Changes

The United States by 1800 had the first two-party system in the world. The First Party System was built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the [[War of 1812]]. Furthermore, the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated. Thus an "[[Era of Good Feelings]]" under [[James Monroe]] replaced the high-tension politics of the First Party System about 1816. Personal politics and factional disputes could occasionally still get nasty, but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties.  

The United States by 1800 had the first two-party system in the world. The First Party System was built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the [[War of 1812]]. Furthermore, the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated. Thus an "[[Era of Good Feelings]]" under [[James Monroe]] replaced the high-tension politics of the First Party System about 1816. Personal politics and factional disputes could occasionally still get nasty, but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties.  

[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN0813122716&id=aDHBSYXazMcC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22first+party+system%22&vq=burnham&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3D%2522first%2Bparty%2Bsystem%2522%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a&sig=vXkP0ocY7EzVVoXzSRe6gB3AY0I Historians have debated the exact ending of the system]. Most concluded it petered out by 1820. The little state of Delaware, largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation, saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s, with the Federalists occasionally winning some offices. For the rest of the nation, the contributions of the founding fathers of political parties had been completed—and thus it seems symbolic that Adams and Jefferson died on the same day ([[4 July]] [[1826]]), even on their deathbeds acknowledging the other's remarkable contributions.

[https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN0813122716&id=aDHBSYXazMcC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22first+party+system%22&vq=burnham&prev=https://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3D%2522first%2Bparty%2Bsystem%2522%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a&sig=vXkP0ocY7EzVVoXzSRe6gB3AY0I Historians have debated the exact ending of the system]. Most concluded it petered out by 1820. The little state of Delaware, largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation, saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s, with the Federalists occasionally winning some offices. For the rest of the nation, the contributions of the founding fathers of political parties had been completed—and thus it seems symbolic that Adams and Jefferson died on the same day ([[4 July]] [[1826]]), even on their deathbeds acknowledging the other's remarkable contributions.

==Legitimacy of a party system==

==Legitimacy of a party system==

* Kerber, Linda K. ''Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America'' (1970)

* Kerber, Linda K. ''Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America'' (1970)

* Larson, Edward J. ''A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign.'' (2007). 333 pp. on 1800 [http://www.common-place.org/vol-08/no-03/reviews/opal.shtml online review]

* Larson, Edward J. ''A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign.'' (2007). 333 pp. on 1800 [http://www.common-place.org/vol-08/no-03/reviews/opal.shtml online review]

*  Luetscher, George D. ''Early Political Machinery in the United States'' (1903) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1417929189&id=-jVl4dKjk3EC&printsec=toc&dq=Luetscher+Early&sig=dGjoRgvFHMBEnT3MYXYpI68rvl8  online edition]

*  Luetscher, George D. ''Early Political Machinery in the United States'' (1903) [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1417929189&id=-jVl4dKjk3EC&printsec=toc&dq=Luetscher+Early&sig=dGjoRgvFHMBEnT3MYXYpI68rvl8  online edition]

*  Miller, John C. ''The Federalist Era: 1789-1801'' (1960), survey of political history

*  Miller, John C. ''The Federalist Era: 1789-1801'' (1960), survey of political history

* Pasley, Jeffrey L.  et al eds. ''Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic'' (2004), topical essays by scholars

* Pasley, Jeffrey L.  et al eds. ''Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic'' (2004), topical essays by scholars

* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]

* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]

* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo  

* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo  

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1922) [http://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:allan+inauthor:nevins&num=30&as_brr=1#PPA5,M1 online edition] ch 1-2

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1922) [https://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:allan+inauthor:nevins&num=30&as_brr=1#PPA5,M1 online edition] ch 1-2

* Pasley, Jeffrey L. ''"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic'' (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)  

* Pasley, Jeffrey L. ''"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic'' (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)  

* Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." ''Early American Literature'' 2000 35(1): 51-86. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco  

* Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." ''Early American Literature'' 2000 35(1): 51-86. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco