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The firman of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror dated 1464 gave the city of Sarajevo freedom from any type of extraordinary taxation, a privilege which was retained throughout the epoch of Ottoman rule. The privilege was granted in return for the strong defense of the Sultan's territory against the invasion of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Sarajevo's peculiar position allowed the development of self-confident local government, which rivaled the administrative center of Travnik as the focal point of Ottoman Bosnia.  

The firman of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror dated 1464 gave the city of Sarajevo freedom from any type of extraordinary taxation, a privilege which was retained throughout the epoch of Ottoman rule. The privilege was granted in return for the strong defense of the Sultan's territory against the invasion of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Sarajevo's peculiar position allowed the development of self-confident local government, which rivaled the administrative center of Travnik as the focal point of Ottoman Bosnia.  

Sabit Alauddin was a famous South Slav poet who used Turkish in his writings. He was a 'cadi' (judge) and mullah in Sarajevo, 1700-02, when the town's population was decreasing due to war, pestilence, and hunger.  

Sabit Alauddin was a famous South Slav poet who used Turkish in his writings. He was a 'cadi' (judge) and mullah in Sarajevo, 1700–02, when the town's population was decreasing due to war, pestilence, and hunger.  

As the [[Ottoman Empire]] disintegrated in the 19th century, the city send soldiers to fight. Sarajevo Serbs were active in the first Serbian uprising against the Turks in 1804-13.  

As the [[Ottoman Empire]] disintegrated in the 19th century, the city send soldiers to fight. Sarajevo Serbs were active in the first Serbian uprising against the Turks in 1804-13.  

===Austrian control: 1878-1918===

===Austrian control: 1878-1918===

The second burst of growth came under the Austro-Hungarian regime, 1878-1918 when Bosnians, Serbs, Austrians, Czechs, and Croats made it a cosmopolitan city.  A classical Ottoman town, Sarajevo began to acquire a European flavor after the Austrian Habsburg monarchy took over the city and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878. The physical transformation of Sarajevo is attributable to Josip Vancas (1859-1932), an influential architect who sought to introduce certain Viennese features to the regional center, such as the Ringstrasse and scores of buildings emulating those in the Habsburg capital. Demographically, Ashkenazi Jews and Evangelical Christians migrated to Sarajevo during this period of Europeanization. A limited form of democracy began to take hold under the leadership of conservative, neoabsolutist Benjámin Kállay von Nagy-Kálló (1839-1903), the Habsburg joint minister of finance in Vienna from 1882 to 1903, who believed that government, besides being absolute, should be fair and generous.<ref>Robert J.Donia, "Fin-de-siecle Sarajevo: the Habsburg Transformation of an Ottoman Town," ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 2002 33: 43-75, </ref>  

The second burst of growth came under the Austro-Hungarian regime, 1878-1918 when Bosnians, Serbs, Austrians, Czechs, and Croats made it a cosmopolitan city.  A classical Ottoman town, Sarajevo began to acquire a European flavor after the Austrian Habsburg monarchy took over the city and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878. The physical transformation of Sarajevo is attributable to Josip Vancas (1859-1932), an influential architect who sought to introduce certain Viennese features to the regional center, such as the Ringstrasse and scores of buildings emulating those in the Habsburg capital. Demographically, Ashkenazi Jews and Evangelical Christians migrated to Sarajevo during this period of Europeanization. A limited form of democracy began to take hold under the leadership of conservative, neoabsolutist Benjámin Kállay von Nagy-Kálló (1839-1903), the Habsburg joint minister of finance in Vienna from 1882 to 1903, who believed that government, besides being absolute, should be fair and generous.<ref>Robert J.Donia, "Fin-de-siecle Sarajevo: the Habsburg Transformation of an Ottoman Town," ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 2002 33: 43-75,</ref>  

===Yugoslavia: 1918-1990===

===Yugoslavia: 1918-1990===

Finally [[NATO]] intervention ended the war, through the NATO-led Implementation Force in Bosnia (IFOR) and the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia (SFOR). The threat of allied air attacks finally forced the Serbs to compromise.  The U.S. sent 38,000 troops in Bosnia; the last ones left in 2006.

Finally [[NATO]] intervention ended the war, through the NATO-led Implementation Force in Bosnia (IFOR) and the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia (SFOR). The threat of allied air attacks finally forced the Serbs to compromise.  The U.S. sent 38,000 troops in Bosnia; the last ones left in 2006.

The 1995 Dayton Agreement, signed by leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia and brokered by President [[Bill Clinton]], divided Bosnia into separate ethnic regions; the goal was to settle peace between the Bosnians and Serbs. Dayton, however, unintentionally ensured that the Serbian inhabitants of Sarajevo and its suburbs would be forced to leave during 1996-98. Though many envisioned that following Dayton, Sarajevo would be governed by three ethnic groups, Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milosevic]] unexpectedly allowed the Bosnians to control the city and much of the surrounding region. Although they were strongly urged to encourage the Serbs to stay in Bosnian-controlled Sarajevo, Bosnian authorities appeared unwilling or unable to control the sometimes violent intimidation of Serbs by Bosnians. Many Serbs who decided to flee Sarajevo participated in looting of local factories, businesses, and homes, and coerced fellow Serbs to also leave the region. Unable to provide adequate security for the remaining Serb population, NATO organizations also failed to maintain a multiethnic region and stem the Serb exodus from Sarajevo.<ref> Louis Sell, "The Serb Flight from Sarajevo: Dayton's First Failure," ''East European Politics & Societies'' 2000 14(1): 179-202,</ref>  

The 1995 Dayton Agreement, signed by leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia and brokered by President [[Bill Clinton]], divided Bosnia into separate ethnic regions; the goal was to settle peace between the Bosnians and Serbs. Dayton, however, unintentionally ensured that the Serbian inhabitants of Sarajevo and its suburbs would be forced to leave during 1996-98. Though many envisioned that following Dayton, Sarajevo would be governed by three ethnic groups, Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milosevic]] unexpectedly allowed the Bosnians to control the city and much of the surrounding region. Although they were strongly urged to encourage the Serbs to stay in Bosnian-controlled Sarajevo, Bosnian authorities appeared unwilling or unable to control the sometimes violent intimidation of Serbs by Bosnians. Many Serbs who decided to flee Sarajevo participated in looting of local factories, businesses, and homes, and coerced fellow Serbs to also leave the region. Unable to provide adequate security for the remaining Serb population, NATO organizations also failed to maintain a multiethnic region and stem the Serb exodus from Sarajevo.<ref>Louis Sell, "The Serb Flight from Sarajevo: Dayton's First Failure," ''East European Politics & Societies'' 2000 14(1): 179-202,</ref>  

Sarajevo survived and bounced back quite well. By 2002 the city boasted a bustling tourist economy, a host of reconstructed historical buildings, and a relatively stable and modern path of urban development.

Sarajevo survived and bounced back quite well. By 2002 the city boasted a bustling tourist economy, a host of reconstructed historical buildings, and a relatively stable and modern path of urban development.

==see also==

==See also==

* [[Yugoslavia]]

* [[Yugoslavia]]

====references====

====References====

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[[Category:Balkans]]

[[Category:Balkans]]

[[Category:Capital Cities]]

[[Category:Capital Cities]]