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{{Infobox person
|name=Harrison Garey Bagwell, Sr.
(Louisiana Republican Party pioneer)
|birth_place=[[Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]], USA
|birth_date=December 6, 1913
|death_date=December 2, 1973 (aged 59)
|death_place=Baton Rouge, Louisiana<vbr>
Resting place:<br>
Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge
|spouse=June Sue Ross Bagwell (married 1936-1971, her death)<br>
Seven children<br>
Parents:<br>
Arthur D. and Birdie Harrison Bagwell
}}
'''Harrison Garey Bagwell Sr.''' (December 6, 1913 – December 2, 1973),<ref name=findagrave>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/120583070|title=Harrison G. Bagwell|publisher=findagrave.com|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> was an [[Lawyer|attorney]] and politician in his native [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]]. He is notable as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Nomination|nominee]] for [[governor of Louisiana]] in [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1952|1952]]; he was only the second Republican to have sought the governorship of Louisiana since [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1924|1924]].<ref name=hgbagwell>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/findaid/2840.pdf|title=Bagwell Collection|author=Christopher Freeman (formatter)|publisher=lib.lsu.edu|date=2006|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
With the state's passage of a constitution in 1898, which raised barriers to voter registration, most African Americans were [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] and excluded from the political system. As they had comprised the great majority of the Republican Party in the state following emancipation, it was essentially destroyed as a competitive force for decades until the late 1960s and later.
==Background==
Bagwell was a son of Arthur D. Bagwell (1878-1955), a native of Lincoln Parish, and the former Birdie Mae Harrison (1878-1961), originally from Houma in Terrebonne Parish. The couple died in Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish; they are interred there at Oak Grove Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113149701|title=Birdie Mae Harrison Bagwell|publisher=Findagrave.com|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
Bagwell attended local [[Segregation|segregated]] schools through high school. He graduated from [[Louisiana State University]] and the LSU Law Center, both of which were also segregated.<ref name=hgbagwell/> In 1936, Bagwell married the former June Sue Ross (1915-1971). The couple had seven children together.<ref name=hgbagwell/><ref name=polgraveyard/>
==Political life==
Unusual for his time, Bagwell joined the Republican Party at a time when most whites were [[Democratic Party|Democrats]]. Louisiana had been a one-party state for most statewide and national elections since the late 19th century, when white Democrats regained control of the state government and approved a new state constitution in 1898 that effectively disenfranchised most blacks by raising barriers to voter registration and voting. [[African Americans]] had prior to 1964 constituted the great majority of members of the Louisiana Republican Party.
During the first decades of the 20th century, some white Republicans began to try to build up the party. In 1928, Etienne J. Caire, a [[business]]man from Edgard in St. John the Baptist Parish, polled 4 percent in the gubernatorial election in his challenge of [[Huey Long|Huey Pierce Long Jr.]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB2Hxcg4zNoC&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&dq=James+M.+McLemore+of+Louisiana&source=bl&ots=1Yi8hxLt9i&sig=gUMWwG9IvX6ust-vytitdL_u3aA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QUBwUpyHCqrX2QWdlIGwAg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=James%20M.%20McLemore%20of%20Louisiana&f=false|title=''Louisiana Almanac, 2008-2009''|author=[[Milburn E. Calhoun]]|page=511|publisher=[[Pelican Publishing Company]]|date=2008|accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> In 1952, Bagwell ran as only the second Republican candidate for governor in the 20th century.
In the gubernatorial [[general election]] held on April 22, 1952, Bagwell polled 4,958 votes (4 percent) of the vote statewide in a low-turnout contest against the Democrat [[Robert F. Kennon]], a judge from [[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]], who received 118,723 (96 percent). Bagwell reached double digits in only three parishes, St. James (13 percent), Iberia]] (12.5 percent), and his own East Baton Rouge Parish (11.8 percent). In three parishes, Concordia, DeSoto, and Tensas, Bagwell received not a single vote.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCUXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Harrison+G.+Bagwell&source=bl&ots=7-PJRE9l32&sig=Du9yYdQmCViyHoo58tfKfpIHjgk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-QSsVK_rCMGGyATVjIGgAw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Harrison%20G.%20Bagwell&f=false|title=United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1932-1952: The Official Results by State and County|pages=103–104|publisher=McFarland and Company|location=Jefferson, [[North Carolina]]|isbn=978-0-7864-7034-1|author=Michael J. Dubin|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
Bagwell's gubernatorial showing was far below the votes secured by his fellow Republican, [[Clem S. Clarke]], in the [[United States Senate]] in 1948. The [[Shreveport]] [[oil]]man polled just over 100,000 votes in his failed challenge of Democrat [[Russell Long]], older son of Huey Long.<ref>Louisiana Secretary of State, U. S. Senate election returns, November 2, 1948.</ref> By 2015, Republicans for the first time held both Senate seats from Louisiana.
Bagwell said that his primary goal in running for governor was to try to establish a competitive two-party system in Louisiana. He said that the state Republican party was being held back by its traditional leaders so that they could maintain their control over the party organization.<ref>cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AQssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=scYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1070%2C4007750|title="Republican Boom Likely to Fizzle Out in South"|publisher=''Times-Daily''|date=February 25, 1952}}</ref> Represented Louisiana's 6th congressional district,, Bagwell was a delegate to the 1952 [[Republican National Convention]], which met in [[Chicago]] to nominate the ticket of [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and [[Richard M. Nixon]]<ref name=polgraveyard>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/LA/protestant.html|title=Harrison Garey Bagwell|publisher=The Political Graveyard|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Bagwell assisted John Minor Wisdom in making the case for seating the pro-Eisenhower delegation, rather than the supporters of Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]]. Because Bagwell and Wisdom were successful, they were instrumental in securing the nomination for Eisenhower.<ref{{cite web|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1642&context=wlulr |author=Joel William Friedman|title="Judge Wisdom and the 1952 Republican National Convention: Ensuring Victory for Eisenhower and a Two-Party System for Louisiana"|publisher=''Washington and Lee Law Review'', Vol. 53, No. 1|date=1996|page= 52, 92}}</ref>
Governor Kennon endorsed the Eisenhower-Nixonticket. Although successful nationally,Eisenhower lost the Louisiana [[electoral vote]] that year. White conservatives in the state then remained overwhelmingly Democratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E5D8113CE53ABC4F53DFBF668389649EDE|title=LOUISIANA'S CHIEF BACKS EISENHOWER; Gov. Kennon Says General Will End 'Truman Era of Minks, Pay-Offs and Rackets'|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|page=1|date=September 7, 1952|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> but would by the 21st century become predominantly Republican.
Bagwell sought a federal judgeship but was not selected by the Eisenhower administration.<ref name=hgbagwell/> Along with incoming state party chairman [[LeRoy Smallenberger]] of Shreveport, Bagwell served as an alternate delegate to the 1960 Republican National Convention, which also met in Chicago and nominated the ticket of Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of [[Massachusetts]]. [[George Reese]], a New Orleans lawyer who challenged Democratic U.S. Senator [[Allen Ellender]] that year for his seat, was also a delegate to the Chicago convention. So was the [[Shreveport]] Republicanand later U.S. District Judge]] Thomas Eaton "Tom" Stagg, Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1960/LA.html|title=Louisiana delegation to the 1960 Republican National Convention|publisher=The Political Graveyard|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
In the 1964 presidential election, [[Barry Goldwater]] was the first Republican to carry the [[Deep South]], although he lost nearly everywhere else. Bagwell called for an "overhaul" of the state party leadership, arguing that more moderate policies were necessary for broader party success. The more [[conservative]] party leaders, including Floyd O. Crawford, the defeated Republican candidate for U.S. representative from [ouisiana's 6th congressional district; and [[Morton Blackwell]], later active as a Republican party official in [[Virginia]], criticized Bagwell for his comments: They "seem to come from another world and another era." Crawford said, "if Bagwell wishes to be a [[liberal]], then he should become a Democrat."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1585755/louisiana_gop_factions_clash/ "Louisiana GOP Factions Clash"], ''Lake Charles American-Press'', November 13, 1964. Accessed 2015-01-16 – via Newspapers.com.}}</ref>
Bagwell died in 1973, four days before his 60th birthday. He and his wife, who predeceased him by two years, are interred at Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge.<ref name=findagrave/> Bagwell's papers, dated 1941 to 1969, which cover his Republican Party activities, are available through the LSU Archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/harrison-g-bagwell-papers-1941-1969/oclc/174967703|title=Harrison G. Bagwell Papers|publisher=worldcat.org|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Bagwell's namesake son, Harrison Garey "Gary" Bagwell, Jr. (1937-1985), entered the [[United States Navy]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. He served aboard the transport ship, ''U.S.S. Caddo Parish.'' His letters home described the [[Viet Cong]], military operations, and the people and landscape of [[South Vietnam]] and [[Taiwan]]. His papers are held in the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections of the LSU Archives. There is also a special feature in the archive from the ''New Orleans Item'' on the Louisiana Republican Party in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/876590453|title=Gary Bagwell Letters|publisher=beta.worldcat.org|accessdate=January 23, 2015}}</ref>
One of the Bagwells' younger daughters, Bonnie Bagwell Messer (born September 1954), recalled in 2013 that her father had treated the neighborhood children at their home in University Acres each [[Halloween]] to hot dogs, chili, and Kool-Aid. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Bagwell's death, Messer said that when she was a child, "Our house was THE place to go, and he fed everyone. It has been forty years since his last Halloween at our house ... I hope all our neighbors who [[trick-or-treat]]ed at our house will remember him this Halloween and the love he had for Halloween and them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theadvocate.com/columnists/7441879-55/smiley-frightful-evening|title=Mr. Halloween|author=Smiley Anders|publisher=''[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|Baton Rouge Advocate]]''|date=December 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106215746/http://theadvocate.com/columnists/7441879-55/smiley-frightful-evening|archivedate=January 6, 2015|df=}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagwell, Harrison}}
[[Category:Louisiana People]]
[[Category:Attorneys]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Republicans]]
{{Infobox person
|name=Harrison Garey Bagwell, Sr.
(Louisiana Republican Party pioneer)
|birth_place=[[Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]], USA
|birth_date=December 6, 1913
|death_date=December 2, 1973 (aged 59)
|death_place=Baton Rouge, Louisiana<vbr>
Resting place:<br>
Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge
|spouse=June Sue Ross Bagwell (married 1936-1971, her death)<br>
Seven children<br>
Parents:<br>
Arthur D. and Birdie Harrison Bagwell
}}
'''Harrison Garey Bagwell Sr.''' (December 6, 1913 – December 2, 1973),<ref name=findagrave>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/120583070|title=Harrison G. Bagwell|publisher=findagrave.com|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> was an [[Lawyer|attorney]] and politician in his native [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]]. He is notable as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Nomination|nominee]] for [[governor of Louisiana]] in [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1952|1952]]; he was only the second Republican to have sought the governorship of Louisiana since [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1924|1924]].<ref name=hgbagwell>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/findaid/2840.pdf|title=Bagwell Collection|author=Christopher Freeman (formatter)|publisher=lib.lsu.edu|date=2006|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
With the state's passage of a constitution in 1898, which raised barriers to voter registration, most African Americans were [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] and excluded from the political system. As they had comprised the great majority of the Republican Party in the state following emancipation, it was essentially destroyed as a competitive force for decades until the late 1960s and later.
==Background==
Bagwell was a son of Arthur D. Bagwell (1878-1955), a native of Lincoln Parish, and the former Birdie Mae Harrison (1878-1961), originally from Houma in Terrebonne Parish. The couple died in Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish; they are interred there at Oak Grove Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113149701|title=Birdie Mae Harrison Bagwell|publisher=Findagrave.com|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
Bagwell attended local [[Segregation|segregated]] schools through high school. He graduated from [[Louisiana State University]] and the LSU Law Center, both of which were also segregated.<ref name=hgbagwell/> In 1936, Bagwell married the former June Sue Ross (1915-1971). The couple had seven children together.<ref name=hgbagwell/><ref name=polgraveyard/>
==Political life==
Unusual for his time, Bagwell joined the Republican Party at a time when most whites were [[Democratic Party|Democrats]]. Louisiana had been a one-party state for most statewide and national elections since the late 19th century, when white Democrats regained control of the state government and approved a new state constitution in 1898 that effectively disenfranchised most blacks by raising barriers to voter registration and voting. [[African Americans]] had prior to 1964 constituted the great majority of members of the Louisiana Republican Party.
During the first decades of the 20th century, some white Republicans began to try to build up the party. In 1928, Etienne J. Caire, a [[business]]man from Edgard in St. John the Baptist Parish, polled 4 percent in the gubernatorial election in his challenge of [[Huey Long|Huey Pierce Long Jr.]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB2Hxcg4zNoC&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&dq=James+M.+McLemore+of+Louisiana&source=bl&ots=1Yi8hxLt9i&sig=gUMWwG9IvX6ust-vytitdL_u3aA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QUBwUpyHCqrX2QWdlIGwAg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=James%20M.%20McLemore%20of%20Louisiana&f=false|title=''Louisiana Almanac, 2008-2009''|author=[[Milburn E. Calhoun]]|page=511|publisher=[[Pelican Publishing Company]]|date=2008|accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> In 1952, Bagwell ran as only the second Republican candidate for governor in the 20th century.
In the gubernatorial [[general election]] held on April 22, 1952, Bagwell polled 4,958 votes (4 percent) of the vote statewide in a low-turnout contest against the Democrat [[Robert F. Kennon]], a judge from [[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]], who received 118,723 (96 percent). Bagwell reached double digits in only three parishes, St. James (13 percent), Iberia]] (12.5 percent), and his own East Baton Rouge Parish (11.8 percent). In three parishes, Concordia, DeSoto, and Tensas, Bagwell received not a single vote.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCUXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Harrison+G.+Bagwell&source=bl&ots=7-PJRE9l32&sig=Du9yYdQmCViyHoo58tfKfpIHjgk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-QSsVK_rCMGGyATVjIGgAw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Harrison%20G.%20Bagwell&f=false|title=United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1932-1952: The Official Results by State and County|pages=103–104|publisher=McFarland and Company|location=Jefferson, [[North Carolina]]|isbn=978-0-7864-7034-1|author=Michael J. Dubin|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
Bagwell's gubernatorial showing was far below the votes secured by his fellow Republican, [[Clem S. Clarke]], in the [[United States Senate]] in 1948. The [[Shreveport]] [[oil]]man polled just over 100,000 votes in his failed challenge of Democrat [[Russell Long]], older son of Huey Long.<ref>Louisiana Secretary of State, U. S. Senate election returns, November 2, 1948.</ref> By 2015, Republicans for the first time held both Senate seats from Louisiana.
Bagwell said that his primary goal in running for governor was to try to establish a competitive two-party system in Louisiana. He said that the state Republican party was being held back by its traditional leaders so that they could maintain their control over the party organization.<ref>cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AQssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=scYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1070%2C4007750|title="Republican Boom Likely to Fizzle Out in South"|publisher=''Times-Daily''|date=February 25, 1952}}</ref> Represented Louisiana's 6th congressional district,, Bagwell was a delegate to the 1952 [[Republican National Convention]], which met in [[Chicago]] to nominate the ticket of [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and [[Richard M. Nixon]]<ref name=polgraveyard>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/LA/protestant.html|title=Harrison Garey Bagwell|publisher=The Political Graveyard|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Bagwell assisted John Minor Wisdom in making the case for seating the pro-Eisenhower delegation, rather than the supporters of Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]]. Because Bagwell and Wisdom were successful, they were instrumental in securing the nomination for Eisenhower.<ref{{cite web|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1642&context=wlulr |author=Joel William Friedman|title="Judge Wisdom and the 1952 Republican National Convention: Ensuring Victory for Eisenhower and a Two-Party System for Louisiana"|publisher=''Washington and Lee Law Review'', Vol. 53, No. 1|date=1996|page= 52, 92}}</ref>
Governor Kennon endorsed the Eisenhower-Nixonticket. Although successful nationally,Eisenhower lost the Louisiana [[electoral vote]] that year. White conservatives in the state then remained overwhelmingly Democratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E5D8113CE53ABC4F53DFBF668389649EDE|title=LOUISIANA'S CHIEF BACKS EISENHOWER; Gov. Kennon Says General Will End 'Truman Era of Minks, Pay-Offs and Rackets'|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|page=1|date=September 7, 1952|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref> but would by the 21st century become predominantly Republican.
Bagwell sought a federal judgeship but was not selected by the Eisenhower administration.<ref name=hgbagwell/> Along with incoming state party chairman [[LeRoy Smallenberger]] of Shreveport, Bagwell served as an alternate delegate to the 1960 Republican National Convention, which also met in Chicago and nominated the ticket of Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of [[Massachusetts]]. [[George Reese]], a New Orleans lawyer who challenged Democratic U.S. Senator [[Allen Ellender]] that year for his seat, was also a delegate to the Chicago convention. So was the [[Shreveport]] Republicanand later U.S. District Judge]] Thomas Eaton "Tom" Stagg, Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1960/LA.html|title=Louisiana delegation to the 1960 Republican National Convention|publisher=The Political Graveyard|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
In the 1964 presidential election, [[Barry Goldwater]] was the first Republican to carry the [[Deep South]], although he lost nearly everywhere else. Bagwell called for an "overhaul" of the state party leadership, arguing that more moderate policies were necessary for broader party success. The more [[conservative]] party leaders, including Floyd O. Crawford, the defeated Republican candidate for U.S. representative from [ouisiana's 6th congressional district; and [[Morton Blackwell]], later active as a Republican party official in [[Virginia]], criticized Bagwell for his comments: They "seem to come from another world and another era." Crawford said, "if Bagwell wishes to be a [[liberal]], then he should become a Democrat."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1585755/louisiana_gop_factions_clash/ "Louisiana GOP Factions Clash"], ''Lake Charles American-Press'', November 13, 1964. Accessed 2015-01-16 – via Newspapers.com.}}</ref>
Bagwell died in 1973, four days before his 60th birthday. He and his wife, who predeceased him by two years, are interred at Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge.<ref name=findagrave/> Bagwell's papers, dated 1941 to 1969, which cover his Republican Party activities, are available through the LSU Archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/harrison-g-bagwell-papers-1941-1969/oclc/174967703|title=Harrison G. Bagwell Papers|publisher=worldcat.org|accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Bagwell's namesake son, Harrison Garey "Gary" Bagwell, Jr. (1937-1985), entered the [[United States Navy]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. He served aboard the transport ship, ''U.S.S. Caddo Parish.'' His letters home described the [[Viet Cong]], military operations, and the people and landscape of [[South Vietnam]] and [[Taiwan]]. His papers are held in the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections of the LSU Archives. There is also a special feature in the archive from the ''New Orleans Item'' on the Louisiana Republican Party in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/876590453|title=Gary Bagwell Letters|publisher=beta.worldcat.org|accessdate=January 23, 2015}}</ref>
One of the Bagwells' younger daughters, Bonnie Bagwell Messer (born September 1954), recalled in 2013 that her father had treated the neighborhood children at their home in University Acres each [[Halloween]] to hot dogs, chili, and Kool-Aid. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Bagwell's death, Messer said that when she was a child, "Our house was THE place to go, and he fed everyone. It has been forty years since his last Halloween at our house ... I hope all our neighbors who [[trick-or-treat]]ed at our house will remember him this Halloween and the love he had for Halloween and them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theadvocate.com/columnists/7441879-55/smiley-frightful-evening|title=Mr. Halloween|author=Smiley Anders|publisher=''[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|Baton Rouge Advocate]]''|date=December 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106215746/http://theadvocate.com/columnists/7441879-55/smiley-frightful-evening|archivedate=January 6, 2015|df=}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagwell, Harrison}}
[[Category:Louisiana People]]
[[Category:Attorneys]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Republicans]]