Difference between revisions of "Self-control"

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{{Cquote|The strength model of self-control has been predominantly tested with people from Western cultures. The present research asks whether the phenomenon of ego-depletion generalizes to a culture emphasizing the
 
{{Cquote|The strength model of self-control has been predominantly tested with people from Western cultures. The present research asks whether the phenomenon of ego-depletion generalizes to a culture emphasizing the
 
virtues of exerting mental self-control in everyday life. A pilot study found that whereas Americans tended to believe that exerting willpower on mental tasks is depleting, Indians tended to believe that exerting willpower is energizing. Using dual task ego-depletion paradigms, Studies 1a, 1b, and 1c found reverse ego-depletion among Indian participants, such that participants exhibited better mental selfcontrol on a subsequent task after initially working on strenuous rather than nonstrenuous cognitive tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found that Westerners exhibited the ego-depletion effect whereas Indians exhibited the reverse ego-depletion effect on the same set of tasks. Study 4 documented the causal effect of lay beliefs about whether exerting willpower is depleting versus energizing on reverse ego-depletion with both Indian and Western participants. Together, these studies reveal the underlying basis of the ego-depletion phenomenon in culturally shaped lay theories about willpower.<ref>[https://www.krishnasavani.com/CV_files/Savani_Job_2017.pdf ''Reverse Ego-Depletion: Acts of Self-Control Can Improve Subsequent Performance in Indian Cultural Contexts'']. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. 2017, Vol. 113, No. 4, 589 – 607</ref>}}
 
virtues of exerting mental self-control in everyday life. A pilot study found that whereas Americans tended to believe that exerting willpower on mental tasks is depleting, Indians tended to believe that exerting willpower is energizing. Using dual task ego-depletion paradigms, Studies 1a, 1b, and 1c found reverse ego-depletion among Indian participants, such that participants exhibited better mental selfcontrol on a subsequent task after initially working on strenuous rather than nonstrenuous cognitive tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found that Westerners exhibited the ego-depletion effect whereas Indians exhibited the reverse ego-depletion effect on the same set of tasks. Study 4 documented the causal effect of lay beliefs about whether exerting willpower is depleting versus energizing on reverse ego-depletion with both Indian and Western participants. Together, these studies reveal the underlying basis of the ego-depletion phenomenon in culturally shaped lay theories about willpower.<ref>[https://www.krishnasavani.com/CV_files/Savani_Job_2017.pdf ''Reverse Ego-Depletion: Acts of Self-Control Can Improve Subsequent Performance in Indian Cultural Contexts'']. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. 2017, Vol. 113, No. 4, 589 – 607</ref>}}
 +
 +
The New Scientist article
 +
{{Cquote|Baumeister recently revised his theory to take this into account. In a book chapter published last year with his colleague Kathleen Vohs at the University of Minnesota, he argues that while there is a limited resource behind self-control, it rarely, if ever, runs dry. According to the revised theory, whether we are able to maintain self-control comes down to our judgement about how much willpower juice we have left and how we choose to allocate these reserves. As with physical effort, in which our muscles feel tired long before they are close to collapse, how long we can keep going is all about how much energy we think is left...
 +
 +
Savani and Job wanted to see if the cultural belief that effort is energising would influence the way ego depletion works in India. If prompting people to think of exerting self-control as energising eliminates the ego-depletion effect, as Job’s earlier research showed, then perhaps people in India might be immune to ego depletion. In fact, when they repeated Baumeister’s experiments with hundreds of Indian participants, they actually showed a “reverse ego depletion” effect. When the first task was harder, they tended to perform better on the second task. Savani concluded that ego depletion is by no means an inevitable feature of human psychology.
 +
“We no longer have an excuse for being lazy, saying: ‘Oh, I have worked so hard, I need a break’”
 +
“We no longer have an excuse for being lazy, saying ‘Oh, I have worked so hard, I need a break’,” he says. “No matter how mentally tired you are, you always have mental capacity to concentrate on and work on a given task.” For his part, Baumeister told us that this new “profoundly important” research from India is “truly fascinating” and he acknowledged that “if born out by further work [it] could really bring about major revisions to our understanding”.
 +
 +
If replicated – and we still don’t know whether this effect also applies to tests of self-control based on temptation as well as mental concentration – it could mean that seemingly superhuman powers of willpower and self-control may be within our reach, given the right mindset and a little practice. Taken with the other findings, it seems that there is a powerful psychological component to how much willpower we can muster in any given situation. See mental challenges and resistance to temptation as energising rather than draining, and your beliefs may well become self-fulfilling.
 +
 +
It may well be worth the effort. According to a recent survey of university students, those who believed that willpower is unlimited were not only happier, but suffered less from stress and bad moods when exam time approached. Diaries that the students kept suggested this was because they were able to step up their efforts to meet increasing challenges. Another survey of contributors to a stress and burnout online forum found that those who endorsed the “willpower is unlimited” idea were happier and less stressed.<ref>[https://archive.ph/BqFTr Don't quit now: Why you have more willpower than you think], New Scientist, 2017</ref>}}
  
 
== Books ==
 
== Books ==

Revision as of 12:34, May 1, 2024

Obesity is positively associated with impulsiveness, lower self-control and neuroticism.[1]

Self-Control is defined by the Meriam Dictionary as restraint exercised over one's own impulses, emotions, or desires".[2] See also: Free will

Self-control and the Holy Spirit/Bible

Praying Hands.

The Christian apologist Gary Habermas wrote: "Double-blind prayer experiments: where people pray for others with terminal illness. Habermas admitted that most such experiments have not worked, but the three that he knows of that have indeed worked were cases of orthodox-Christians praying for the sick."[3]

One of the fruits of the Holy Spirit.

The Fruits of the Holy Spirit are perfections that the Holy Spirit forms in us as the first fruits of eternal glory. The tradition of the Church lists twelve of them.

Self-control and the Bible/Christianity

Bible verses on self-control

Video/audio:

Bible verses on resisting temptation

Religion and self-control

Engaging in virtuous behavior and quenching temptations to engage in immoral behavior requires self-control.

In the journal article Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications, psychologists McCullough and Willoughby theorize that many of the positive links of religiousness with health and social behavior may be caused by religion's beneficial influences on self-control/self-regulation.[4][5] Furthermore, a 2012 Queen's University study published in Psychological Science found that religion replenishes self-control.[6][7]

Research of Andrew Newberg M.D. related to intense prayer

Research indicates that 12 minutes of daily intense prayer over an eight-week period can change the brain to such a degree that it can be measured on a brain scan. This method of prayer appears to increase activity in brain areas associated with social interaction and compassion/thoughtfulness. In addition, it increases frontal lobe activity as focus and intentionality increase.[8][9][10]

Increasing self-control techniques

Homer

Below are various techniques to increase self-control:[11]

1. Eat three meals a day and eat low glycemic index foods (People with low glucose levels have lower levels of willpower).

2. Get enough sleep. Tired people have lower levels of willpower.

3. Bright lines method (Making steadfast rules that you absolutely commit to. For example, a person committing to eating healthier making a steadfast rule not to go into convenience stores).

4. Set clear goals. See: Goal setting

5. Behavior monitoring (Get on scale every day for weight loss, use a spreadsheet to track daily performance, etc.)

6. Precommitment strategy which involves restricting choices to better alternatives (Only buying healthy food at grocery store or using portion control for weight loss; browser addons that block various time wasting websites for better time management, etc.). In Homer's book The Odyssey, Ulysses tells his sailors to bind him to the mast of his ship and block their ears before sailing past the island of the Sirens, whose enchanting song draws sailors to shipwreck.

7. Turn a positive behavior into a habit (For example, exercising at the same time every day.).

8. Regular exercise increases willpower.[12]

9. Practice self-regulation strategies/techniques. Self-control involves inhibiting impulses and emotions whereas self-regulation focuses on reducing the intensity and frequency of those impulses.[13]

Articles on self-control techniques:

Kelly McGonigal self-control methods and other research

Kelly McGonigal

Kelly McGonigal defines willpower as "the ability to do what you really want to do when part of you really doesn’t want to do it."

It consists of three elements:

  1. I will – the ability to do what you need to do
  2. I won't – resisting temptation
  3. I want – Your goals and noble desires

McGonigal recommends increasing willpower though getting proper sleep, exercise and nutrition. Engaging in mindfulness and meditation. Meditation can increase the prefrontal cortex part of the brain which is a center of the brain key to willpower.[14][15]

Future self

Self-control via habits

James Clear on habits

James Clear is a best-selling author who wrote the book Atomic Habits.

Self- control via habits: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII)

Videos: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII)

Self-control via daily routines

The creative lives of massively productive people like John Milton, Charles Dickens, Ludwig Beethoven and Edison follow strict daily routines. (i.e., when they would get up, when they would start work, when they would exercise and when they would relax). Peak productivity’s not about luck. It’s about devotion.

Disciplined thinking

Science of self-control/willpower

The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.[16][17][18]

Self-motivation

See also: Self-motivation

Self-motivation is the internal drive that leads one to take action towards a goal.[19][20] It keeps us moving forward, even when we don't want to.

Types of motivation

"Do you not know that those who run in a race all run, but only one receives the prize? Run in such a way that you may win." - The Apostle Paul, 1 Corinthians 9:24

The website Skillsyouneed.com indicates:

"In thinking about self-motivation, it is helpful to understand what motivates you to do things.
There are two main types of motivators: ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’.
In their simplest form you can think about these two types of motivation as:
Intrinsic = related to what we want to do.
Extrinsic = related to what we have to do.
A more detailed definition is:
Intrinsic: To perform an action or task based on the expected or perceived satisfaction of performing the action or task. Intrinsic motivators include having fun, being interested and personal challenge.
Extrinsic: To perform an action or task in order to attain some sort of external reward, including money, power and good marks or grades.
Different people are motivated by different things and at different times in their lives. The same task may have more intrinsic motivators at certain times and more extrinsic motivators at others, and most tasks have a combination of the two types of motivation.[21]

Self-motivation articles

Researchers and psychologists who view self-control and willpower as being different

Odysseus vs. the Sirens in Homer's Odyssey

The Science News article Most people say self-control is the same as willpower. Researchers disagree indicates:

“ Psychologists say self-control is about planning ahead to avoid needing willpower in the moment.

A scientific squabble over how to define self-control draws from an unlikely source: A story from Greek mythology.

Sailing home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus longed to hear the Sirens’ legendary song. But he knew that was a very bad idea. The Sirens, the goddess Circe had warned, lured passing sailors to their island to kill them. So Circe helped Odysseus form a plan. As his boat approached the Sirens’ island, Odysseus handed crew members balls of wax to plug their ears, and he ordered the men to tie him firmly to the boat’s mast. He told the crew to tie him tighter if he begged and pleaded to heed the Sirens’ call. His plan in place, Odysseus was able to both hear the Sirens and live to tell the tale.

The science is clear. Proverbially tying oneself to the mast — or crafting strategies in advance to thwart temptation — is the optimal way to meet one’s goals. But not all agree that such preemptive strategies constitute self-control.

Social psychologists say Odysseus utilized exemplary self-control. That’s because they tend to distinguish between strategic self-control — that is, the Odysseus approach — and willpower. Willpower would be akin to Odysseus resisting the Sirens’ call in the moment without rope and muscular crewmen...

But then research began to emerge that challenged that framework. In one study, researchers analyzed the results of about 100 self-control studies of almost 33,000 participants. People who scored high in self-control were no better than others at resisting temptation in the moment, those scientists reported in the February 2012 Personality and Social Psychology Review. Instead, such individuals reported having established habits or routines.

In another study, researchers pinged over 200 people on beepers several times a day to measure their desires in real time. Individuals who scored high in self-control reported experiencing less temptation and weaker desires than those with lower scores, the team reported in the June 2012 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology...

Those studies led to a seismic shift in the field of self-control, says social psychologist Malte Friese of Saarlund University in Saarbrücken, Germany, who was not involved in that work. “Apparently the people who are good in self-control … don’t inhibit all day long. They do something different.”

Thus began the willpower/self-control split. Scientists began exploring the tools that could help people do those different things — while sticking to the moniker “self-control.” Some research focused on strategies people could call on in the moment to move beyond simple willpower to resist temptation, says Kentaro Fujita, a social psychologist at the Ohio State University in Columbus. For instance, research has shown that distracting oneself or focusing on the negative aspects of a temptation can help people overcome immediate desires.

But with evidence mounting that preplanning à la Odysseus presented the key to long-term success, that’s where researchers focused their attention, says Fujita, who outlined those strategies in the October 2020 Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Some tips include linking goal failure to a self-imposed punishment, such as forcing oneself to donate to a loathed organization. Another involves bundling a disliked action — say, running — with a desirable one, such as listening to a favorite podcast.

“This article challenges a common belief: that successful self-control requires willpower,” Fujita and his coauthors wrote.[22]

”

According to Jeremy Sutton Ph.D.:

“ We could define willpower and see its benefits as (American Psychological Association, 2012):
  • Resisting short-term temptations and delay gratification to achieve long-term goals
  • Overriding unwanted thoughts, feelings, or impulses
  • Responding coolly and calmly rather than behave too emotionally
  • Conscious, effortful regulation of oneself by oneself
  • A limited resource that can be depleted[23]
 ”

Data indicating ego depletion theory concerning willpower is invalid

See also: Mindset and Growth mindset and Motivation

Jeremy Sutton Ph.D. writes:

“ “Whether you think you can, or you think you can’t – you’re right.” - Henry Ford (Goodreads, n.d.).

For a long time, psychologists thought of willpower as a limited resource—known as the ‘ego-depletion theory’ (American Psychological Association, 2012).

Work by Roy Baumeister led to the view that willpower is finite and–just like energy when muscles are overworked–can be used up. In his famous ‘cookie’ experiment, people who could resist eating them right away (called delayed gratification) had a more challenging time controlling temptation later in other tasks (Baumeister & Tierney, 2011).

The theory suggests that if you set more than one self-improvement goal, you may draw on willpower reserves, leaving you depleted and risking failure (Baumeister & Tierney, 2011).

And if willpower is a limited resource, we must use it wisely to achieve long-term goals (American Psychological Association, 2012).

And yet, recent and contradictory psychological research and theory suggest there isn’t a fixed amount of willpower. “Instead of thinking of willpower as the amount of petrol in a car…think of it as the car’s battery,” says Krishna Savani from Nanyang Technological University (Jarrett, 2018, para. 3).

Savani believes that with the right mindset and motivation, we can ‘own’ our self-control and willpower. And this is backed up by data. Studies show that people are less likely to quit a task when told their resolve is not fixed but unlimited.

While building willpower is not easy, psychology suggests that “a huge part of the solution is simply believing that you can do it” (Hollins, 2021, p. 36).

So, what happens when we do and don’t get things done?

It seems that mindset is crucial. Students coming up to exams that were told willpower was unlimited experienced less stress, fewer bad moods, and could step up their efforts. If we ‘believe’ we have the reserves available to tackle the challenges ahead, we increase our chances of future success (Jarrett, 2018).[24]

”

See also: Growth mindset

The abstract for the 2017 journal article Reverse Ego-Depletion: Acts of Self-Control Can Improve Subsequent Performance in Indian Cultural Contexts published in the journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology indicates:

“ The strength model of self-control has been predominantly tested with people from Western cultures. The present research asks whether the phenomenon of ego-depletion generalizes to a culture emphasizing the

virtues of exerting mental self-control in everyday life. A pilot study found that whereas Americans tended to believe that exerting willpower on mental tasks is depleting, Indians tended to believe that exerting willpower is energizing. Using dual task ego-depletion paradigms, Studies 1a, 1b, and 1c found reverse ego-depletion among Indian participants, such that participants exhibited better mental selfcontrol on a subsequent task after initially working on strenuous rather than nonstrenuous cognitive tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found that Westerners exhibited the ego-depletion effect whereas Indians exhibited the reverse ego-depletion effect on the same set of tasks. Study 4 documented the causal effect of lay beliefs about whether exerting willpower is depleting versus energizing on reverse ego-depletion with both Indian and Western participants. Together, these studies reveal the underlying basis of the ego-depletion phenomenon in culturally shaped lay theories about willpower.[25]

”

The New Scientist article

“ Baumeister recently revised his theory to take this into account. In a book chapter published last year with his colleague Kathleen Vohs at the University of Minnesota, he argues that while there is a limited resource behind self-control, it rarely, if ever, runs dry. According to the revised theory, whether we are able to maintain self-control comes down to our judgement about how much willpower juice we have left and how we choose to allocate these reserves. As with physical effort, in which our muscles feel tired long before they are close to collapse, how long we can keep going is all about how much energy we think is left...

Savani and Job wanted to see if the cultural belief that effort is energising would influence the way ego depletion works in India. If prompting people to think of exerting self-control as energising eliminates the ego-depletion effect, as Job’s earlier research showed, then perhaps people in India might be immune to ego depletion. In fact, when they repeated Baumeister’s experiments with hundreds of Indian participants, they actually showed a “reverse ego depletion” effect. When the first task was harder, they tended to perform better on the second task. Savani concluded that ego depletion is by no means an inevitable feature of human psychology. “We no longer have an excuse for being lazy, saying: ‘Oh, I have worked so hard, I need a break’” “We no longer have an excuse for being lazy, saying ‘Oh, I have worked so hard, I need a break’,” he says. “No matter how mentally tired you are, you always have mental capacity to concentrate on and work on a given task.” For his part, Baumeister told us that this new “profoundly important” research from India is “truly fascinating” and he acknowledged that “if born out by further work [it] could really bring about major revisions to our understanding”.

If replicated – and we still don’t know whether this effect also applies to tests of self-control based on temptation as well as mental concentration – it could mean that seemingly superhuman powers of willpower and self-control may be within our reach, given the right mindset and a little practice. Taken with the other findings, it seems that there is a powerful psychological component to how much willpower we can muster in any given situation. See mental challenges and resistance to temptation as energising rather than draining, and your beliefs may well become self-fulfilling.

It may well be worth the effort. According to a recent survey of university students, those who believed that willpower is unlimited were not only happier, but suffered less from stress and bad moods when exam time approached. Diaries that the students kept suggested this was because they were able to step up their efforts to meet increasing challenges. Another survey of contributors to a stress and burnout online forum found that those who endorsed the “willpower is unlimited” idea were happier and less stressed.[26]

”

Books

  • No Excuses!: The Power of Self-Discipline by Brian Tracy. Vanguard Press (March 22, 2011)

Quotes on self-control

Calvin Coolidge in 1919

See also: Self-control, willpower and resisting temptation quotes

  • "By constant self-discipline and self-control you can develop greatness of character." - Grenville Kleiser
  • "I value self-discipline, but creating systems that make it next to impossible to misbehave is more reliable than self-control." - Tim Ferriss
  • "Self-control, openness, the ability to engage with others, to plan and to persist - these are the attributes that get people in the door and on the job, and lead to productive lives." - James Heckman
  • "Every successful person has a fair amount of self-control - it's just the nature of success." - Laird Hamilton
  • "Self-management and self-control are the keys to advanced knowledge, and both are difficult to learn without a sense of your own cultural identity." - KRS-One
  • "Self-control is one mark of a mature person; it applies to control of language, physical treatment of others, and the appetites of the body." - Joseph B. Wirthlin
  • "Emotional self-control is the result of hard work, not an inherent skill." - Travis Bradberry
  • “For whatever goal you want to achieve, there is discomfort along that path. Self-discipline drives you through this discomfort and allows you to achieve and attain. It’s an essential component of mastery, and nothing great was ever accomplished without it.” - Peter Hollins
  • "Self-discipline is the ability to make yourself do what you should do when you should do it, whether you feel like it or not." -Elbert Hubbard.
  • “Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment.” – Jim Rohn
  • “The fact is, self-discipline is only punishment when imposed by someone else. When you discipline yourself, it’s not punishment but empowerment.” - Les Brown
  • "Industry, thrift and self-control are not sought because they create wealth, but because they create character.' - Calvin Coolidge
  • "Since self-control is vital to reaching long-term goals, befriending people with willpower could be the secret to success. Whether you're tempted to skip that workout at the gym, or you're considering blowing this month's budget, spending time with a disciplined friend could boost your motivation to maintain healthy habits." - Amy Morin
  • "You will never have a greater or lesser dominion than that over yourself…the height of a man’s success is gauged by his self-mastery; the depth of his failure by his self-abandonment…and this is the law of eternal justice. He who cannot establish dominion over himself will have no dominion over others." – Leonardo da Vinci
  • “Discipline is choosing between what you want now, and what you want most.” - Abraham Lincoln
  • “Why is discipline important? Discipline teaches us to operate by principle rather than desire. Saying no to our impulses (even the ones that are not inherently sinful) puts us in control of our appetites rather than vice versa. It deposes our lust and permits truth, virtue, and integrity to rule our minds instead.” - John MacArthur Jr.

Quotes on willpower

Erasmus by Hans Holbein the Younger

See also: Self-control, willpower and resisting temptation quotes

  • "Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will." - Mahatma Gandhi
  • "Research shows that willpower is more important than IQ. That’s why the point isn’t to become smarter, but to become more self-disciplined." - Adam Kirk Smith
  • “There is no such thing as a great talent without great willpower.” Honore de Balzac
  • “Ahead of us are not reasons and arguments, But will and desire.” - Paulo Coelho
  • "Willpower is essential to the accomplishment of anything worthwhile." - Brian Tracy
  • "The will to win is not nearly as important as the will to prepare to win." - Coach Bobby Knight
  • “The biggest enemies of willpower: temptation, self-criticism, and stress. (...) these three skills — self-awareness, self-care, and remembering what matter most — are the foundation for self-control.” - Kelly McGonigal, The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It
  • “There is a secret for greater self-control, the science points to one thing: the power of paying attention.” - Kelly McGonigal, The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It
  • Never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never-in nothing, great or small, large or petty – never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. - Winston Churchill
  • "With but few exceptions, it is always the underdog who wins through sheer willpower." - Johnny Weissmuller
  • I am, indeed, a king, because I know how to rule myself." – Pietro Aretino
  • "Will is character in action." - William McDougall
  • "I don’t wait for moods. You accomplish nothing if you do that. Your mind must know it has got to get down to work." - Pearl S. Buck
  • "Willpower is trying very hard not to do something you want to do very much." – John Ortberg on temptation
  • "The will is the keystone in the arch of human achievement. It is the culmination of our complex mental faculties. It is the power that rules minds, men and nations." - Thomas Parker Boyd
Dr. Sunday Adelaja
  • "What you have to do and the way you have to do it is incredibly simple. Whether you are willing to do it, that’s another matter." - Business consultant Peter F. Drucker
  • "Willpower gets you started. Habits get you results." - Priit Kalas

Sunday Adelaja in his book A Man or a Mouse writes:

“ The meaning of the word "will" according to Ephraim:
  • "One of the basic abilities of a person, consisting in the conscious regulation of one's behavior, the management of one's actions.
  • Conscious desire to fulfill or achieve the goal; tenacity, perseverance

"Will" in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:

  • Will - ability to choose activities and internal efforts necessary for its implementation.
  • A specific act that allows a person to resist the power of spontaneous wants and impulsive desires: for him, it is not the case of "I want" that is of priority, but rather "this is necessary," "It’s a must," creates the awareness of the characteristic value of the goal of his action.
  • Will includes decision making, often accompanied by a struggle of motives and its implementation.[27]
 ”

See also

External links

Increasing self-control, general articles/videos:

Videos:

Notes

  1. ↑
  2. ↑ Self-Control - Webster-Merriam dictionary
  3. ↑ Christian Apologist: 10 Reasons for the Fall of Atheism by Gary Habermas
  4. ↑ Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications
  5. ↑ Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications
  6. ↑ Religion Replenishes Self-Control, Psychological Science, June 2012 vol. 23 no. 6 635-642, Kevin Rounding, Albert Lee, Jill A. Jacobson and Li-Jun Ji at Queen’s University
  7. ↑ Study finds religion helps us gain self-control
  8. ↑ How Prayer Affects the Brain
  9. ↑ How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist
  10. ↑ How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist– March 23, 2010 by Andrew Newberg M.D, Mark Robert Waldman. Pages 26,27
  11. ↑ Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength by Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney. Penguin Press; 1st edition (September 1, 2011)
  12. ↑ Self-Control and Exercise: A Review of the Bi-Directional Relationship, Brain Plasticity 2019; 5(1): 97–104. Published online 2019 Dec 26. Prepublished online 2019 Dec 19. doi: 10.3233/BPL-190082
  13. ↑ Self-Regulation vs. Self-Control
  14. ↑ Neurobiology of Spirituality, E. Mohandas, M.D.
  15. ↑ The Psychology of Mindfulness, Digested
  16. ↑ The Human Body: God's Masterpiece
  17. ↑ The Enigmatic Human Brain by Wallace G. Smith
  18. ↑ The Most Complex Structure, Creation Moments
  19. ↑ Self-Motivation
  20. ↑ Learn how to be your own best ally for reaching your goals
  21. ↑ Self-Motivation
  22. ↑ [Most people say self-control is the same as willpower. Researchers disagree], Science News. 2024
  23. ↑ What Is Willpower? The Psychology Behind Self-Control
  24. ↑ What Is Willpower? The Psychology Behind Self-Control
  25. ↑ Reverse Ego-Depletion: Acts of Self-Control Can Improve Subsequent Performance in Indian Cultural Contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2017, Vol. 113, No. 4, 589 – 607
  26. ↑ Don't quit now: Why you have more willpower than you think, New Scientist, 2017
  27. ↑ A Man or a Mouse by Sunday Adelaja, Chapter 2, Golden Truth Publishing. 2018. Kindle Edition.
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