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==Analogy and Argument from Analogy in Science==

==Analogy and Argument from Analogy in Science==

Despite that in [[Exact sciences|science]] an analogy is considered a legitimate device in process of searching for [[Explanation in science|scientific explanation]] of [[phenomena]] under investigation (i.e. it has a legitimate [[heuristic]] use),<ref name="Leatherdale">{{cite book |author=W. H. Leatherdale|title=The role of analogy, model, and metaphor in science|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|year=1974|page=181|isbn=9780720480221|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=98GwUevjOaKJ4gTX9ICwCw&id=1JI1AAAAIAAJ&dq=leatherdale+the+role+of+analogy&q=legitimate#search_anchor|quote=}}</ref> it cannot serve as [[Scientific evidence|proof]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=260|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=ouis+Pasteur+Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R6mwUfe1Cuqw4QSS64GYAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy&f=false|quote=Pasteur...went up to ... offer his criticism:...Analogy cannot serve as proof.}}</ref> Analogies are also suggestive, however the suggestions they make are often the source of errors which would otherwise have been avoided.<ref name="Leatherdale"/> Darwin has been often criticised for using the argument from analogy<ref name="Larson">{{cite book

Despite that in [[Exact sciences|science]] an analogy is considered a legitimate device in process of searching for [[Explanation in science|scientific explanation]] of [[phenomena]] under investigation (i.e. it has a legitimate [[heuristic]] use),<ref name="Leatherdale">{{cite book |author=W. H. Leatherdale|title=The role of analogy, model, and metaphor in science|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|year=1974|page=181|isbn=9780720480221|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=98GwUevjOaKJ4gTX9ICwCw&id=1JI1AAAAIAAJ&dq=leatherdale+the+role+of+analogy&q=legitimate#search_anchor|quote=}}</ref> it cannot serve as [[Scientific evidence|proof]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=260|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=ouis+Pasteur+Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R6mwUfe1Cuqw4QSS64GYAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy&f=false|quote=Pasteur...went up to ... offer his criticism:...Analogy cannot serve as proof.}}</ref> Analogies are also suggestive, however the suggestions they make are often the source of errors which would otherwise have been avoided.<ref name="Leatherdale"/> Darwin has been often criticised for using the argument from analogy<ref name="Larson">{{cite book

|author=E.J. Larson

|author=E.J. Larson

|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory

|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory

|pages=84

|pages=84

|isbn=0-8129-6849-2

|isbn=0-8129-6849-2

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&dq=E.J.Larson:+Evolution+the+remarkable+history+of+a+scientific+theory&source=bl&ots=rY2bh63YAs&sig=PNG4Cc0sG9gewbvhDgfMdOyAbo0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wOt4UNi0MIrntQbXwYHADg&redir_esc=y

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&dq=E.J.Larson:+Evolution+the+remarkable+history+of+a+scientific+theory&source=bl&ots=rY2bh63YAs&sig=PNG4Cc0sG9gewbvhDgfMdOyAbo0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wOt4UNi0MIrntQbXwYHADg&redir_esc=y

|access date=2012-10-13

|access date=2012-10-13

|quote=Darwin began his argument with an analogy. ... Building on this analogy, Darwin then turned to wild plants and animals. ... Lacking understanding of modern genetics and conceding that "our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound," Darwin speculated that innate differences among individuals often came from ... Of course, he did not understand heredity.}}</ref> as substitute for [[scientific observation]]. From analogy he moved to using [[metaphor]] (poetic device){{#tag:ref|cf."Methaphorical statements are not true or false, but merely apt or inapt, appropriate or inappropriate. Scientific statements make truth claims and therefore cannot be methaphorical."<ref name="Leatherdale"/>|group=note}} and [[Logic of possibility|imaginary examples]] such as an absurd and fantastic transformation from bears into whilelike animals owing to insects in the water functioning as the selector in the environment.<ref>{{cite book

|quote=Darwin began his argument with an analogy. ... Building on this analogy, Darwin then turned to wild plants and animals. ... Lacking understanding of modern genetics and conceding that "our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound," Darwin speculated that innate differences among individuals often came from ... Of course, he did not understand heredity.}}</ref> as substitute for [[scientific observation]]. From analogy he moved to using [[metaphor]] (poetic device){{#tag:ref|cf."Methaphorical statements are not true or false, but merely apt or inapt, appropriate or inappropriate. Scientific statements make truth claims and therefore cannot be methaphorical."<ref name="Leatherdale"/>|group=note}} and [[Logic of possibility|imaginary examples]] such as an absurd and fantastic transformation from bears into whilelike animals owing to insects in the water functioning as the selector in the environment.<ref>{{cite book

|pages=79–102

|pages=79–102

|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6

|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P0VpUOh9S3oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hedtke+the+secrets&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLqwUdqkI8GD4AT8vIGYCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy%20substitued&f=false

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0VpUOh9S3oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hedtke+the+secrets&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLqwUdqkI8GD4AT8vIGYCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy%20substitued&f=false

|quote= ... Arguments from Analogy may be fertile but they are all invalid.}}</ref>   

|quote= ... Arguments from Analogy may be fertile but they are all invalid.}}</ref>