Difference between revisions of "Horse"

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{{Taxonomy|image = Blackstallion.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Mammalia|order = Perissodactyla|suborder = Hippomorpha |family = Equidae|genus = Equus|species = E. caballus (Domestic Horse)<br>E. ferus caballus (Wild Horse)}}
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{{Taxonomy|image = Blackstallion.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Mammalia|order = Perissodactyla|suborder = Hippomorpha |family = Equidae|genus = Equus|species = E. caballus (Domestic Horse)<br>E. ferus przewalskii ([[Wild horse|Wild Horse]])}}
'''Horses''' are large mammals known for their beauty and usefulness to humans.  They provide a source of rapid transportation for hunting and travel and can pull wagons and carts. Before the invention of the tractor, horses were invaluable to farmers who used them to plough fields and haul heavy loads.
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'''Horses''' are large mammals known for their beauty and usefulness to humans.  They provide a source of rapid transportation for hunting and travel and can pull wagons and carts. The [[mule]] is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. Before they were replaced by tractors and trucks, horses and mules were invaluable to farmers who used them to plough fields and haul heavy loads.  
  
Horses have been bred since antiquity. Their use for transportation was curtailed in the early 1900s as [[automobile]]s (then called "horseless carriages") replaced them.
+
Horses have been bred since antiquity. Their use for transportation was curtailed in the early 1900s as [[automobile]]s (then called "horseless carriages") replaced them.  In [[US Customary System of Units|imperial measurement]]s, motors are still measured in terms of [[horsepower]].
  
 
The height of a horse is usually measured in "hands", with one hand corresponding to to approximately four inches or ten centimetres.
 
The height of a horse is usually measured in "hands", with one hand corresponding to to approximately four inches or ten centimetres.
  
==Evolutionary view of origins==
+
A male horse is called ''stallion'' and a ''mare'' is the term for a female horse.
  
Evolutionary biologists believe that the modern horse has slowly evolved into its present form over the course of about 60 million years, from ''Hyracotherium'' (60 million years ago) to our "modern-day horse," ''Equus'' (1 million years ago). This claim is based on various pieces of evidence for the gradual "change" of the leg bones from the toes of ''Hyracotherium'' to the hoofs of ''Equus''. The skull also shows an evolutionary trend from fossil to fossil.<ref>[http://chem.tufts.edu/science/evolution/HorseEvolution.htm Horse Evolution] from Tufts University</ref>
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== Horse racing ==
  
==Young Earth Creationist view of origins==
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A leading horse racing website declares:
 +
{{cquote|Horse racing is an ancient sport. Its origins date back to about 4500 BC among the nomadic tribesmen of Central Asia (who first domesticated the horse). Since then, horse racing has flourished as the sport of kings. In the modern day, horse racing is one of the few forms of gambling that is legal throughout most of the world, including the United States.
  
 +
Horse racing is one of the most widely attended spectator sports in America. In 1989, over 50 million people attended 8,000 days of racing and wagered over $9 billion. Horse racing is also a popular sport in Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, the Middle East, South America and Australia.
 +
 +
In the United States, the most popular races comprise of Thoroughbred horses racing over flat courses between 3/4 of a mile and 1 1/4 miles. Quarter horses are also popular as well as harness racing.<ref>[http://www.winningponies.com/horse-racing-history.html History of horse racing]</ref>
 +
 +
==Young Earth Creationist view of origins==
 
[[Young Earth Creationism|Creationary]] biologists believe that the horse [[baraminology|baramin]] is one of the kinds taken by [[Noah]] aboard the Ark. Therefore all horse-like animals (including zebras and donkeys) are descended from the fourteen horses taken on board by Noah.<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/595/ How did all the animals fit on Noah's Ark?], Creation 19(2):16–19, March 1997.</ref>
 
[[Young Earth Creationism|Creationary]] biologists believe that the horse [[baraminology|baramin]] is one of the kinds taken by [[Noah]] aboard the Ark. Therefore all horse-like animals (including zebras and donkeys) are descended from the fourteen horses taken on board by Noah.<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/595/ How did all the animals fit on Noah's Ark?], Creation 19(2):16–19, March 1997.</ref>
  
Creationary biologists reject that ''Hyracotherium'' is a horse at all (it was named by [[Richard Owen]] as being similar to a [[hyrax]], not a horse), and consider the rest of the so-called ''horse series'' as simply variations within the horse baramin, and not evidence of evolution at all.
+
Creationists reject that ''Hyracotherium'' is a horse at all (it was named by [[Richard Owen]] as being similar to a [[hyrax]], not a horse,<ref name="NonE">Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/308/ The non-evolution of the horse], ''Creation'' 21(3):28–31, June 1999.</ref> and consider the rest of the so-called ''horse series'' as simply variations within the horse baramin, and not evidence of evolution at all.
Modern horses have considerable variation, with height varying betwen four hands and 20 hands, the number of ribs varying between 17 and 19, and some horses having three toes, like some supposed evolutionary ancestors.<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/308/ The non-evolution of the horse], ''Creation'' 21(3):28–31, June 1999.</ref>
+
Modern horses have considerable variation, with height varying between four hands and 20 hands, the number of ribs varying between 17 and 19, and some horses having three toes, like some supposed evolutionary ancestors.<ref name="NonE" />
 +
 
 +
=== Creation Ministries International on the failings of evolutionary arguments ===
 +
[[Creation Ministries International]] declared:
 +
{{cquote|A study of fossil horses reveals at least three groups of animals within the horse family Equidae, in addition to some unrelated animals such as tapirs. The three equid groups correspond closely to different subfamilies of Equidae, and could be considered three separate created kinds. Most of these different kinds lived (or actually, were buried!) nearly at the same time and do not show much progressive change as far as horse evolution is concerned, just a general increase in size.
 +
 
 +
No one has explained how new, specialized kinds of teeth could have supposedly evolved, and it appears rather to be a case of [[intelligent design]] instead of “microevolution” (variation within a kind, as suggested by various creationists) or “macroevolution” (new kinds of organisms, as suggested by evolutionists).
 +
[[File:Horse picture.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|The available fossil and biological evidence does not support horse evolution and in fact argues against evolution.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-evolution-of-the-horse The Evolution of the Horse] by Mats Molén], Creation.com</ref>
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
Modern horses are a testament to divine intelligence and the magnificence of God's creation.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-non-evolution-of-the-horse The non-evolution of the horse] by Dr. Jonathan Sarfati</ref> ]]
 +
The Cavanaugh et al. (2003) hypothesis of [[Baraminology|intrabaraminic]] variation of all animals that belong to Equidae (or animals that they did put into Equidae, even if the evolutionists put some of them in different families) is not well supported by the available evidence and ought therefore to be abandoned...
 +
 
 +
According to [[Julian Huxley]] (arguably one of the most prominent evolutionists of the last century) at least one million positive mutations were required for the modern horse to evolve. He believed that there is a maximum of one positive mutation in a total of 1,000 mutations. With the help of these values Huxley calculated the probability for the horse to have evolved from one single unicellular organism was 1 in 103,000,000. He believed, however, that natural selection would be able to solve this problem. But this faith did not help him in the end, and will not help any other evolutionist either, as this calculation is based on the origin of positive mutations, even before natural selection would start to work. If all electrons in the universe (about 1080) would have participated in 1012 reactions every second, during the 30 billion years which evolutionists have put as the upper age limit of the universe, there would still not have been more than c. 10110 possibly interactions—still a long way from the Huxley calculation.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-evolution-of-the-horse The Evolution of the Horse] by Mats Molén], Creation.com</ref>}}
 +
 
 +
==Evolutionary view of origins==
 +
 
 +
[[Evolution|Evolutionary]] biologists believe that the modern horse has slowly evolved into its present form over the course of about 60 million years, from ''Hyracotherium'' (60 million years ago) to our "modern-day horse," ''Equus'' (1 million years ago). This claim is based on various pieces of fossil evidence arranged in an apparent evolutionary pattern, such as the change from five toes on ''Hyracotherium'' (some vestigial) to three toes on ''Mesohippus'' and then to the single toe of ''Equus'' along with the progressing development of hooves. The skulls also shows an evolutionary trend from fossil to fossil, as do the teeth changing from a browser to a grazer.<ref>[http://chem.tufts.edu/science/evolution/HorseEvolution.htm Horse Evolution] from Tufts University</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Related trivia==
 +
 +
Medical school professors routinely tell their students, "If you hear hoof beats in Texas, think horses not zebras." This is to illustrate that when diagnosing a patient think of the more common diseases rather than rare exotic ones.
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
 
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* [[Mule]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*[http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/Horses-w.htm Horses and horse breeds]
 
*[http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/Horses-w.htm Horses and horse breeds]
 
*[http://www.thehorse.com/ Equine health care] at TheHorse.com
 
*[http://www.thehorse.com/ Equine health care] at TheHorse.com
 +
*[http://www.smoothrunequine.com/Articles.htm/ Horse Care Articles]
  
[[Category:Hoofed Mammals]]
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[[Category:Horses]]
 
[[Category:Livestock]]
 
[[Category:Livestock]]
 
[[Category:Equestrianism]]
 
[[Category:Equestrianism]]
 
[[Category:Biblical Animals]]
 
[[Category:Biblical Animals]]
 +
[[Category:Animals]]

Revision as of 19:52, December 7, 2015

Horse
Blackstallion.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom Information
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Information
Phylum Chordata
Sub-phylum Vertebrata
Class Information
Class Mammalia
Order Information
Order Perissodactyla
Sub-order Hippomorpha
Family Information
Family Equidae
Genus Information
Genus Equus
Species Information
Species E. caballus (Domestic Horse)
E. ferus przewalskii (Wild Horse)
Population statistics

Horses are large mammals known for their beauty and usefulness to humans. They provide a source of rapid transportation for hunting and travel and can pull wagons and carts. The mule is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. Before they were replaced by tractors and trucks, horses and mules were invaluable to farmers who used them to plough fields and haul heavy loads.

Horses have been bred since antiquity. Their use for transportation was curtailed in the early 1900s as automobiles (then called "horseless carriages") replaced them. In imperial measurements, motors are still measured in terms of horsepower.

The height of a horse is usually measured in "hands", with one hand corresponding to to approximately four inches or ten centimetres.

A male horse is called stallion and a mare is the term for a female horse.

Horse racing

A leading horse racing website declares: {{cquote|Horse racing is an ancient sport. Its origins date back to about 4500 BC among the nomadic tribesmen of Central Asia (who first domesticated the horse). Since then, horse racing has flourished as the sport of kings. In the modern day, horse racing is one of the few forms of gambling that is legal throughout most of the world, including the United States.

Horse racing is one of the most widely attended spectator sports in America. In 1989, over 50 million people attended 8,000 days of racing and wagered over $9 billion. Horse racing is also a popular sport in Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, the Middle East, South America and Australia.

In the United States, the most popular races comprise of Thoroughbred horses racing over flat courses between 3/4 of a mile and 1 1/4 miles. Quarter horses are also popular as well as harness racing.[1]

Young Earth Creationist view of origins

Creationary biologists believe that the horse baramin is one of the kinds taken by Noah aboard the Ark. Therefore all horse-like animals (including zebras and donkeys) are descended from the fourteen horses taken on board by Noah.[2]

Creationists reject that Hyracotherium is a horse at all (it was named by Richard Owen as being similar to a hyrax, not a horse,[3] and consider the rest of the so-called horse series as simply variations within the horse baramin, and not evidence of evolution at all. Modern horses have considerable variation, with height varying between four hands and 20 hands, the number of ribs varying between 17 and 19, and some horses having three toes, like some supposed evolutionary ancestors.[3]

Creation Ministries International on the failings of evolutionary arguments

Creation Ministries International declared:

A study of fossil horses reveals at least three groups of animals within the horse family Equidae, in addition to some unrelated animals such as tapirs. The three equid groups correspond closely to different subfamilies of Equidae, and could be considered three separate created kinds. Most of these different kinds lived (or actually, were buried!) nearly at the same time and do not show much progressive change as far as horse evolution is concerned, just a general increase in size.

No one has explained how new, specialized kinds of teeth could have supposedly evolved, and it appears rather to be a case of intelligent design instead of “microevolution” (variation within a kind, as suggested by various creationists) or “macroevolution” (new kinds of organisms, as suggested by evolutionists).

The available fossil and biological evidence does not support horse evolution and in fact argues against evolution.[4]

Modern horses are a testament to divine intelligence and the magnificence of God's creation.[5]

The Cavanaugh et al. (2003) hypothesis of intrabaraminic variation of all animals that belong to Equidae (or animals that they did put into Equidae, even if the evolutionists put some of them in different families) is not well supported by the available evidence and ought therefore to be abandoned...

According to Julian Huxley (arguably one of the most prominent evolutionists of the last century) at least one million positive mutations were required for the modern horse to evolve. He believed that there is a maximum of one positive mutation in a total of 1,000 mutations. With the help of these values Huxley calculated the probability for the horse to have evolved from one single unicellular organism was 1 in 103,000,000. He believed, however, that natural selection would be able to solve this problem. But this faith did not help him in the end, and will not help any other evolutionist either, as this calculation is based on the origin of positive mutations, even before natural selection would start to work. If all electrons in the universe (about 1080) would have participated in 1012 reactions every second, during the 30 billion years which evolutionists have put as the upper age limit of the universe, there would still not have been more than c. 10110 possibly interactions—still a long way from the Huxley calculation.[6]

Evolutionary view of origins

Evolutionary biologists believe that the modern horse has slowly evolved into its present form over the course of about 60 million years, from Hyracotherium (60 million years ago) to our "modern-day horse," Equus (1 million years ago). This claim is based on various pieces of fossil evidence arranged in an apparent evolutionary pattern, such as the change from five toes on Hyracotherium (some vestigial) to three toes on Mesohippus and then to the single toe of Equus along with the progressing development of hooves. The skulls also shows an evolutionary trend from fossil to fossil, as do the teeth changing from a browser to a grazer.[7]

Related trivia

Medical school professors routinely tell their students, "If you hear hoof beats in Texas, think horses not zebras." This is to illustrate that when diagnosing a patient think of the more common diseases rather than rare exotic ones.

See also

References

  1. History of horse racing
  2. Sarfati, Jonathan, How did all the animals fit on Noah's Ark?, Creation 19(2):16–19, March 1997.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Sarfati, Jonathan, The non-evolution of the horse, Creation 21(3):28–31, June 1999.
  4. The Evolution of the Horse by Mats Molén], Creation.com
  5. The non-evolution of the horse by Dr. Jonathan Sarfati
  6. The Evolution of the Horse by Mats Molén], Creation.com
  7. Horse Evolution from Tufts University

Links