Changes

==History==

==History==

===Jim Jones===

===Jim Jones===

James Warren Jones ("Jim Jones") was born on May 13, 1931 in Lynn, Indiana, the only child of James Thurmond and Lynetta Jones. He was an average child in elementary school, but in high school he was among the top of his class due to a high IQ.  He got along well with others, but he was charismatic and had learned how to manipulate and control them to his advantage.  Biographies of favorite world leaders were read, among them [[Machiavelli]], [[Mohandas K. Gandhi | Gandhi]], [[Marx]], [[Stalin]], and [[Hitler]].

James Warren Jones ("Jim Jones") was born on May 13, 1931 in Lynn, Indiana, the only child of James Thurmond and Lynetta Jones. He was an average child in elementary school, but in high school he was among the top of his class due to a high IQ.  He got along well with others, but he was charismatic and had learned how to manipulate and control them to his advantage.  Biographies of favorite world leaders were read, among them [[Machiavelli]], [[Mohandas K. Gandhi|Gandhi]], [[Marx]], [[Stalin]], and [[Hitler]].

At the same time as high school and [[World War II]] had ended, Jones was in the streets preaching.  Changing towns from Lynn to nearby Richmond, his message was one of racial equality, and he focused his efforts in the north side of town in a black residential area.  He was married in June, 1949, and ordained a minister by 1953; his effective preaching style would come out in Columbus, Indiana later that year.  Wanting his own congregation, he raised money by selling monkeys door-to-door, and rented a building in Indianapolis in a racially-mixed neighborhood where "Community Unity" was opened in 1954.

At the same time as high school and [[World War II]] had ended, Jones was in the streets preaching.  Changing towns from Lynn to nearby Richmond, his message was one of racial equality, and he focused his efforts in the north side of town in a black residential area.  He was married in June, 1949, and ordained a minister by 1953; his effective preaching style would come out in Columbus, Indiana later that year.  Wanting his own congregation, he raised money by selling monkeys door-to-door, and rented a building in Indianapolis in a racially-mixed neighborhood where "Community Unity" was opened in 1954.

In 1962 Jones and his wife Marceline (they were married in 1949) checked on the possibilities of moving the congregation out of the United States to British Guyana or Brazil in South America.  Both stayed in Brazil for two years serving orphanages, as well as looking into gaining some land to establish a colony.  Bad publicity had grown; the media was critical of Jones and his church, and defectors who left reported threats, beatings, and intimidation over the followers.  Long before, Jones had left the concept of Christianity as found in the Bible; replacing it was a form of socialism which rejected Christ, using as his philosophy a pair of trademarks he used: "the end justifies the means" and a

In 1962 Jones and his wife Marceline (they were married in 1949) checked on the possibilities of moving the congregation out of the United States to British Guyana or Brazil in South America.  Both stayed in Brazil for two years serving orphanages, as well as looking into gaining some land to establish a colony.  Bad publicity had grown; the media was critical of Jones and his church, and defectors who left reported threats, beatings, and intimidation over the followers.  Long before, Jones had left the concept of Christianity as found in the Bible; replacing it was a form of socialism which rejected Christ, using as his philosophy a pair of trademarks he used: "the end justifies the means" and a

"revivalistic embellishment of radical social critiques" (Hall, p.27). His religious cry for redemption was a mix of truth and lies about race, class, and the coming nuclear war.

"revivalistic embellishment of radical social critiques" (Hall, p. 27). His religious cry for redemption was a mix of truth and lies about race, class, and the coming nuclear war.

====San Francisco politics====

====San Francisco politics====

==References==

==References==

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[[category:cults]]

[[Category:Cults]]

[[category:Communism]]

[[Category:Communism]]