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The '''Fifth Party System''', also called the '''New Deal Party System''', refers to the system of politics in the United States that began in 1933 with a realignment caused by the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression in the U.S.]]. The [[New Deal Coalition]] was forged by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and kept his [[U.S. Democratic Party, history|Democratic Party]] in power most of the time until 1968<ref> Political scientists prefer the term "Fifth Party System"; historians call it the "New Deal System". The [[Party System]] model dates to the early 20th century. The numbering of the systems was introduced in 1967 by William N. Chambers and Walter D. Burnham, eds. ''American Party Systems'' (1967)</ref>. It followed the [[Fourth Party System]], (usually called the [[Progressive Era]] by historians). Experts debate whether it ended in the mid-1960s and was replaced by the '''Sixth Party System''', or continues to the present. Paulson (2006) argues that a decisive realignment took place in the late 1960s.
The '''Fifth Party System''', also called the '''New Deal Party System''', refers to the system of politics in the United States that began in 1933 with a realignment caused by the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression in the U.S.]]. The [[New Deal Coalition]] was forged by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and kept his [[U.S. Democratic Party, history|Democratic Party]] in power most of the time until 1968.<ref>Political scientists prefer the term "Fifth Party System"; historians call it the "New Deal System". The [[Party System]] model dates to the early 20th century. The numbering of the systems was introduced in 1967 by William N. Chambers and Walter D. Burnham, eds. ''American Party Systems'' (1967)</ref> It followed the [[Fourth Party System]], (usually called the [[Progressive Era]] by historians). Experts debate whether it ended in the mid-1960s and was replaced by the '''Sixth Party System''', or continues to the present. Paulson (2006) argues that a decisive realignment took place in the late 1960s.
==Partisanship==
==Partisanship==
The Sixth Party System is variously dated by scholars, usually from 1968 or 1980. Shafer (2007) calls it the "Late New Deal System." The 6th System was characterized by a Republican dominance, with the GOP winning 7 of 10 presidential elections from 1968 through 2004. Control of Congress was split. The dominant leader of the 6th Party System was [[Ronald Reagan]], with Republicans using his as their standard of proper politics into the late 21st century.
The Sixth Party System is variously dated by scholars, usually from 1968 or 1980. Shafer (2007) calls it the "Late New Deal System." The 6th System was characterized by a Republican dominance, with the GOP winning 7 of 10 presidential elections from 1968 through 2004. Control of Congress was split. The dominant leader of the 6th Party System was [[Ronald Reagan]], with Republicans using his as their standard of proper politics into the late 21st century.
New voter coalitions included the emergence of the "religious right" -- a combination of Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants united on opposition to abortion and gay rights. On the left, to a lesser degree, Democrats augmented their coalition with well educated voters, gays, and non-religious seculars. The Hispanic population grew very rapidly, reaching 15% of the population, but turnout was so low they were not a major factor in voting, except in California. Although [[George W. Bush]] made a special effort to reach Hispanics, their negative reaction to Republican nativism on the issue of immigration strengthened the Democratic affiliations of those Hispanics who voted.
New voter coalitions included the emergence of the "religious right"—a combination of Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants united on opposition to abortion and gay rights. On the left, to a lesser degree, Democrats augmented their coalition with well educated voters, gays, and non-religious seculars. The Hispanic population grew very rapidly, reaching 15% of the population, but turnout was so low they were not a major factor in voting, except in California. Although [[George W. Bush]] made a special effort to reach Hispanics, their negative reaction to Republican nativism on the issue of immigration strengthened the Democratic affiliations of those Hispanics who voted.
New rules changes involved campaign financing, as very large sums were raised and candidates spent much of their energy focused on raising money behind the scenes. New campaign technologies involved the Internet, but television advertising continued to grow in importance, overshadowing the Internet as a campaign tool. [[Howard Dean]] in 2004 demonstrated that the Internet could be used to organize and finance a crusade, and this model was followed by most of the candidates for the 2008 election, with [[Barack Obama]] and [[Ron Paul]] the most successful.
New rules changes involved campaign financing, as very large sums were raised and candidates spent much of their energy focused on raising money behind the scenes. New campaign technologies involved the Internet, but television advertising continued to grow in importance, overshadowing the Internet as a campaign tool. [[Howard Dean]] in 2004 demonstrated that the Internet could be used to organize and finance a crusade, and this model was followed by most of the candidates for the 2008 election, with [[Barack Obama]] and [[Ron Paul]] the most successful.
Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)
Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)
==see also==
==See also==
*[[United States presidential election, 1932]]
*[[United States presidential election, 1932]]
*[[United States presidential election, 1936]]
*[[United States presidential election, 1936]]
* Allswang, John M. ''New Deal and American Politics'' (1978), statistical analysis of votes
* Allswang, John M. ''New Deal and American Politics'' (1978), statistical analysis of votes
* Andersen, Kristi. ''The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936'' (1979), statistical analysis of polls
* Andersen, Kristi. ''The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936'' (1979), statistical analysis of polls
* Bell, Jonathan. ''The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years,'' (2004), 404pp; detailed analysis of impact of foreign policy on key elections 1946-48-50 [http://www.amazon.com/Liberal-State-Trial-American-Contemporary/dp/0231133561/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211910249&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Bell, Jonathan. ''The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years,'' (2004), 404pp; detailed analysis of impact of foreign policy on key elections 1946-48-50 [https://www.amazon.com/Liberal-State-Trial-American-Contemporary/dp/0231133561/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211910249&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Bibby, John F. "Party Organizations, 1946-1996," in Byron E. Shafer, ed. ''Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics,'' (1998)
* Bibby, John F. "Party Organizations, 1946-1996," in Byron E. Shafer, ed. ''Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics,'' (1998)
* Bullock, Charles S., Donna R. Hoffman, and Ronald Keith Gaddie. "Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004," ''Social Science Quarterly,'' 87 (Sept. 2006), 494–518.
* Bullock, Charles S., Donna R. Hoffman, and Ronald Keith Gaddie. "Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004," ''Social Science Quarterly,'' 87 (Sept. 2006), 494–518.
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''The American Voter'' (1964), highly influential study by [[Michigan School]] of voter psychology in 1950s. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Voter-Angus-Campbell/dp/0226092542/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''The American Voter'' (1964), highly influential study by [[Michigan School]] of voter psychology in 1950s. [https://www.amazon.com/American-Voter-Angus-Campbell/dp/0226092542/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''Elections and the Political Order'' (1966) influential study of voters in early 1960s by Michigan School.
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''Elections and the Political Order'' (1966) influential study of voters in early 1960s by Michigan School.
* Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004," ''Social Science History,'' 30 (Fall 2006), 359–86.
* Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004," ''Social Science History,'' 30 (Fall 2006), 359–86.
* Campbell, James E. ''American Campaign: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/American-Campaign-Presidential-Presidency-Leadership/dp/089096940X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, James E. ''American Campaign: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/American-Campaign-Presidential-Presidency-Leadership/dp/089096940X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Tracy. ''Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition-1742-2004'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Deliver-Vote-Election-Political-Tradition-1742-2004/dp/078671591X/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Tracy. ''Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition-1742-2004'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Deliver-Vote-Election-Political-Tradition-1742-2004/dp/078671591X/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Donaldson, Gary A. ''The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960'' (2007), the standard scholarly history
* Donaldson, Gary A. ''The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960'' (2007), the standard scholarly history
* Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. ''The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980'' (1990), essays on broad topics.
* Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. ''The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980'' (1990), essays on broad topics.
* Geer, John G. "New Deal Issues and the American Electorate, 1952-1988," ''Political Behavior,'' 14#1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 45-65 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0190-9320%28199203%2914%3A1%3C45%3ANDIATA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T online at JSTOR]
* Geer, John G. "New Deal Issues and the American Electorate, 1952-1988," ''Political Behavior,'' 14#1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 45–65 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0190-9320%28199203%2914%3A1%3C45%3ANDIATA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T online at JSTOR]
* Gershtenson, Joseph. "Mobilization Strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956-2000," ''Political Research Quarterly'' Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 293-308 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1065-9129%28200309%2956%3A3%3C293%3AMSOTDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Gershtenson, Joseph. "Mobilization Strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956-2000," ''Political Research Quarterly'' Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 293–308 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1065-9129%28200309%2956%3A3%3C293%3AMSOTDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Green, John C. and Paul S. Herrnson. [http://polisci.wisc.edu/~party/apsa2000green.pdf "Party Development in the Twentieth Century: Laying the Foundations for Responsible Party Government?"] (2000) <!-- Publisher info desired -->
* Green, John C. and Paul S. Herrnson. [http://polisci.wisc.edu/~party/apsa2000green.pdf "Party Development in the Twentieth Century: Laying the Foundations for Responsible Party Government?"] (2000) <!-- Publisher info desired -->
* Hamby, Alonzo. ''Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush'' (1992).
* Hamby, Alonzo. ''Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush'' (1992).
* Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932-1980," in ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp 219-225,
* Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932-1980," in ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp 219–225,
* Keller, Morton. ''America's Three Regimes: A New Political History'' (2007) 384pp.
* Keller, Morton. ''America's Three Regimes: A New Political History'' (2007) 384pp.
* Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. ''Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s'' 2nd ed. (1978).
* Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. ''Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s'' 2nd ed. (1978).
* Milkis, Sidney M. ''The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal'' (1993)
* Milkis, Sidney M. ''The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal'' (1993)
* Paulson, Arthur. ''Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy'' (2006)
* Paulson, Arthur. ''Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy'' (2006)
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002) very well written narrative of politics 1960-64 [http://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211911045&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002) very well written narrative of politics 1960-64 [https://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211911045&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) very well written narrative of politics 1964-68
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) very well written narrative of politics 1964-68
* Robinson, Edgar Eugene. ''They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932-1944'' (1947) tables of votes by county
* Robinson, Edgar Eugene. ''They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932-1944'' (1947) tables of votes by county
* Sabato, Larry J., and Howard R. Ernst. ''Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections'' (2006) comprehensive coverage of politics since 1945.
* Sabato, Larry J., and Howard R. Ernst. ''Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections'' (2006) comprehensive coverage of politics since 1945.
* Shafer, Byron E. "Where Are We in History? Political Orders and Political Eras in the Postwar U.S.," ''The Forum'' (2007) Vol. 5#3, Article 4. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol5/iss3/art4 online edition]
* Shafer, Byron E. "Where Are We in History? Political Orders and Political Eras in the Postwar U.S.," ''The Forum'' (2007) Vol. 5#3, Article 4. [http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol5/iss3/art4 online edition]
* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (2001)
* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (2001)
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' v.15#1 (Summer, 1984), pp. 53-81 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28198422%2915%3A1%3C53%3ATNDPSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I JSTOR]
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' v.15#1 (Summer, 1984), pp. 53–81 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28198422%2915%3A1%3C53%3ATNDPSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I JSTOR]
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', v.6#1 (Summer, 1975), pp. 127-149 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28197522%296%3A1%3C127%3ATEOTND%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 online at JSTOR]
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', v.6#1 (Summer, 1975), pp. 127–149 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28197522%296%3A1%3C127%3ATEOTND%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 online at JSTOR]
* Sundquist, James L. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29223022 ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States''], (1983)
* Sundquist, James L. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29223022 ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States''], (1983)
* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history
* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
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[[category:1950s]]
[[Category:1950s]]