Changes

===Africa===

===Africa===

In the Angolan Civil War, the Communist MPLA (''People's Movement for the Liberation of [[Angola]]'') government was pitted against various right-wing insurgencies as well as an invasion from [[South Africa]]. The CIA covertly attempted to overthrow the MPLA dictatorship in 1975,<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c35COXObeo8&feature=fvw Former CIA head in Angola discusses the operation on CNN</ref> but Cuba militarily intervened to save the regime from certain collapse. The Communist government subsequently killed up to one million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Médecins Sans Frontières, “Angola: An Alarming Nutritional Situation,” August 1999</ref>  The U.S., advised by Kissinger, supported the rebels FNLA (''National Front for the Liberation of Angola''), led by Holden Roberto, and UNITA (''National Union for the Total Independence of Angola''), led by [[Jonas Savimbi]], as well as the ''Mozambican National Resistance'' (RENAMO), and the invasion of Angola by South African troops. The FNLA was defeated and UNITA was forced to take its fight into the bush. Only under Reagan's presidency would U.S. support for UNITA return. (See [[Reagan Doctrine]])

In the Angolan Civil War, the Communist MPLA (''People's Movement for the Liberation of [[Angola]]'') government was pitted against various right-wing insurgencies as well as an invasion from [[South Africa]]. The CIA covertly attempted to overthrow the MPLA dictatorship in 1975,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c35COXObeo8&feature=fvw Former CIA head in Angola discusses the operation on CNN</ref> but Cuba militarily intervened to save the regime from certain collapse. The Communist government subsequently killed up to one million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Médecins Sans Frontières, “Angola: An Alarming Nutritional Situation,” August 1999</ref>  The U.S., advised by Kissinger, supported the rebels FNLA (''National Front for the Liberation of Angola''), led by Holden Roberto, and UNITA (''National Union for the Total Independence of Angola''), led by [[Jonas Savimbi]], as well as the ''Mozambican National Resistance'' (RENAMO), and the invasion of Angola by South African troops. The FNLA was defeated and UNITA was forced to take its fight into the bush. Only under Reagan's presidency would U.S. support for UNITA return. (See [[Reagan Doctrine]])

Angola would be plagued for decades with constant civil war.  In 1992, blatantly rigged elections were held with next to no international supervision, in which MPLA claimed victory.  After 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised, UNITA sent a peace delegation to the capital; all of its members, along with 20,000 civilian supporters, were brutally massacred.<ref>National Society for Human Rights, Ending the Angolan Conflict, Windhoek, Namibia, July 3, 2000</ref>  Nevertheless, Savimbi remained supportive of the elections, until the MPLA systematically exterminated many tens of thousands of UNITA supporters throughout the country.  Human rights observers have accused the MPLA of "genocidal atrocities," "systematic extermination," "war crimes" and "crimes against humanity."<ref>Namibia's National Human Rights Organisation, Press Releases, September 12, 2000, May 16, 2001</ref>  

Angola would be plagued for decades with constant civil war.  In 1992, blatantly rigged elections were held with next to no international supervision, in which MPLA claimed victory.  After 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised, UNITA sent a peace delegation to the capital; all of its members, along with 20,000 civilian supporters, were brutally massacred.<ref>National Society for Human Rights, Ending the Angolan Conflict, Windhoek, Namibia, July 3, 2000</ref>  Nevertheless, Savimbi remained supportive of the elections, until the MPLA systematically exterminated many tens of thousands of UNITA supporters throughout the country.  Human rights observers have accused the MPLA of "genocidal atrocities," "systematic extermination," "war crimes" and "crimes against humanity."<ref>Namibia's National Human Rights Organisation, Press Releases, September 12, 2000, May 16, 2001</ref>  

: '''Nixon''':  That’s right!

: '''Nixon''':  That’s right!

: '''Kissinger''':  There haven’t been as many killed in eight years of the war than were killed in three months in Burundi.

: '''Kissinger''':  There haven’t been as many killed in eight years of the war than were killed in three months in Burundi.

: '''Nixon''':  …They’re talking about how many we have bombed in the North.  And I told your staff to get the figures for me:  How many South Vietnamese or anti-Communist North Vietnamese have been killed by the North Vietnamese government?  Civilians!  How many?  It’s ''unbelievable''!  Nobody gives a damn! … We need a new African policy.  We shouldn’t have 42 ambassadors to these goddamn countries.  Looking at Uganda, ''of course'' we have to help those 7,000 people!<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kph0lygo40</ref>

: '''Nixon''':  …They’re talking about how many we have bombed in the North.  And I told your staff to get the figures for me:  How many South Vietnamese or anti-Communist North Vietnamese have been killed by the North Vietnamese government?  Civilians!  How many?  It’s ''unbelievable''!  Nobody gives a damn! … We need a new African policy.  We shouldn’t have 42 ambassadors to these goddamn countries.  Looking at Uganda, ''of course'' we have to help those 7,000 people!<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kph0lygo40</ref>

Amin was deposed by the armed forces of [[Tanzania]] on April 11, 1979.

Amin was deposed by the armed forces of [[Tanzania]] on April 11, 1979.

===Personal Advice to Nixon===

===Personal Advice to Nixon===

In an April 17, 1973 conversation, Nixon told Kissinger that he was considering whether or not to resign and let [[Spiro Agnew]] take the Presidency, to which Kissinger responded: "''With all due respect, Mr. President, that is out of the question.  That cannot be considered....Why should you do it?  What good would it do?  Whom would it help?  It wouldn’t help the country; it wouldn’t help any of the individuals involved….and, of course, it would be personally unjust.''"  He also asked him to consider what it would do to weaken the institution of the Presidency.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ri3He6n1Dv4</ref>  

In an April 17, 1973 conversation, Nixon told Kissinger that he was considering whether or not to resign and let [[Spiro Agnew]] take the Presidency, to which Kissinger responded: "''With all due respect, Mr. President, that is out of the question.  That cannot be considered....Why should you do it?  What good would it do?  Whom would it help?  It wouldn’t help the country; it wouldn’t help any of the individuals involved….and, of course, it would be personally unjust.''"  He also asked him to consider what it would do to weaken the institution of the Presidency.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ri3He6n1Dv4</ref>  

===Losing power===

===Losing power===

Out of office Kissinger became a highly visible corporate consultant on world affairs, and wrote his detailed and insightful memoirs.  His advice has been sought out by every President since his retirement, and he was one of President [[George W. Bush]]'s most-frequent advisors on the [[Iraq War]].  He also helped design the Bush administration's opening to [[India]] in the wake of the War on Terror.

Out of office Kissinger became a highly visible corporate consultant on world affairs, and wrote his detailed and insightful memoirs.  His advice has been sought out by every President since his retirement, and he was one of President [[George W. Bush]]'s most-frequent advisors on the [[Iraq War]].  He also helped design the Bush administration's opening to [[India]] in the wake of the War on Terror.

Kissinger has met with Russian leader [[Vladimir Putin]] on several occasions in an attempt to buttress US-Russian relations.  Noting that the US has no border with Russia nor designs on Russian territory, as well as Russia's frontiers with both the Islamic world and China; Kissinger believes that the United States and Russia have compatible interests.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1691285-1,00.html></ref>  He is apparently well-liked by some in the Russian press.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/europe/07russiasumm.html?_r=1 Although Russian TV calls him a "war criminal" due to his imaginary crimes in Vietnam and Cambodia.</ref>

Kissinger has met with Russian leader [[Vladimir Putin]] on several occasions in an attempt to buttress US-Russian relations.  Noting that the US has no border with Russia nor designs on Russian territory, as well as Russia's frontiers with both the Islamic world and China; Kissinger believes that the United States and Russia have compatible interests.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1691285-1,00.html></ref>  He is apparently well-liked by some in the Russian press.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/europe/07russiasumm.html?_r=1 Although Russian TV calls him a "war criminal" due to his imaginary crimes in Vietnam and Cambodia.</ref>

Kissinger has strongly supported the foreign policy of President Bush, writing:

Kissinger has strongly supported the foreign policy of President Bush, writing:

The moderate left-wing extremist [[Christopher Hitchens]] has accused Kissinger of bad faith, describing him as a "toady" of Nixon who "knows what to do" without "being asked."  He has also condemned Kissinger's business ties with Indonesia, arguing that they influenced the US "tilt" in favor of Suharto during the war in East Timor.<ref>http://www.etan.org/et2002a/february/01-09/09ksngr.htm</ref>  In a general sense, Kissinger responded to these and similar charges by stating:

The moderate left-wing extremist [[Christopher Hitchens]] has accused Kissinger of bad faith, describing him as a "toady" of Nixon who "knows what to do" without "being asked."  He has also condemned Kissinger's business ties with Indonesia, arguing that they influenced the US "tilt" in favor of Suharto during the war in East Timor.<ref>http://www.etan.org/et2002a/february/01-09/09ksngr.htm</ref>  In a general sense, Kissinger responded to these and similar charges by stating:

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

When I was a young professor in the fifties at Harvard, where 99.9% of the people on the faculty were Democrats—I can remember only one Republican that I knew—the people in political science had faculty meetings…No one ever attacked the government for being a criminal activity.  Nobody said, ‘they like to go to war; they’re blood-dripping!’  Sometime in the sixties, the idea developed that the government itself was an evil enterprise, that they lied professionally to the American people, and that the purpose of intellectuals was to negate the government rather than be constructive...Everybody working in government goes through the long hours and all the other pressures [associated with the job] because he or she would like to make a contribution to a better world.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9vsCD0j3Ys</ref>

When I was a young professor in the fifties at Harvard, where 99.9% of the people on the faculty were Democrats—I can remember only one Republican that I knew—the people in political science had faculty meetings…No one ever attacked the government for being a criminal activity.  Nobody said, ‘they like to go to war; they’re blood-dripping!’  Sometime in the sixties, the idea developed that the government itself was an evil enterprise, that they lied professionally to the American people, and that the purpose of intellectuals was to negate the government rather than be constructive...Everybody working in government goes through the long hours and all the other pressures [associated with the job] because he or she would like to make a contribution to a better world.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9vsCD0j3Ys</ref>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>