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Moss began her career in the Federal government as a dessert cook in government cafeterias and was promoted to a code clerk in the Pentagon. In 1945, she moved to a job as a clerk in the [[General Accounting Office]] (GAO).<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 447.</ref> [[Mary Stalcup Markward]], Moss' accuser, had been working undercover for the [[FBI]] for seven years as a member of the [[Washington, D.C.]] [[American Communist Party]], and she had worked as the director of the party's membership.
Moss began her career in the Federal government as a dessert cook in government cafeterias and was promoted to a code clerk in the Pentagon. In 1945, she moved to a job as a clerk in the [[General Accounting Office]] (GAO).<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 447.</ref> [[Mary Stalcup Markward]], Moss' accuser, had been working undercover for the [[FBI]] for seven years as a member of the [[Washington, D.C.]] [[American Communist Party]], and she had worked as the director of the party's membership.
The FBI had passed this information on to the Army and the Civil Service Commission, yet the Army had still hired Moss as a code clerk, and she was given clearance to do this work.<ref>M. Stanton Evans, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=689 How Senate Historian Botched Data on McCarthy],” ''Human Events'', May 23, 2003</ref> McCarthy’s chief purpose was to find out how Moss, with her Red background, had been promoted from a cafeteria worker to a Pentagon code clerk with access to classified information.<ref>Allan H. Ryskind, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=9669 George Clooney's Clueless Movie],” October 14, 2005</ref>
The FBI had passed this information on to the Army and the Civil Service Commission, yet the Army had still hired Moss as a code clerk, and she was given clearance to do this work.<ref>M. Stanton Evans, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=689 How Senate Historian Botched Data on McCarthy],” ''Human Events'', May 23, 2003</ref> McCarthy’s chief purpose was to find out how Moss, with her Red background, had been promoted from a cafeteria worker to a Pentagon code clerk with access to classified information.<ref name="George Clooney's Clueless Movie">Allan H. Ryskind, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=9669 George Clooney's Clueless Movie],” October 14, 2005</ref>
In October 1949, the GAO board cleared her,<ref>Donald A. Ritchie, [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume5.pdf “Introduction,” S. Prt. 107-84 – Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations (McCarthy Hearings 1953-54), Volume 5, “Editor’s Note,” p. XV (PDF p. 17)]</ref> determining that there were “no reasonable grounds” to believe that Moss was disloyal.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 448</ref>
In October 1949, the GAO board cleared her,<ref>Donald A. Ritchie, [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume5.pdf “Introduction,” S. Prt. 107-84 – Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations (McCarthy Hearings 1953-54), Volume 5, “Editor’s Note,” p. XV (PDF p. 17)]</ref> determining that there were “no reasonable grounds” to believe that Moss was disloyal.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 448</ref>
==The case==
==The case==
*Moss acknowledged that one of the top three Washington, D.C., Communists had visited her home and that she had lived, briefly, with an active party member who hosted Communist meetings at her house.<ref>Allan H. Ryskind, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=9669 George Clooney's Clueless Movie],” October 14, 2005</ref>
*Moss acknowledged that one of the top three Washington, D.C., Communists had visited her home and that she had lived, briefly, with an active party member who hosted Communist meetings at her house.<ref name="George Clooney's Clueless Movie"/>
*Copies of the Communist Party organ ''[[Daily Worker]]'' were delivered to Moss's home, addressed to her, but she denied that they were for her, and claimed that “there are three Annie Lee Mosses” in Washington, DC.<ref>The 1930 US Census for [[Washington, DC]], lists an "Annie K. Moss" born in [[1891]], wife of Otto Moss. There is also an "[[:Image:1930 census Moss 01.jpg|Anne Moss (1910-?) of Connecticut Avenue]]" born in 1910, wife of Benjamin Moss.</ref> At her testimony, Moss stated "We didn't get this Communist paper until after we had moved to Southwest, at 72 R Street."<ref name=Oshinsky>[http://www.oshinsky.org/ Oshinky]</ref> "[T]he address she gave in getting Government employment was the same as that of an Annie Lee Moss known to FBI Undercover Woman Mary Markward as a Communist."<ref>{{cite news
*Copies of the Communist Party organ ''[[Daily Worker]]'' were delivered to Moss's home, addressed to her, but she denied that they were for her, and claimed that “there are three Annie Lee Mosses” in Washington, DC.<ref>The 1930 US Census for [[Washington, DC]], lists an "Annie K. Moss" born in [[1891]], wife of Otto Moss. There is also an "[[:Image:1930 census Moss 01.jpg|Anne Moss (1910-?) of Connecticut Avenue]]" born in 1910, wife of Benjamin Moss.</ref> At her testimony, Moss stated "We didn't get this Communist paper until after we had moved to Southwest, at 72 R Street."<ref name=Oshinsky>[http://www.oshinsky.org/ Oshinky]</ref> "[T]he address she gave in getting Government employment was the same as that of an Annie Lee Moss known to FBI Undercover Woman Mary Markward as a Communist."<ref>{{cite news
| publisher = Free Press
| publisher = Free Press
| date = 1999
| date = 1999
| pages = pp 333+
| pages = 333+
| id = ISBN 0-684-83625-4 }}</ref><ref>
| isbn = 0-684-83625-4 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
| last = Herman
| last = Herman
| publisher = Free Press
| publisher = Free Press
| date = 1999
| date = 1999
| pages = pp 333+
| pages = 333+
| id = ISBN 0-684-83625-4 }}</ref> The SACB verdict was that the Communist Party membership rolls “corroborate Markward’s testimony in the Moss security hearings.”<ref>Allan H. Ryskind, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=9669 George Clooney's Clueless Movie],” October 14, 2005</ref> In its September 19, 1958, report, the SACB concluded, “the Communist Party’s charge that Markward gave perjurious testimony was not substantiated. Consequently, Mrs. Markward’s credibility is in no way impaired by the Annie Lee Moss matter.” <ref>M. Stanton Evans, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=689 How Senate Historian Botched Data on McCarthy],” ''Human Events’’, May 23, 2003</ref>
| isbn = 0-684-83625-4 }}</ref> The SACB verdict was that the Communist Party membership rolls “corroborate Markward’s testimony in the Moss security hearings.”<ref name="George Clooney's Clueless Movie"/> In its September 19, 1958, report, the SACB concluded, “the Communist Party’s charge that Markward gave perjurious testimony was not substantiated. Consequently, Mrs. Markward’s credibility is in no way impaired by the Annie Lee Moss matter.” <ref>M. Stanton Evans, “[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=689 How Senate Historian Botched Data on McCarthy],” ''Human Events’’, May 23, 2003</ref>
*Donald Ritchie, associate historian in the Senate Historical Office, "In 1958 the Subversive Activities Control Board confirmed Markward’s assertion that Moss’ name had appeared on the Communist party rolls in the mid-1940s."<ref>Ritchie, 2003, p. XV</ref> The SACB report states:
*Donald Ritchie, associate historian in the Senate Historical Office, "In 1958 the Subversive Activities Control Board confirmed Markward’s assertion that Moss’ name had appeared on the Communist party rolls in the mid-1940s."<ref>Ritchie, 2003, p. XV</ref> The SACB report states:
<blockquote>"We conclude that upon production of the documents demanded by respondent, the Communist party's charge that Markward gave perjure testimony was not sustained. Consequently, Mrs. Markward's testimony is in no way impaired by the Annie Lee Moss matter."<ref>Subversive Activities Control Board, Docket No. 51-101, William P. Rogers, Attorney General of the U.S. v. The Communist Party of the U.S., recommended decision on second remand, September 19, 1958, p. 5</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"We conclude that upon production of the documents demanded by respondent, the Communist party's charge that Markward gave perjure testimony was not sustained. Consequently, Mrs. Markward's testimony is in no way impaired by the Annie Lee Moss matter."<ref>Subversive Activities Control Board, Docket No. 51-101, William P. Rogers, Attorney General of the U.S. v. The Communist Party of the U.S., recommended decision on second remand, September 19, 1958, p. 5</ref></blockquote>
*In the landmark [[United States Supreme Court]] decision of ''Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board'', 367 U.S. 1, 86 (1961)<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0367_0001_ZO.html Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1, 86 (1961)]</ref>, Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] (who had been a mentor of and character witness for [[Alger Hiss]]) , writing for the majority, noted in response to allegations by the Communist Party that Markward had committed perjury, “On December 18, 1956, the [Subversive Activities Control] Board issued its 240-page Modified Report. It found that Mrs. Markward was a credible witness....”
*In the landmark [[United States Supreme Court]] decision of ''Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board'', 367 U.S. 1, 86 (1961),<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0367_0001_ZO.html Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1, 86 (1961)]</ref> Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] (who had been a mentor of and character witness for [[Alger Hiss]]) , writing for the majority, noted in response to allegations by the Communist Party that Markward had committed perjury, “On December 18, 1956, the [Subversive Activities Control] Board issued its 240-page Modified Report. It found that Mrs. Markward was a credible witness....”
*The [[US Army]] charged Moss with being card number 37269 in the [[American Communist Party]], saying she was issued the card in 1943.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mrs. Moss Is Accused As Card-Carrying Red. |url= |quote=[[Washington, DC]], August 5, 1954 ([[Associated Press]]) A report that Annie Lee Moss was given a Communist party membership book for 1943 resulted in her suspension for a second time from her job with the [[Army Signal Corps]]. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=August 6, 1954 |accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref>
*The [[US Army]] charged Moss with being card number 37269 in the [[American Communist Party]], saying she was issued the card in 1943.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mrs. Moss Is Accused As Card-Carrying Red. |url= |quote=[[Washington, DC]], August 5, 1954 ([[Associated Press]]) A report that Annie Lee Moss was given a Communist party membership book for 1943 resulted in her suspension for a second time from her job with the [[Army Signal Corps]]. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=August 6, 1954 |accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref>
From 1943 to 1949, Mary Markward had held such positions in the Communist Party as membership director and treasurer, reporting regularly to the FBI, providing copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 459.</ref>
From 1943 to 1949, Mary Markward had held such positions in the Communist Party as membership director and treasurer, reporting regularly to the FBI, providing copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 459.</ref>
At an executive session of HUAC on February 22, 1954, Markward identified Annie Lee Moss as a former cafeteria worker whose name had appeared on the Communist party’s membership rolls in 1944. Immediately following this executive session, Markward testified in a public hearing that as treasurer of the Northeast Club of the Communist party that she had seen “a woman by the name of Annie Lee Moss on the list of card-carrying, dues-paying members” of the Communist Party membership rolls. <ref>Ritchie, 2003, p. XIV</ref>
At an executive session of HUAC on February 22, 1954, Markward identified Annie Lee Moss as a former cafeteria worker whose name had appeared on the Communist party’s membership rolls in 1944. Immediately following this executive session, Markward testified in a public hearing that as treasurer of the Northeast Club of the Communist party that she had seen “a woman by the name of Annie Lee Moss on the list of card-carrying, dues-paying members” of the Communist Party membership rolls.<ref>Ritchie, 2003, p. XIV</ref>
At her first loyalty hearing, Moss admitted attending a meeting, which she claimed she expected would be a “social affair,” only to realize it was a Communist meeting. In 1954, she told HUAC that she had accompanied an acquaintance to yet another meeting, this time at the church down the street that hosted Communist Party meetings. She claimed not to know that the acquaintance was an active member of the Communist party.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 451.</ref>
At her first loyalty hearing, Moss admitted attending a meeting, which she claimed she expected would be a “social affair,” only to realize it was a Communist meeting. In 1954, she told HUAC that she had accompanied an acquaintance to yet another meeting, this time at the church down the street that hosted Communist Party meetings. She claimed not to know that the acquaintance was an active member of the Communist party.<ref>Friedman, 2007, p. 451.</ref>
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
<small>
<small>
*[[New York Times]]; February 24, 1954. McCarthy Says Red Decodes Secrets, But Army Denies It; Senator Charges Woman Is Still In Key Job. She Says She Never Was Communist [[FBI]] Ex-Aide Testifies Asserts Accused Was In Party -- Pentagon Insists She Had No Access To Vital Room McCarthy Accuses Employee Of Army. [[Washington, D.C.]], February 24, 1954. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy engaged the Army today in another verbal duel over an alleged Communist in the Pentagon's Signal Corps communications center.
*[[New York Times]]; February 24, 1954. McCarthy Says Red Decodes Secrets, But Army Denies It; Senator Charges Woman Is Still In Key Job. She Says She Never Was Communist [[FBI]] Ex-Aide Testifies Asserts Accused Was In Party—Pentagon Insists She Had No Access To Vital Room McCarthy Accuses Employee Of Army. [[Washington, D.C.]], February 24, 1954. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy engaged the Army today in another verbal duel over an alleged Communist in the Pentagon's Signal Corps communications center.
*[[New York Times]]; March 12, 1954. Cohn Scored When Woman Denies McCarthy’s Charges; Mrs. Moss Counters Accusation As Red While Senators Decry 'Innuendo'. Crowd Applauds Hearing Scene Red Denial Stirs McCarthy Session. [[Washington, DC]], March 11, 1954. Mrs. Annie Lee Moss, suspended [[Army Signal Corps]] employee, softly but flatly denied all Communist party activities or membership today.
*[[New York Times]]; March 12, 1954. Cohn Scored When Woman Denies McCarthy’s Charges; Mrs. Moss Counters Accusation As Red While Senators Decry 'Innuendo'. Crowd Applauds Hearing Scene Red Denial Stirs McCarthy Session. [[Washington, DC]], March 11, 1954. Mrs. Annie Lee Moss, suspended [[Army Signal Corps]] employee, softly but flatly denied all Communist party activities or membership today.
*[[New York Times]]; August 5, 1954. Mrs. Moss ousted by Army again. Pentagon Reports New Data on Case of Employee Called Communist by McCarthy. [[Washington, DC]], August 4, 1954 ([[United Press]]). The Army suspended Mrs. Annie Lee Moss from her Pentagon job for the second time today pending final settlement of her security case.
*[[New York Times]]; August 5, 1954. Mrs. Moss ousted by Army again. Pentagon Reports New Data on Case of Employee Called Communist by McCarthy. [[Washington, DC]], August 4, 1954 ([[United Press]]). The Army suspended Mrs. Annie Lee Moss from her Pentagon job for the second time today pending final settlement of her security case.