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===U.S. politics===

===U.S. politics===

Returning to the United States, Adams was defeated in 1802 for the U.S. House of Representatives, but in 1803 was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Massachusetts legislature, then controlled by the [[Federalist Party]].  Like other Federalists he attacked the Louisiana Purchase as "accomplished by a flagrant violation of the Constitution." Adams soon showed that spirit of political independence which was to characterize his entire career. Crossing party lines, he supported the impeachment of Federalist judges, and, most important, Jefferson's [[Embargo of 1807]], which was strenuously opposed by his constituents. The embargo vote alienated him completely from the Federalists, who denounced him publicly and secured his defeat in the senatorial election in June 1808.  Adams then joined the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]] and was now aligned with Jefferson and Madison.

Returning to the United States, Adams was defeated in 1802 for the U.S. House of Representatives, but in 1803 was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Massachusetts legislature, then controlled by the [[Federalist Party]].  Like other Federalists he attacked the Louisiana Purchase as "accomplished by a flagrant violation of the Constitution." Adams soon showed that spirit of political independence which was to characterize his entire career. Crossing party lines, he supported the impeachment of Federalist judges, and, most important, Jefferson's [[Embargo of 1807]], which was strenuously opposed by his constituents. The embargo vote alienated him completely from the Federalists, who denounced him publicly and secured his defeat in the senatorial election in June 1808.  Adams then joined the Jeffersonian Republicans and was aligned with Jefferson and Madison.

 

==Diplomat==

==Diplomat==

In 1809 the new President, [[James Madison]] appointed Adams to be the minister to Russia.  He remained there, even when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] invaded Russia unsuccessfully.  His career as a diplomat was immensely successful.  Adams was one of five diplomats who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with Britain; it ended the [[War of 1812]].   

In 1809 the new President, [[James Madison]] appointed Adams to be the minister to Russia.  He remained there, even when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] invaded Russia unsuccessfully.  His career as a diplomat was immensely successful.  Adams was one of five diplomats who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with Britain; it ended the [[War of 1812]].