Changes

*And the identification of 19th Dynasty pharaoh [[Ramesses II]] as the either the pharaoh of the oppression, or as the pharaoh of [[the Exodus]].

*And the identification of 19th Dynasty pharaoh [[Ramesses II]] as the either the pharaoh of the oppression, or as the pharaoh of [[the Exodus]].

Of these, the one date beyond dispute is the 664 B.C. sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal.  As to the remainder, the identity of Shoshenq I as Shishak was based solely on a reading of the text of the Bubasite Portal at the Temple of Karnak near Thebes by [[Jean-François Champollion]] on his only trip to Egypt in the mid-1800’s after he successfully deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphic language.  On the Portal is a list of cities Shoshenq I had conquered in his campaign, and the 29th city Champollion read it as ''y-w-d-h-m-r-k,'' surmising that it meant “Judah Kingdom” (Hebrew ''Yhuda Malkhut'': יְהוּדָה מַלְכוּת).  But it is not the word “Jerusalem,” which is not only not where it should be on the portal, it in fact it is not there at all. A highly important city such as Jerusalem, the capitol of a nation, should have merited mention in Shoshenq’s campaign.  Shishak, Rohl contends, should be identified with Ramesses II, making another pharaoh, Dudimose I, the pharaoh of the Exodus instead.   

Of these, the one date beyond dispute is the 664 B.C. sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal.  As to the remainder, the identity of Shoshenq I as Shishak was based solely on a reading of the text of the Bubasite Portal at the Temple of Karnak near Thebes by [[Jean-François Champollion]] on his only trip to Egypt in the mid-1800s after he successfully deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphic language.  On the Portal is a list of cities Shoshenq I had conquered in his campaign, and the 29th city Champollion read it as ''y-w-d-h-m-r-k,'' surmising that it meant “Judah Kingdom” (Hebrew ''Yhuda Malkhut'': יְהוּדָה מַלְכוּת).  But it is not the word “Jerusalem,” which is not only not where it should be on the portal, it in fact it is not there at all. A highly important city such as Jerusalem, the capitol of a nation, should have merited mention in Shoshenq’s campaign.  Shishak, Rohl contends, should be identified with Ramesses II, making another pharaoh, Dudimose I, the pharaoh of the Exodus instead.   

Rohl also contends the the Ebers [[Papyrus]] is mis-read, insisting that it be understood as evidence for a reformation of the Egyptian calendar.

Rohl also contends the Ebers [[Papyrus]] is mis-read, insisting that it be understood as evidence for a reformation of the Egyptian calendar.

Working with the 664 B.C. date the early scholars counted back regnal years to set remaining dates, sometimes stretching pharaonic rules to fill in gaps.  The problem in the setting of the conventional chronology arose when researchers searched for evidence they expected to find regarding the Biblical accounts; searching in what appeared to be the logical sites in the time periods in question (Late [[Bronze Age]] to [[Iron Age]] IIC) they found little to nothing, thus relegating a large part of the Biblical story, from the Creation of [[Genesis]] to major portion of the books of Kings and Chronicles to mythology.  The age of the early kings of [[Israel]] was determined to have taken place, not in splendor, but in relative poverty, with no evidence of the major building works built by [[Solomon]].  The restructuring of Egyptian chronology according to the New Chronology indicates that the early Victorian [[archaeologist]]s merely made a series of wrong assumptions and mistakes in their eagerness to document Egypt.

Working with the 664 B.C. date the early scholars counted back regnal years to set remaining dates, sometimes stretching pharaonic rules to fill in gaps.  The problem in the setting of the conventional chronology arose when researchers searched for evidence they expected to find regarding the Biblical accounts; searching in what appeared to be the logical sites in the time periods in question (Late [[Bronze Age]] to [[Iron Age]] IIC) they found little to nothing, thus relegating a large part of the Biblical story, from the Creation of [[Genesis]] to major portion of the books of Kings and Chronicles to mythology.  The age of the early kings of [[Israel]] was determined to have taken place, not in splendor, but in relative poverty, with no evidence of the major building works built by [[Solomon]].  The restructuring of Egyptian chronology according to the New Chronology indicates that the early Victorian [[archaeologist]]s merely made a series of wrong assumptions and mistakes in their eagerness to document Egypt.

In the millennia before the construction of the Aswan High Dam, the annual flooding of the Nile River brought with it silt from the mountains of central Africa, to be deposited on either side of the Nile and in the Nile Delta region.  This silt fertilized the area, allowing for crops to be grown.  In ancient Egypt records were kept in various cities and temples recording the annual floods and the amount of crops harvested.  The evidence for seven years of plenty, followed by seven years of famine in this pharaoh’s reign was documented by Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius of Germany, who worked on the Nile at the Second Cataract where stood the ancient fortresses of Semma and Kumma.  There he found written records of the Nile floods during Amenemhat’s reign, where the average height recorded was some eleven to twelve meters above normal flood stage, which meant a good harvest.

In the millennia before the construction of the Aswan High Dam, the annual flooding of the Nile River brought with it silt from the mountains of central Africa, to be deposited on either side of the Nile and in the Nile Delta region.  This silt fertilized the area, allowing for crops to be grown.  In ancient Egypt records were kept in various cities and temples recording the annual floods and the amount of crops harvested.  The evidence for seven years of plenty, followed by seven years of famine in this pharaoh’s reign was documented by Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius of Germany, who worked on the Nile at the Second Cataract where stood the ancient fortresses of Semma and Kumma.  There he found written records of the Nile floods during Amenemhat’s reign, where the average height recorded was some eleven to twelve meters above normal flood stage, which meant a good harvest.

But by the twelfth year of his rule, however, the recorded floods were at 17 meters, increasing the silt amount; this resulted in a dramatic increase in the crop yield, which continued for over seven years.  This was followed by documentation recording the increase of flood waters to an average of twenty-one meters for another seven years, increasing the amount of water in the Delta, and preventing the planting of crops until the waters receeded, which by the time that happened it would have been too late in the year to do so.  Since a very-low crop yield would have inevitably been followed by famine, the effects would have been devastating all over the Levant, as Nile Delta crops were exported to that location.

But by the twelfth year of his rule, however, the recorded floods were at 17 meters, increasing the silt amount; this resulted in a dramatic increase in the crop yield, which continued for over seven years.  This was followed by documentation recording the increase of flood waters to an average of twenty-one meters for another seven years, increasing the amount of water in the Delta, and preventing the planting of crops until the waters receded, which by the time that happened it would have been too late in the year to do so.  Since a very-low crop yield would have inevitably been followed by famine, the effects would have been devastating all over the Levant, as Nile Delta crops were exported to that location.

    

    

Prior to the famine, Amenemhat was a mediocre ruler, having to deal with a number of local chieftans who were in actual control of large parts of Egypt.  Many of the tombs which date in the period prior to Amenemhat show signs of the wealth used to construct them; one, that of Khnumhotep, has a painted scene showing a caravan from Midian, similar to the traders who had bought Joseph from his brothers in Genesis 37.  However, during Amenemhat’s reign, the elaborate tombs ceased to exist.  Genesis 47 records the wealthy being forced to sell their possessions, their land, even their lives to Pharaoh in exchange for grain to survive the famine, which made Amenemhat one of Egypt’s most powerful pharaohs.

Prior to the famine, Amenemhat was a mediocre ruler, having to deal with a number of local chieftans who were in actual control of large parts of Egypt.  Many of the tombs which date in the period prior to Amenemhat show signs of the wealth used to construct them; one, that of Khnumhotep, has a painted scene showing a caravan from Midian, similar to the traders who had bought Joseph from his brothers in Genesis 37.  However, during Amenemhat’s reign, the elaborate tombs ceased to exist.  Genesis 47 records the wealthy being forced to sell their possessions, their land, even their lives to Pharaoh in exchange for grain to survive the famine, which made Amenemhat one of Egypt’s most powerful pharaohs.

According to advocates of the late-date theory of the Exodus, Moses left Egypt with the Hebrews about 1291 B.C. while Ramesses II sat on the throne; early-date theorists state 1441 B.C. under Amenhotep II.  Despite their sojourn in Egypt for several centuries and a minimum population of 600,000, little to no evidence has been found in the archaeological or written records during the dates in question.  The New Chronology attempts to correct this discrepancy.   

According to advocates of the late-date theory of the Exodus, Moses left Egypt with the Hebrews about 1291 B.C. while Ramesses II sat on the throne; early-date theorists state 1441 B.C. under Amenhotep II.  Despite their sojourn in Egypt for several centuries and a minimum population of 600,000, little to no evidence has been found in the archaeological or written records during the dates in question.  The New Chronology attempts to correct this discrepancy.   

Eusebius, an early Christian historian, quoted a book titled ''Peri Ioudaion'' by the 3rd century B.C. Jewish historian Artapanus, who had access to the written records in the Egyptian temples and the Library of Alexandria.  Artapanus wrote that a pharaoh named Palmanothes had persecuted the Hebrews; during this time his daughter Merris adopted a Hebrew child which she named Mousos, who grew up to be an administrator and military leader during the rule of her husband, Khenephres.  Mousos' popularity had grown with the conquest of Ethiopia, causing Mousos to flee from Khenephres' jealous wrath, eventually settling in Arabia.  In the corrected dating of the New Chronology, the pharoah in question was the powerful Sobekhotep IV, who took the coronation name of ''Khaneferre'' when he inherited the throne.  Both the Greek word ''Khenephres'' and the Egyptian ''Khaneferre'' mean "beautiful appearing of Re", and Sobekhotep IV was the only known pharaoh to bear this name.

Eusebius, an early Christian historian, quoted a book titled ''Peri Ioudaion'' by the 3rd century B.C. Jewish historian Artapanus, who had access to the written records in the Egyptian temples and the Library of Alexandria.  Artapanus wrote that a pharaoh named Palmanothes had persecuted the Hebrews; during this time his daughter Merris adopted a Hebrew child which she named Mousos, who grew up to be an administrator and military leader during the rule of her husband, Khenephres.  Mousos' popularity had grown with the conquest of Ethiopia, causing Mousos to flee from Khenephres' jealous wrath, eventually settling in Arabia.  In the corrected dating of the New Chronology, the pharaoh in question was the powerful Sobekhotep IV, who took the coronation name of ''Khaneferre'' when he inherited the throne.  Both the Greek word ''Khenephres'' and the Egyptian ''Khaneferre'' mean "beautiful appearing of Re", and Sobekhotep IV was the only known pharaoh to bear this name.

The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, writing in his ''Antiquities of the Jews'', also mentioned the Ethiopian (Kush) campaign under Moses, who invaded that country by way of the Nile Valley, going south well past the Third Cataract.  A stela in the British Museum dedicated to Sobekhotep IV confirms this invasion; indeed, it is the only record of a 13th Dynasty pharaoh undertaking such an operation.  A statue of Sobekhotep IV was also found at Kerma deep inside Kush near the ruins of an ancient Egyptian building which may have been built to secure Egyptian interests after the conquest.

The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, writing in his ''Antiquities of the Jews'', also mentioned the Ethiopian (Kush) campaign under Moses, who invaded that country by way of the Nile Valley, going south well past the Third Cataract.  A stela in the British Museum dedicated to Sobekhotep IV confirms this invasion; indeed, it is the only record of a 13th Dynasty pharaoh undertaking such an operation.  A statue of Sobekhotep IV was also found at Kerma deep inside Kush near the ruins of an ancient Egyptian building which may have been built to secure Egyptian interests after the conquest.

| 1751–1740

| 1751–1740

| 1540-1530

| 1540-1530

| Pharoah of the oppression

| Pharaoh of the oppression

|-

|-

| Sihathor

| Sihathor

After Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt they had wandered the wilderness of Sinai for 40 years until the conquest of the Promised Land under Joshua took place.  The conventional chronology had this event taking place during the Early Iron Age IA in the 12th century B.C.  Under the New Chronology this takes place in the Middle Bronze Age IIB, where an abundance of supportive evidence is found.

After Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt they had wandered the wilderness of Sinai for 40 years until the conquest of the Promised Land under Joshua took place.  The conventional chronology had this event taking place during the Early Iron Age IA in the 12th century B.C.  Under the New Chronology this takes place in the Middle Bronze Age IIB, where an abundance of supportive evidence is found.

Dame Kathleen Kenyon of the London Institute of Archaeology excavated the city of Jericho, the first major conquest by Joshua, in the 1950’s, finding a Middle Bronze Age ingeniously defended by means of a wall 12 feet thick on a slope which was plastered smooth, preventing the enemy from gaining a foothold should they get past a deep ditch which was just outside the walls.  The ditch itself was filled with bricks from the city walls, indicating the walls were pulled down.  However, she could not connect this evidence with Joshua, as she was using the conventional chronology.   

Dame Kathleen Kenyon of the London Institute of Archaeology excavated the city of Jericho, the first major conquest by Joshua, in the 1950s, finding a Middle Bronze Age ingeniously defended by means of a wall 12 feet thick on a slope which was plastered smooth, preventing the enemy from gaining a foothold should they get past a deep ditch which was just outside the walls.  The ditch itself was filled with bricks from the city walls, indicating the walls were pulled down.  However, she could not connect this evidence with Joshua, as she was using the conventional chronology.   

Placing it within the time frame of the New Chronology confirms Joshua’s actions.  The remains of the city wall’s bricks within the ditch would have allowed an army to penetrate rapidly into the city (Joshua 6).  Further evidence found were many large jars filled with carbonized grain as well as other supplies and good, indicating the city had fallen quickly.  These supplies were also burned; the evidence of fire destroying every part of Jericho is overwhelming, as is recorded in Joshua 6:24; in places the layer of ash was more than three feet thick.  The city was not resettled for well over 500 years, when in 850 B.C. King Ahab ordered a rebuilding to take place, which was confirmed in the archaeological record as taking place during the Late Bronze Age.

Placing it within the time frame of the New Chronology confirms Joshua’s actions.  The remains of the city wall’s bricks within the ditch would have allowed an army to penetrate rapidly into the city (Joshua 6).  Further evidence found were many large jars filled with carbonized grain as well as other supplies and good, indicating the city had fallen quickly.  These supplies were also burned; the evidence of fire destroying every part of Jericho is overwhelming, as is recorded in Joshua 6:24; in places the layer of ash was more than three feet thick.  The city was not resettled for well over 500 years, when in 850 B.C. King Ahab ordered a rebuilding to take place, which was confirmed in the archaeological record as taking place during the Late Bronze Age.

Saul and his sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malkishua were killed in battle with the Philistines near Mt. Gilboa in the Jezreel Valley, not too far from Meggido.  The event is recorded in 1 Samuel 31.  In EA 245, a ruler of a city-state, Addu-qarrad of Gitti-padalla,  wrote to pharaoh ''"Why did you give into the hand of the king your lord Gitti-padalla, a city that Lab'aya our father had taken?" Thus the two sons of Lab'aya said to me: "Make war against the men of Qina, because they killed our father!”''  In the Bible, Qina was called En-Ganim.

Saul and his sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malkishua were killed in battle with the Philistines near Mt. Gilboa in the Jezreel Valley, not too far from Meggido.  The event is recorded in 1 Samuel 31.  In EA 245, a ruler of a city-state, Addu-qarrad of Gitti-padalla,  wrote to pharaoh ''"Why did you give into the hand of the king your lord Gitti-padalla, a city that Lab'aya our father had taken?" Thus the two sons of Lab'aya said to me: "Make war against the men of Qina, because they killed our father!”''  In the Bible, Qina was called En-Ganim.

EA 252, the letter from Labayu warning pharaoh, was studied extensively in the early 1940's by William Albright, the American archaeologist.  He determined that the writer of the tablet knew little of the Akkadian language, which was the common correspondence between countries in that time period; intead the language was first written in Hebrew, then translated idiomatically into Akkadian.  Essentially, the letter was from an untutored or uneducated man from humble beginnings who grew into a powerful ruler, which was exactly Saul.

EA 252, the letter from Labayu warning pharaoh, was studied extensively in the early 1940s by William Albright, the American archaeologist.  He determined that the writer of the tablet knew little of the Akkadian language, which was the common correspondence between countries in that time period; intead the language was first written in Hebrew, then translated idiomatically into Akkadian.  Essentially, the letter was from an untutored or uneducated man from humble beginnings who grew into a powerful ruler, which was exactly Saul.

In Psalm 57 Saul's bodyguards are called ''lebaim'', a Hebrew word meaning ''lions''.  David, as he is hiding from Saul's men in the cave of En-Gedi (I Samuel 24), he is writing:  

In Psalm 57 Saul's bodyguards are called ''lebaim'', a Hebrew word meaning ''lions''.  David, as he is hiding from Saul's men in the cave of En-Gedi (I Samuel 24), he is writing:  

*In 1 Samuel 13:3-5, Jonathan smashed the Philistine pillar at Gibeah.  This event was also mentioned by Labayu in EA 252.

*In 1 Samuel 13:3-5, Jonathan smashed the Philistine pillar at Gibeah.  This event was also mentioned by Labayu in EA 252.

*In 1 Samuel 20:30-31, Saul reprimands his son Jonathan for consorting with David; in EA 254, Labayu does the same.

*In 1 Samuel 20:30-31, Saul reprimands his son Jonathan for consorting with David; in EA 254, Labayu does the same.

Amenhotep IV's inaction in the matter of Labayu is easily explained.  He became a pacifist, a monotheistic revolutionary who turned Egypt's religious structure upside-down with his insistance that they worship one god, the sun (Aten); he changed his name to [[Akhetaten]] as a result.  By the time the powerful military commander [[Horemheb]] took control as pharaoh, the conquest of the Promised Land under David was complete.  When Solomon sat on the throne, he was powerful enough to have an Egyptian princess as his wife and marriage alliance.

Amenhotep IV's inaction in the matter of Labayu is easily explained.  He became a pacifist, a monotheistic revolutionary who turned Egypt's religious structure upside-down with his insistence that they worship one god, the sun (Aten); he changed his name to [[Akhetaten]] as a result.  By the time the powerful military commander [[Horemheb]] took control as pharaoh, the conquest of the Promised Land under David was complete.  When Solomon sat on the throne, he was powerful enough to have an Egyptian princess as his wife and marriage alliance.

==References==

==References==