Changes

The '''nuclear''', or '''constitutional, option''' is a parliamentary procedure that allows the [[United States Senate]] to override its own rules by majority vote. Senate rules require a three fifths, or 60 vote, "supermajority" to reach a decision in many situations. If the [[presiding officer]] rules that a motion raises a constitutional issue, the matter then goes immediately to the full senate. Since the Senate decides a constitutional issue by majorhttp://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Gold_Gupta_JLPP_article.pdfity vote, this procedure may be used to bypass any requirement for a supermajority. In general, the presiding officer follows precedent as interpreted by the parliamentarian. Unlike the Speaker of the House, he rarely uses his discretionary power.

The '''nuclear''', or '''constitutional, option''' is a parliamentary procedure that allows the [[United States Senate]] to override its own rules by majority vote. Senate rules require a three fifths, or 60 vote, "supermajority" to reach a decision in many situations. If the [[presiding officer]] rules that a motion raises a constitutional issue, the matter then goes immediately to the full senate. Since the Senate decides a constitutional issue by majority vote and without debate, this procedure may be used to bypass any requirement for a supermajority. In general, the presiding officer follows precedent as interpreted by the parliamentarian. Unlike the Speaker of the House, he rarely uses his discretionary power.

In 1892, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''United States v. Ballin'' that the House of Representatives is a parliamentary body and as such may established rules by majority vote. These rules may not violate fundamental rights or constitutional restraints, according to this opinion. ''Mason's Manual'' applies the principle to U.S. legislative bodies generally: "A deliberative body cannot by its own act or rule require a two-thirds vote to take any action where the constitution or controlling authority requires only a majority vote. To require a two-thirds vote, for example, to take any action would be to give to any number more than one-third of the members the power to defeat the action and amount to a delegation of the powers of the body to a minority."<ref>''Mason's Manual'', p, 353, 2000.</ref>

In 1892, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''United States v. Ballin'' that the House of Representatives is a parliamentary body and as such may established rules by majority vote. These rules may not violate fundamental rights or constitutional restraints, according to this opinion. ''Mason's Manual'' applies the principle to U.S. legislative bodies generally: "A deliberative body cannot by its own act or rule require a two-thirds vote to take any action where the constitution or controlling authority requires only a majority vote. To require a two-thirds vote, for example, to take any action would be to give to any number more than one-third of the members the power to defeat the action and amount to a delegation of the powers of the body to a minority."<ref>''Mason's Manual'', p, 353, 2000.</ref>

It has been argued that ''Ballin'' does not apply to the Senate because the Senate is in continuous session. As president of the Senate, Vice President Richard Nixon responded to a parliamentary inquiry on this matter in 1957. Nixon's opinion states that the constitution grants the presiding officer the authority to disregard Senate rules, provided that his ruling is later upheld by majority vote. This procedure Nixon outlined was used for the first time by Vice President Hubert Humphrey in 1967. In 1975, it was used three times. These votes were part a campaign which resulted in a dramatic reform of the [[filibuster]] that year.<ref>Martin Gold, Dimple Gupta, "[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Gold_Gupta_JLPP_article.pdf The constitutional option to change Senate rules and procedures: A majoritarian means to overcome the filibuster]"</ref> Senator Trent Lott applied the name "nuclear option" in 2003. The procedure was used again in November 2013 to revise rules concerning judicial and administrative nominations. Except for supreme court justice, these may now be confirmed by majority vote.

It has been argued that ''Ballin'' does not apply to the Senate because the Senate is in continuous session. As president of the Senate, Vice President Richard Nixon responded to a parliamentary inquiry on this matter in 1957. Nixon's opinion states that the constitution grants the presiding officer the authority to disregard Senate rules, provided that his ruling is later upheld by majority vote. This procedure Nixon outlined was used for the first time by Vice President Hubert Humphrey in 1967. In 1975, it was used three times. These votes were part a campaign which resulted in a dramatic reform of the [[filibuster]] that year.<ref>Martin Gold, Dimple Gupta, "[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Gold_Gupta_JLPP_article.pdf The constitutional option to change Senate rules and procedures: A majoritarian means to overcome the filibuster]"</ref> Senator Trent Lott applied the name "nuclear option" to the procedure in 2003. It was used again in November 2013 to revise rules concerning judicial and administrative nominations. Except for supreme court justice, these may now be confirmed by majority vote.

==References==

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Reflist|2}}