53.</ref>  By the early 1800s the Ashanti had become a major [[export]]er of enslaved people. The slave trade was originally focused north with captives going to Mande and Hausa traders who exchanged them for goods from [[North Africa]] and indirectly from [[Europe]]. By 1800, the trade had shifted to the south as the Ashanti sought to meet the growing demand of the British, Dutch, and French for captives. In exchange, the Ashanti received luxury items and some manufactured goods including most importantly [[firearm]]s. The consequence of this trade for the Ashanti and their neighbors was horrendous. From 1790 until 1896, the Ashanti were in a perpetual state of war involving expansion or defense of its domain. Most of these wars afforded the opportunity to acquire more slaves for trade.<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/ashanti-empire-asante-kingdom-18th-late-19th-century/</ref> The modern-day Ashanti claim that slaves were seldom abused,<ref>Johann Gottlieb Christaller, ''Ashanti Proverbs: (the primitive ethics of a savage people)'', 1916, pp. 119-20.</ref> and defend the "humanity" of Ashanti slavery by noting that those slaves were allowed to marry, and that their children were born free.<ref name="History of the Ashanti Empire">[http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html ''History of the Ashanti Empire''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213927/http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html |date=2012-04-13 }}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' fact checkers rated the claim as True that Democrats wore the garb of slave traders.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/06/16/fact-check-kente-cloths-have-ties-west-african-slave-trade/5345941002/</ref> ==African slavery in China==Beginning in the 7th century, Arab traders brought African slaves from east Africa to China. These “dark-skinned” people were known as Kunlun. According to the BlackPast.org websitte, they were described as lower class, ignorant, scary, and dangerous.  African slavery in China peaked between 960 A.D. to 1279 A.D. but the number of African slaves taken to China during this 608-year period is unclear. By this point Chinese perceptions of the Kunlun became more complex. These perceptions ranged from strong and mysterious to frightening. The Kunlun in the [[Tang Dynasty]] era were portrayed in numerous stories of the period as heroic, resourceful, and—ironically—culturally Chinese.  During the Song Dynasty the numbers of African slaves increased in China. Most came from [[Madagascar]] and the Comoros Islands and thus indirectly from Africa, since the Arabs brought sub-Saharan Africans to both areas. Most Kunlun slaves in China lived in Canton Province. By this time they were mostly viewed as a displaced people who lacked the ability to adapt to the Chinese environment. They were also described as savages with unintelligible speech.<ref>https://archive.is/2noUk#selection-1235.1-1271.338</ref> == Islamic slave trade =={{See also|Arab slave trade}}Slavery was rapidly declining in Europe due to the influence of Christianity, and had all but disappeared from much of Europe when the advent of Islam brought a rebirth of the slave trade.<ref>L W Miller, Anti-Slavery Activism 101, ECM Publ, 2011</ref>Islam has always expanded primarily through making war (declaring jihad) on its neighbors and forcing people to convert, be executed, or live in slavery in a subservient status to Islam. The demand for slaves was largely created by wealthy Islamic rulers who required salve women for the large harems to which they were accustomed, as well as soldiers and servants. The trade began in 652 A.D. when Abdallah Ben Said, King of Islamized Egypt, waged jihad on the Sudan, conquered it and imposed on the Sudanic King Khalidurat the treaty called Bakht. The treaty required an annual supply of hundreds of slaves to Said.<ref name="universityworldnews.com">http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20120413180645205 University World News, ''Scholars Focus on Arab Trans-Saharan Slave Trade''</ref> The slave trade lasted for thirteen centuries.<ref>Duke, Selwyn (November 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/item/33969-black-muslim-academic-islamic-slavery-devastating-and-ignored Black Muslim Academic: Islamic Slavery Devastating — and Ignored]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</ref> Islam partnered with African kings who were already involved in enslaving captured populations. Long trains of slaves were sent across the Saharan Desert with slaves marching on foot. Islam dominated the African slave trade from the 7th to the 15th centuries, and continued on a smaller basis long after that. It has never stopped in some Muslim lands.  Islamic slavery had very high death rates. It is estimated that 80% died on the long, harsh march through the Sahara.  Castration was a very dominant feature of the Islamic slave trade. Specific cities in the Sahara were given to this practice as the Islamic caravans passed through. Such "eunuchs" brought the highest prices, purchased by rich Arab kings and princes as security agents for large harems. It is estimated that 70 to 90% perished in the ordeal of castration.<ref name="universityworldnews.com"/> Castration centers developed in the Mossi country; Damagaram in Niger; Borno in northeastern Nigeria; Kumasi in Ashantiland now Ghana; Kano, Nigeria (the largest—early British administrators wrote frequently about it); and Baguimi (also spelled Aaghirmi, in Chad Republic & along the Nigerian border—the best known). Some African kings were already practicing castration of their enemies, but the Islamic slave trade institutionalized it. This, along with the fact that any children born to slave women were usually killed at birth, is the reason there are few descendants of these slaves and little African diaspora in Arab Islamic lands.<ref>http://forums.eunuch.org/showthread.php?10192-Ottoman-Eunuchs</ref><ref>http://patachu.com/slavery-trans-Saharan-trade/</ref> Some early sources of direct evidence of the Islamic slave trade were al-Yakub, a 9th-century Arab writer; Ibn Battuta, a 12th-century eyewitness; Mansa Museh, 1324, and Leo Africanus, 1494-1554.

==Present-day slaveryTransatlantic slave trade ==Slavery was also known among [[ArabsImage:Inspecting New Arrivals by Giulio Rosati 2.jpg|right|thumb|350px|New female arrivals at a slave market, by Giulio Rosati]] into the 20th century. As recently as the 1950sIn 1455, a "papal bull" (formal letter by the [[Saudi Arabiapope]] ) justified a right of Christian nations to enslave any non-Christian in the name of exploration. The Spanish had an estimated 450already been enslaving South American natives on a limited basis,000 slaves, 20% but with the rise of sugar plantations, the populationneed for a larger slave force arose.<ref> Twelve million African slaves were brought by the Europeans to [http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/slavery.htm Slavery in Islam[Mexico]]</ref><ref>, [http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page18.html £400 for a Slave[Peru]]</ref> It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War.<ref>[http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html War and Genocide in Sudan]</ref><ref>[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/livewire/archived/the_lost_children_of_sudan/ The Lost Children of SudanCaribbean]</ref> In ] and [[MauritaniaBrazil]] it is estimated that up to 600. The demand for sugar was exploding throughout the entire western world. Soon France,000 men, women the Netherlands and children, or 20% of Britain were also establishing profitable sugar plantations in the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labournew world.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml The Abolition season on BBC World Service]</ref> Slavery plantation system began in Mauritania was finally criminalized in August 2007.<ref>Brazil, where rich white [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]</ref> In [[Nigerplantation]]owners were the highest rung in the social hierarchy and black slaves were at the bottom. Obviously, slavery is also life on a current phenomenonsugar plantation was very hard work for a slave; a Nigerien study has found that more most died in less than 80010 years,000 people, or almost 8% of the population, are slaves.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born and had to be a slave in Niger]</ref>replaced.

==1492-1865==In 1455, a "papal bull" (formal letter by the [[pope]]) justified a "right" of Christian nations European traders encouraged Africans to enslave any non-Christian in the name of exploration. The Spanish had already been enslaving South American natives on a limited basis, but with the rise of sugar plantations the need for a larger slave force arose. 12 million of African slaves were brought by the Europeans to [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Brazil]]. The demand for sugar was exploding throughout the entire western world. Soon France, the Netherlands and Britain were also establishing profitable sugar plantations in the new world. The plantation system began in Brazil, where rich white [[plantation]] owners were the highest rung in the social hierarchy and black slaves were at the bottom. Obviously life on a sugar plantation was very hard work for a slave; most died in less than 10 years, and had to be replaced. ===Africa===Slavery was widespread within Africa itself, and the richest in Africa were not those owning the most land, but those who owned the most slaves. In the Sahara Desert, slaves worked in caravans and were used in gold and salt mining. Slaves were usually prisoners of war from other areas of Africa, or debtors, or enemies or the king, but many women outside of those three categories were also enslaved in African societies. ===Slave trade===The trading of slaves with other countries was encouraged in Africa, and was considered an important component of the African economythem. Slave trade across the Atlantic (the The [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]]) became a booming business for Europeans and Africans alike, by in which African rulers sold prisoners of war and even their people to Europeans for goods such as iron, alcohol, tobacco and most importantly, guns. Trans-Atlantic trade led to the degrading use of "chattel" slaves, whereby the slaves were treated purely as property of the owner, much as slaves had been considered in ancient Greece and Rome. The slaves served as sailors, skilled craftsmen or farmers. The journey across the Atlantic, known as the [[Middle Passage]], led to the death of 10-20% of the African slaves. But an even higher percentage lost their lives in the journey from their homes in Africa to the African coast, where they were to board the slave ships.

* After kidnapping potential slaves, merchants forced them to walk in slave caravans to the European coastal forts, sometimes as far as 1,000 miles. Shackled and underfed, only half the people survived these death marches. [httphttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr4.html]

Although slavery had existed in all cultures from the dawn of human history, the trans-Atlantic trade was the first time the trade was based primarily on one race enslaving another. This dehumanizing of black Africans had a devastating and demoralizing effect on the whole group. Many began to believe there was something inherently bad about their blackness and something intrinsically inferior about African Americans, including themselves. Unlike the eunuchs and ghilmans who were castrated by caravans of Islamic slave traders, black slaves in America reproduced and passed on the feelings of inferiority and sometimes bitterness and deep anger.<ref>Lorella Rouster, Anti-Slavery Activism 101, Every Child Ministries, Edition 2, 2011, p. 27-28</ref> ====White slaves====Between 1530 and 1780, Europeans including Britons and even some Americans were frequently taken captive and enslaved by privateers from the [[Barbary States]]. Estimates of so-called "white slavery" vary from as little as 50,000 to in the millions .<ref>http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm</ref>. Generally , Europeans enslaved by the [[corsairs]] were usually poorer sea merchants and city dwellers whose families were unable to pay the ransom necessary to free them. Often the [[Pasha]] would purchase the female captives into his harem. Many were forced to "go turk" or convert to "mohammadism" in order to stay with their children who were raised as Muslims. Occasionally slaves would convert in order to escape harsher labors such as tending the oars in the corsairs .<ref>httphttps://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_print.html</ref>.

[[Image:Boulanger Gustave Clarence Rudolphe The Slave Market.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Boulanger [[Gustave Clarence Rudolphe's painting Boulanger]], ''The Slave Market''.]] ====Islam====In Senegambia, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early [[Islamic]] states of the western Sudan, including Ghana (750-1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), and Songhai (1275-1591), about a third of the population were slaves. In [[Sierra Leone]] in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala of the Cameroon, the [[Igbo]] and other peoples of the lower Niger, the [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], and the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe Choke of [[Angola]]. Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves. The population of the [[Kanem]] was about a third-slave. It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves. The population of the Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in the northern [[Nigeria]] and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of [[Arab]]-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved. Roughly half the population of [[Madagascar]] was enslaved.<ref>[httphttps://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref>

 ====India====

==Famous Slaves==Korea====* Indigenous slaves existed in [[St. FelecityKorea]]* [. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) about 30% to 40% of the Korean population consisted of slaves. Slavery was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. There was a slave class with both government and privately owned slaves, and the government occasionally gave slaves to citizens of higher rank. Privately owned slaves could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests and famine, many peasants would voluntarily become slaves in order to survive. In the case of private slaves, they could buy their freedom.<ref>[Sthttps://www. Patrickbritannica.com/eb/topic-693609/history-of-Korea Korea, history pre-1945:slavery -- Encyclopaedia Britannica]]* </ref><ref>[[Pope Pius Ihttp://www.geog.buffalo.edu/~geobl/main/lectures/l17.html The Choson Era: Late Traditional Korea]]* [[Pope Callixtus I]] * [[Pope Clement I]]* [[Spartacus]]* [[Frederick Douglass]]* [[Harriet Tubman]]* [[Dred Scott]]* [</ref><ref>[Booker Thttp://ideas. Washingtonrepec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html Korean Nobi]]* [[Attilla the Hun]]==Bible approves?==</ref> Slavery flousished in was officially abolished with the ancuient Middle East, including ancient IsraelGabo Reform of 1894.

Slave owners in ===Present Day===Slavery was also known among [[Arabs]] into the ante-bellum South cited Ephesians 6:520th century. As recently as the 1950s, “slaves[[Saudi Arabia]] had an estimated 450, obey your masters” in arguments for the Christian endorsement 000 slaves, 20% of the population.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/slavery. Another Bible verse states htm Slavery in Islam]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page18.html £400 for a Slave]</ref> It is estimated that thieves should be sold as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slaveryin Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War.<ref>Exodus 22[http:3 "He should make a full restitution; //www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html War and if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theftGenocide in Sudan]</ref><ref>[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/livewire/archived/the_lost_children_of_sudan/ The Lost Children of Sudan]</ref> Under In [[Mauritania]] it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labor.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml The Abolition season on BBC World Service]</ref> Slavery in Mauritania was finally criminalized in 2007.<ref>[Mosaic Lawhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]</ref> In [[Niger]], slavery is also a current phenomenon; a Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people, or almost 8% of the population, are slaves could be kept for six years. <ref>Exodus 21[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1-4 "If thou buy The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve; and slave in the seventh he shall go out free for nothingNiger]</ref> The Tuareg-rebels in [[Mali]] have a long tradition of practicing slavery."<ref>http://frontpagemag.com/2013/howard-rotberg/slave-labor-from-auschwitz-to-mali/</ref> (See [[Slavery in the BibleDaesh]]), who follow the teaching of Mohammed, reestablished slavery; the women are sex slaves, while the men are used to work. Until 2015, they had captured and enslaved about 7,000 young women and children.<ref>https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/629563/Daesh-kidnaps-women-children-sell-sex-slaves-social-media</ref>

The slavery system diminished a person to the point where they would be regarded as a thing or an object to be owned. Christian [[abolitionists]] disagreed with this valuationAlso, and advanced an interpretation of the Bible which presented human value in terms of God's parental love for all people as His children (see [[human rights]]).===Curse of Ham===Some Southern white theologians before the Civil War asserted that the term "slavery of blacks was the result the curse of Ham. However, there " is no evidence that the curse had to do with skin color, and the descendants of [[Canaan]], most likely were not black, and it is generally concluded that they did not settle in [[Africa]]often used metaphorically for sex workers who are controlled by pimps.<ref>http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=70</ref><ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/race-blacks.html</ref><ref>Full Life Study Bible, Zondervan Publishing Company (September 1992)</ref><ref>A Condensed Anti-slavery Bible Argument By George Bourne </ref>

==Abolition [[Napoleon]] (ruled 1799-1815) made a major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue ([[Haiti]]) from ex-slaves under black leader [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] who had revolted and killed off the whites and mulattoes. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He, therefore, re-established slavery in Haiti and [[Guadeloupe]], where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their comrades who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of American freedom and equality, while the French troops under General Charles Leclerc fought to restore the order of the ancien régime. The goal of reestablishing slavery - which explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution - demoralized the French troops. The demoralized French soldiers were unable to cope with the tropical diseases, and most died of yellow fever. Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic.<ref>Philippe R. Girard, "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue." ''French Colonial History'' 2005 6: 55-77. in [[Project MUSE]]</ref> Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Louisiana, and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and sold off Louisiana to the U.S.<ref>Steven Englund, ''Napoleon: A Political Life'' (2004). p 259. Slavery==remained in Guadeloupe until 1848.</ref>

Americans call slavery a '''peculiar institution'''.<ref> [[John C. Calhoun]] and other southerners used "peculiar institution" as a euphemism for slavery.</ref> It flourished in the Southern states before military emancipation during ===British Empire===In 1772, the case of [[American Civil WarSomerset v Stewart]] and [[Reconstruction]]. This was confirmed that under English common law, a case of racial slavery--slave could not be owned on the slaves were black, the owners were white.<ref> A few free blacks owned slaves--usually relatives they had purchased from whites. Indian tribes also had slaves, both Indian and black.</ref> see [[The South]]British mainland.

The end Emancipation of slavery slaves in America the British Caribbean became a major cause by the 1800s, when abolitionists such as [[William Wilberforce]] and [[John Wesley]] began with speaking out against the evils of the system.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759-1833)]</ref> Wilberforce was supported in his efforts by [[American RevolutionJohn Newton]], when slaves a slave trader who became a Christian and then opposed the slave trade. In 1807 the [[House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Abolition Bill by a 283-16 vote. It made the international slave trade a crime of piracy and sent the Royal Navy to enforce it.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] BBC</ref> In 1808 the U.S. also outlawed the international trade. However, some slave traders evaded the prohibition—many were caught and hung, with the freed in captives sent to [[Sierra Leone]]. Slavery remained legal inside the [[British Empire]] (including Canada) until 1833 when the government bought all the northern states between 1776 slaves from the owners<ref>Mostof the owners lived in great mansions in London, and 1804appreciated the money. </ref> and freed them.<ref>The ex-slaves went through an apprenticeship process before gaining freedom. Andrea Curry ''Timeline: The Abolition of the Slave Trade'', British Heritage Magazine (May 2007)</ref><ref>[http://slavetrade.parliament.uk/slavetrade/history/parliamentabolishestheslavetrade/draftdocument.html History: Parliament Abolishes the Slave Trade] Parliamentary House of Lords</ref>

==British Empire=United States===Emancipation {{main|History of slavery in Virginia}}The first black slaves were brought to [[Jamestown]] Colony early on. Originally, slavery was legal in the every British Caribbean became a major cause by the 1800sAmerican colony. However, when abolitionists such as after the [[William WilberforceAmerican Revolution]] , the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that, since the new state constitution read, "All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties", it made slavery illegal. By 1804, slavery had been abolished in every northern state.<ref>However, in many states, current slaves remained in servitude for the rest of their lives.</ref> [[The South]] after 1800 became more militant in defense of slavery. [[John WesleyC. Calhoun]] began speaking out against the evils and other southerners (usually members of the system[[Democrat Party]]) called it the South's "peculiar institution" and proclaimed it a good idea. Some proponents suggested it would also be a good idea for white workers who were living under worse conditions in Northern cities.<ref>[http://wwwElizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce Genovese, ''Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders'' (1759-18332008)]</ref> Wilberforce was supported It flourished in his efforts by the Southern states until [[John NewtonAbraham Lincoln]], a slave trader who became a Christian Republican, and then opposed the slave trade. The slave trade was his Union Army abolished in it during the [[British EmpireAmerican Civil War]] in 1807, however slavery . This was not abolished in a case of racial slavery—the slaves were black, the Empire until 1832owners were white.<ref>A few free blacks owned slaves--usually relatives they had purchased from whites. Indian tribes also had slaves, both Indian and black.</ref>

The British ban on Many people, primarily liberals, attempting to delegitimize the slave trade enforced by United States as a great nation or a moral nation with a Christian heritage, claim that because slavery was legal in several states up to 1865, the British navy did undermine the slave trade globallyU.S. is not great and a force for evil. However, these liberals overlook several key facts, and their claims are exaggerated. First, slavery was common throughout the entire world (and still exists; 45 million people in the world were slaves in 2016<ref>[httphttps://www.bbc.co.uk/devoncom/contentnews/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against world-asia-36416751 What does modern slavery. By Jo Loosemorelook like?] . ''BBC''. May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> This led to the United States banning the slave trade ), existing in the early 1800smany different nations and cultures for millennia. However<ref name="Medved">Medved, Michael (September 26, 2007). [https://townhall.com/columnists/michaelmedved/2007/09/26/six-inconvenient-truths-about-the-us-and-slavery itself was not abolished until decades later in 1865 when -n876052 Six inconvenient truths about the U.S. government passed the [[13th Amendment]and slavery]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved May 23, after 2017.</ref> Only 3% of all the secessionist Confederacy sought slaves taken from Africa actually went to defend its right to retain slaves and failedNorth America, <ref name="Medved"/> and in liberals commonly overlook the [[South AmericaArab slave trade]] when it was ended in Brazil in 1888, which enslaved tens-of-millions of African people.===Abolitionists===*[[Harriet Tubman]]<ref>Moore, Underground RailroadA. (1820 - 1913June 2, 2014) <ref>. [http://wwwatlantablackstar.heritageny.govcom/Railroad2014/urny.cfm<06/ref> Well02/10-facts-about-known associate of the Underground Railroad. Acted as a spy and led raids to assist others -arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in gaining their freedom.*[[Frederick Douglass-schools/ 10 Facts About The Arab Enslavement Of Black People Not Taught In Schools]], orator. ''Atlanta Black Star''. Retrieved May 23, writer and publisher2017. (1817 - 1875) </ref>http<ref>Williams, Thomas D., PhD (August 2, 2016). [https://www.nndbbreitbart.com/peoplebig-government/4472016/00004830308/<02/ref> Respected leader of the abolitionist movementislamic-state-muslims-ran-america-lucrative-african-slave-trade-continued/ Islamic State: If Muslims Ran America, consummate freedom seeker, orator and publisher.*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]‘Lucrative African Slave Trade Would Have Continued’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 23, unitarian minister and freethinker2017. (1803-1882) </ref>http<ref>Hochschild, Adam (March 4, 2001). [https://www25www.uuanytimes.orgcom/uuhsbooks/duub01/articles03/ralphwaldoemerson04/reviews/010304.04hochsct.html Human Cargo]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> Expressed visceral public disapproval of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Exhorted people to "do the duty of Additionally, the hour", founding fathers mainly opposed slavery and support abolition. *[[William Lloyd Garrison]], put anti-slavery editor of principles into the Liberator (1805 - 1879) Constitution.<refname="McCormack">httpMcCormack, John (June 29, 2011). [https://www.nndbweeklystandard.com/peoplelincoln-said-it-best-the-founding-fathers-opposed-slavery/966/000049819article/575904 Lincoln Said It Best: The Founding Fathers Opposed Slavery]. ''The Weekly Standard''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> Founded They did not outright abolish it mainly due to pragmatic concerns, although the Liberator with partner Isaac Knapp in 1831Northern states did. *[[Elizur Wright]], abolitionist, freethinker. (1804-1885) <ref> httpAnthony Iaccarino. [https://www.infopleasebritannica.com/ce6topic/people/A0852788The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery-1269536 The Founding Fathers and Slavery]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.html</ref> Became involved in the abolitionist movement while attending Yale universityThe U. Eventually worked S. soon took steps to limit slavery, such as a secretary with banning it in the American Anti-Slavery Society [[Northwest Territory]] in 1833 1787 and assumed banning the editorship [[slave trade]] in 1807.<ref name="McCormack"/> Unlike most other countries around the world, the U.S. quickly abolished slavery, and although the evil of slavery cannot be denied, the Massachusetts Abolitionist slave trade did not equal genocide, and it was a long term benefit for the Africans to leave Africa and enter the U.S.<ref name="Medved"/> Regarding racism in 1839general, racism exists throughout the entire world, with most countries being much more racist than the U.*S., a [[John Stuart Millmelting pot]], philosopher, essayistand modern liberals hold racist attitudes. (1806 - 1879) <ref>http[https://www.nndbamazon.com/peopleLiberal-Racism-Fixating-Subverts-American/147dp/000030057/</ref> Wrote numerous essays 0742522016 Liberal Racism: How Fixating on abolition during Race Subverts the American Civil War. Asserted the war was being fought to abolish slaveryDream], an unpopular political opinion at the timeby Jim Sleeper.(2002)</ref>

* [[Abolitionism]]* [[American Civil War]]*[[Black history]] ===References===* Finkelman, Paul. , and Joseph C. Miller, eds. ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (1999), very good reference* Morgan, Kenneth. ''Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Slavery-British-Empire-Africa-America/dp/0192892916/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241544745&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]* Parish, Peter J. '' Slavery: History and Historians'' (1989) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/slavery-history-and-historians-by-peter-j-parish.jsp online edition] * Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (2 vol. 1997), very good reference===Rome===* Bradley, Keith. ''Slavery and Society at Rome'' (1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Slavery-Society-Themes-Ancient-History/dp/0521378877/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254513594&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]* Westermann, William L. ''The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity'' 91955) 182pp [http://www.questia.com/read/3797806?title=The%20Slave%20Systems%20of%20Greek%20and%20Roman%20Antiquity online edition] ===United States===* Bailyn, Bernard, ''The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution'' (1967), Chapter IV: The Contagion of Liberty

* MorganMiller, KennethRandall M. ''Slavery , and the British Empire: From Africa to America'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Slavery-British-Empire-Africa-America/dp/0192892916/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241544745&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]* ParishJohn David Smith, Peter Jeds. '' Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery: History and Historians'' (19891988) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/slavery-history-and-historians-by-peter-j-parish.jsp online edition] , excellent reference * Phillips, Ulrich B. ''American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918), the best older history; leftists complain it does not share their biases. [httphttps://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11490 free edition online] ==Famous Slaves==* Rodriguez, ed[[Aesop]]* [[Atilla the Hun]]* [[Spartacus]]*[[Philemon]]* [[St. Junius PPatrick]]* [[Frederick Douglass]]* [[Harriet Tubman]]* [[Dred Scott]]* [[Denmark Vesey]]* [[Booker T. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (2 volWashington]] ==References=={{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} ==External links==*[http://frontpagemag. 1997)com/2013/dgreenfield/black-slavery-and-islamic-racism/ Islamic Slavery and Racism]

 ==see also==* [[Abolitionism]]* [[American Civil WarCategory:Islam]]