Changes

==Examples==

==Examples==

===Science===

===Science===

In his historical lecture at Sorbonne University in 1864, [[Louis Pasteur]] denounced the doctrine of [[spontaneous generation]], supported by [[evolutionist]]s of his day, as error.<ref>{{cite web  

In his historical lecture at Sorbonne University in 1864, [[Louis Pasteur]] denounced the doctrine of [[spontaneous generation]], supported by [[evolutionist]]s of his day<ref>{{cite web

In his Histoire Naturelle, Buffon reveals himself as an exponent of the doctrine of the Great Chain of Being, with man being placed at the top of the Chain. ... Moreover, new creatures were constantly appearing at the bottom of the Chain, arising from inorganic matter through spontaneous generation...From that point of view, the concept we refer to as the theory of evolution was actually born with the ancient Greek myth of the Great Chain. There were many evolutionists before Darwin, and the most of their original ideas and so-called proofs were already to be found in the Great Chain of Being. With de Buffon and Lamarck the Great Chain of Being was presented to the scientific world in a new guise, whereupon it came to influence Darwin.

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web  

|author=H.M. Hyndman

|author=H.M. Hyndman

|title=Clemenceau The Man And His Time

|title=Clemenceau The Man And His Time

|url=http://archive.org/stream/clemenceautheman027761mbp/clemenceautheman027761mbp_djvu.txt

|url=http://archive.org/stream/clemenceautheman027761mbp/clemenceautheman027761mbp_djvu.txt

|quote=Early Life: 1851. Liberty in every shape was, in fact, an essential part of this stalwart old Jacobin's political creed, while in the domain of physiology and general science he was a convinced evolutionist long before that conception of the inevitable development of the universe became part of the common thought of the time. ...Clemenceau, entering upon his father's profession, with the benefit of the paternal knowledge and full of the inculcated readiness to probe all the facts of life to the bottom, took up  

|quote=Early Life: 1851. Liberty in every shape was, in fact, an essential part of this stalwart old Jacobin's political creed, while in the domain of physiology and general science he was a convinced evolutionist long before that conception of the inevitable development of the universe became part of the common thought of the time. ...Clemenceau, entering upon his father's profession, with the benefit of the paternal knowledge and full of the inculcated readiness to probe all the facts of life to the bottom, took up his medical studies as a serious business, after having gone through the ordinary curriculum of a school at Nantes.  

his medical studies as a serious business, after having gone through the ordinary curriculum of a school at Nantes.  

|accessdate= December 17, 2013}}</ref>, as error.{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Experimental_science#Notable_examples|Experimental science: Notable examples]]|group=note}}  From that time on, [[Georges Clemenceau]] was among those who became Pasteur's fierce opponents, holding his [[scientific discovery|scientific discoveries]] in disdain.<ref name="Debré"/> For twenty years Clemenceau, the future "Tiger"<ref>{{cite book  

|accessdate= December 17, 2013}}</ref> From that time on, Georges Clemenceau was among those who became Pasteur's fierce opponents, holding his [[scientific discovery|scientific discoveries]] in disdain.<ref name="Debré"/> For twenty years the future "Tiger"<ref>{{cite book  

|title=The Tiger: Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929

|title=The Tiger: Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929

|autor=George Adam

|autor=George Adam

|publisher=Jonathan Cape

|publisher=Jonathan Cape

|year=1930

|year=1930

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCteAAAAIAAJ&q=Clemenceau+Tiger&dq=Clemenceau+Tiger&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=1pWvUq7iFoW0tAa0ioBI&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ}}</ref> had been waiting for opportunity to thwart Pasteur and his methods.<ref name="Debré"/> What was at stake here was the very future of the vaccines. In 1886 Clemenceau joined Pasteur's adversaries, who were trying to discredit his method of antirabies vaccination whenever a death of patient occurred, and who were ready to unleash hostile campaigns at every opportunity.  The French press, and the scientific press in particular, facilitated this by their tendency to look for scandal wherever they could, and by the important position they had gained in society since the first half of the nineteenth century. Pasteur however had no doubts about the effectiveness of his vaccine, and he made sure to respond to every one of these hostile articles based on manipulative, aggressive and false accusations, whether in the general press or in specialized journals, defending his findings and his conclusions. Instead of using underhand means, Pasteur showed science in action, personifying the march of progress and at the same time casting his aggressive adversaries, along with other archaic opponents of his method, "into the shadowy realm of the wicked".<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=454-456|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Patrice+Debre+Louis+Pasteur&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=WpSvUvLLLYXYtAbtwICgBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Tiger&f=false|quote=...two other witnesses, both hostile to Pasteur method. ...and a little doctor in a black frock coat by the name of Georges Clemenceau. The future Tiger was indeed a fierce opponent of Pasteur. ...}}</ref>  

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCteAAAAIAAJ&q=Clemenceau+Tiger&dq=Clemenceau+Tiger&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=1pWvUq7iFoW0tAa0ioBI&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ}}</ref>, waited for an opportunity to thwart Pasteur and his methods.<ref name="Debré"/> In 1886 Clemenceau joined Pasteur's adversaries who tried to discredit his method of antirabies vaccination whenever a death of patient occurred. They were ready to unleash hostile campaigns in the French press that was always looking for scandal and also in the scientific press, that had gained an important position in society since the first half of the nineteenth century. What was at stake here was the very future of the vaccines.<ref name="Debré"/> Pasteur however had no doubts about the effectiveness of his vaccine. He made sure that every last hostile article based on manipulative, aggressive and false accusations, whether in the general press or in specialized journals, received his response in which he defended his findings and conclusions he had drawn from them. Instead of using the same underhand means he faced, Pasteur showed science in action and personified the march of progress. At the same time, Pasteur's aggressive adversaries were consumed by envy and "cast into the shadowy realm of the wicked", along with other archaic opponents of his method.<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=454-456|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Patrice+Debre+Louis+Pasteur&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=WpSvUvLLLYXYtAbtwICgBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Tiger&f=false|quote=...two other witnesses, both hostile to Pasteur method. ...and a little doctor in a black frock coat by the name of Georges Clemenceau. The future Tiger was indeed a fierce opponent of Pasteur. ...}}</ref>

 

== References ==

== References ==