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[[Image:Wp1.jpg|right|thumb|William Penn as a young soldier]]

[[Image:Wp1.jpg|right|thumb|William Penn as a young soldier]]

 

'''William Penn''' (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) is the father of [[Democracy]] in the United States; who [[Thomas Jefferson]] called "the greatest law giver the world has produced."<ref name=phmc>Ries, Linda A. & Stewart, Jane S. "[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DAM/charter/charter.html This Venerable Document]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>  He was a pacifist [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] whose founding of the [[Christian]] government of [[Pennsylvania]] in 1682 inspired the later [[United States of America]]; his family kept ownership of it until the American Revolution.<ref>Engels, A. "[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/penn.html William Penn]." ''Discovers Web''. Technical University Eindhoven.</ref> {{cquote|If thou wouldst rule well, thou must rule for God, and to do that, thou must be ruled by him....''Those who will not be governed by God will be ruled by tyrants.

'''William Penn''' (October 14, 1644 - July 30, 1718) is the father of [[Democracy]] in the United States; who [[Thomas Jefferson]] called "the greatest law giver the world has produced."<ref name=phmc>Ries, Linda A. & Stewart, Jane S. "[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DAM/charter/charter.html This Venerable Document]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>  He was a pacifist [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] whose founding of the [[Christian]] government of [[Pennsylvania]] in 1682 inspired the later [[United States of America]]; his family kept ownership of it until the American Revolution.<ref>Engels, A. "[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/penn.html William Penn]." ''Discovers Web''. Technical University Eindhoven.</ref> {{cquote|If thou wouldst rule well, thou must rule for God, and to do that, thou must be ruled by him....''Those who will not be governed by God will be ruled by tyrants.

-William Penn [http://www.chuckbaldwinlive.com/founding.html#wp]}} Penn's new government originated the principles of [[Representative Government|representative government]], [[Separation of Church and State|separation of church and state]], and elimination of nobility and ranks,<ref name=phmc /> while producing almost exactly a century before the [[U.S. Constitution]] concepts such as an elected 2-house Congress to pass bills, religious freedom, freedom of speech, and a [[Bill of Rights]]. He also, in 1693, drafted a lengthy proposal for a future European Union or as he called it, a "European League, or Confederacy".<ref>Penn, William (1693). "[http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/penn.pdf An Essay  Towards  the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates]."</ref> {{cquote|William Penn might, with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions.  -[[Voltaire]]<ref name=powell>Powell, Jim. [http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]." ''The Freeman'': Ideas on Liberty.</ref>}}

-William Penn [http://www.chuckbaldwinlive.com/founding.html#wp]}} Penn's new government originated the principles of [[Representative Government|representative government]], [[Separation of Church and State|separation of church and state]], and elimination of nobility and ranks<ref name=phmc />, while producing almost exactly a century before the [[U.S. Constitution]] concepts such as an elected 2-house Congress to pass bills, religious freedom, freedom of speech, and a [[Bill of Rights]]. He also, in 1693, drafted a lengthy proposal for a future European Union or as he called it, a "European League, or Confederacy".<ref>Penn, William (1693). "[http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/penn.pdf An Essay  Towards  the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates]."</ref> {{cquote|William Penn might, with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions.  -[[Voltaire]]<ref name=powell>Powell, Jim. [http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]." ''The Freeman'': Ideas on Liberty.</ref>}}

William Penn was also one of the great champions of religious freedom in 17th century England, repeatedly imprisoned, who helped preserve the greatly persecuted Quaker religion which survives today.

William Penn was also one of the great champions of religious freedom in 17th century England, repeatedly imprisoned, who helped preserve the greatly persecuted Quaker religion which survives today.

William Penn was born on October 14, 1644,<ref name=founding /> the oldest son of famous Admiral Sir William Penn (1621-1670) and Margaret Jasper's three children. The Admiral was renowned for his naval victories for the Crown during its mid-seventeenth century wars with the Dutch, and was knighted by King Charles II for his service in the Royal Navy.<ref name=dubosky>Dubosky, J. (2009). "[http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Penn__William.html William Penn]." ''Pennsylvania Study of the Book.'' Pennsylvania State University. Project of the ''Library of Congress''.</ref> Margaret Jasper was the daughter of a wealthy Rotterdam merchant.<ref name=dubosky /> Recovering from a recent civil war, England had few funds left with which to fight, and the Admiral had personally used his own wealth, approximately sixteen thousand pounds, to fund the Navy, an unsettled debt that would have later consequence. England ultimately ended up controlling considerable land in America, the 'New World', as a result of its successful war against the [[Dutch]].<ref name=phmc />

William Penn was born on October 14, 1644,<ref name=founding /> the oldest son of famous Admiral Sir William Penn (1621-1670) and Margaret Jasper's three children. The Admiral was renowned for his naval victories for the Crown during its mid-seventeenth century wars with the Dutch, and was knighted by King Charles II for his service in the Royal Navy.<ref name=dubosky>Dubosky, J. (2009). "[http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Penn__William.html William Penn]." ''Pennsylvania Study of the Book.'' Pennsylvania State University. Project of the ''Library of Congress''.</ref> Margaret Jasper was the daughter of a wealthy Rotterdam merchant.<ref name=dubosky /> Recovering from a recent civil war, England had few funds left with which to fight, and the Admiral had personally used his own wealth, approximately sixteen thousand pounds, to fund the Navy, an unsettled debt that would have later consequence. England ultimately ended up controlling considerable land in America, the 'New World', as a result of its successful war against the [[Dutch]].<ref name=phmc />

=== Education ===

=== Education ===

At age 11, Penn attended Chigwell Academy near Wanstead, England and in 1656 the family moved to Ireland where he received private tutoring.<ref>Baczynski, Bernadette L. (2004). "[http://books.google.com/books?id=it4q163Eai4C&pg=PA4 William Penn: Founder of the Pennsylvania Colony]. p. 8. ''Capstone Press''.</ref> At age 17 William Penn was expelled from [[Oxford University]] for criticizing the elaborate ceremonies of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church]], protesting required chapel attendance, and visiting a professor (John Owen<ref name=powell />) who'd been dismissed for teaching tolerant [[Humanism]].<ref name=Godinamerica>"[http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/william-penn.html People and Ideas: William Penn]." God in America. PBS.</ref> Following this, his parents sent him to France, enrolling him in its most respected Protestant University, ''[[l'Académie Protestante]]'', where he studied with Christian Humanist [[Moïse Amyraut]], a supporter of religious tolerance. In August 1664, nearing his 20th birthday, Penn returned to England and studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in [[London]].

At age 11, Penn attended Chigwell Academy near Wanstead, England and in 1656 the family moved to Ireland where he received private tutoring.<ref>Baczynski, Bernadette L. (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=it4q163Eai4C&pg=PA4 William Penn: Founder of the Pennsylvania Colony]. p. 8. ''Capstone Press''.</ref> At age 17 William Penn was expelled from [[Oxford University]] for criticizing the elaborate ceremonies of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church]], protesting required chapel attendance, and visiting a professor (John Owen<ref name=powell />) who'd been dismissed for teaching tolerant [[Humanism]].<ref name=Godinamerica>"[https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/william-penn.html People and Ideas: William Penn]." God in America. PBS.</ref> Following this, his parents sent him to France, enrolling him in its most respected Protestant University, ''[[l'Académie Protestante]]'', where he studied with Christian Humanist [[Moïse Amyraut]], a supporter of religious tolerance. In August 1664, nearing his 20th birthday, Penn returned to England and studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in [[London]].

Penn's father, the Admiral, who was then assigned to rebuilding the Royal Navy in preparation for another war with the Dutch, asked that his son serve as his personal assistant aboard the ''Royal Charles''<ref name=dubosky />, and also used him as a courier for delivering messages to King Charles II, during which the young Penn developed a friendly relationship with the King and his brother James, the Duke of York (later King James II).<ref name=powell /> In 1666, following his first military victory, a young William Penn posed for a portrait in a suit of armor.<ref>"[http://www.statemuseumpa.org/Potamkin/brother/index.htm Brother Onas ... William Penn]." ''The State Museum of Pennsylvania]."</ref>

Penn's father, the Admiral, who was then assigned to rebuilding the Royal Navy in preparation for another war with the Dutch, asked that his son serve as his personal assistant aboard the ''Royal Charles'',<ref name=dubosky /> and also used him as a courier for delivering messages to King Charles II, during which the young Penn developed a friendly relationship with the King and his brother James, the Duke of York (later King James II).<ref name=powell /> In 1666, following his first military victory, a young William Penn posed for a portrait in a suit of armor.<ref>"[http://www.statemuseumpa.org/Potamkin/brother/index.htm Brother Onas ... William Penn]." ''The State Museum of Pennsylvania."</ref>

=== A Quaker ===

=== A Quaker ===

The Quakers were founded in 1647 by [[George Fox]] and believed all people were equal before God, emphasizing a direct relationship with their Creator. They believed they were guided by an "inner light", the Holy Spirit, opposed restriction of individual conscience, and had simple, unadorned church services without ministers, sacraments, or liturgy. Quakers furthermore refused to swear oaths of loyalty to the King, pay tithes to the Anglican Church, or bear arms. In Anglican England they were viewed as heretics and subject to arrest, persecution, and imprisonment.<ref name=Godinamerica /><ref name=powell />  

The Quakers were founded in 1647 by [[George Fox]] and believed all people were equal before God, emphasizing a direct relationship with their Creator. They believed they were guided by an "inner light", the Holy Spirit, opposed restriction of individual conscience, and had simple, unadorned church services without ministers, sacraments, or liturgy. Quakers furthermore refused to swear oaths of loyalty to the King, pay tithes to the Anglican Church, or bear arms. In Anglican England they were viewed as heretics and subject to arrest, persecution, and imprisonment.<ref name=powell /><ref name=Godinamerica />  

In 1667, William Penn was introduced to Quaker missionary [[Thomas Loe]]<ref>Baczynski. p. 11.</ref>, and underwent an experience similar to the [[Apostle Paul]], claiming, "The Lord visited me, and gave me divine Impressions of Himself."<ref name=Godinamerica /> He afterward began attending Quaker meetings, known as ''The Society of Friends'', even though this was a crime in Anglican England at the time. In September 1667, police broke into a meeting, arresting everyone, but released William, because he looked like an aristocrat rather than one of the plain-clothed Quakers. Penn refused to be released, and had himself jailed, insisting that he be treated the same as his new friends. He then began preparing a legal defense and began writing about freedom of conscience. His father then disowned him when he refused to disaffiliate himself from the Quakers, and he lived in a number of Quaker households when not imprisoned.<ref name=powell /><ref name=roland>Roland, John (2011, October 25). "[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/frampenn.htm Excerpts from Frame of Government of Pennsylvania by William Penn, 1682]." The Constitution Society.</ref> {{cquote|"Penn was the only person who made major contributions to liberty in both the New World and the Old World. Before he conceived the idea of Pennsylvania, he became the leading defender of religious toleration in England. He was imprisoned six times for speaking out courageously. While in prison, he wrote one pamphlet after another, which gave Quakers a literature and attacked intolerance. He alone proved capable of challenging oppressive government policies in court--one of his cases helped secure the right to trial by jury. Penn used his diplomatic skills and family connections to get large numbers of Quakers out of jail. He saved many from the gallows."  

In 1667, William Penn was introduced to Quaker missionary [[Thomas Loe]],<ref>Baczynski. p. 11.</ref> and underwent an experience similar to the [[Apostle Paul]], claiming, "The Lord visited me, and gave me divine Impressions of Himself."<ref name=Godinamerica /> He afterward began attending Quaker meetings, known as ''The Society of Friends'', even though this was a crime in Anglican England at the time. In September 1667, police broke into a meeting, arresting everyone, but released William, because he looked like an aristocrat rather than one of the plain-clothed Quakers. Penn refused to be released, and had himself jailed, insisting that he be treated the same as his new friends. He then began preparing a legal defense and began writing about freedom of conscience. His father then disowned him when he refused to disaffiliate himself from the Quakers, and he lived in a number of Quaker households when not imprisoned.<ref name=powell /><ref name=roland>Roland, John (2011, October 25). "[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/frampenn.htm Excerpts from Frame of Government of Pennsylvania by William Penn, 1682]." The Constitution Society.</ref> {{cquote|"Penn was the only person who made major contributions to liberty in both the New World and the Old World. Before he conceived the idea of Pennsylvania, he became the leading defender of religious toleration in England. He was imprisoned six times for speaking out courageously. While in prison, he wrote one pamphlet after another, which gave Quakers a literature and attacked intolerance. He alone proved capable of challenging oppressive government policies in court--one of his cases helped secure the right to trial by jury. Penn used his diplomatic skills and family connections to get large numbers of Quakers out of jail. He saved many from the gallows."  

-Jim Powell, "[http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]"<ref name=powell />}}

-Jim Powell, "[http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]"<ref name=powell />}}

This new affiliation shocked the high society to which Penn belonged because the Quakers at the time were an intensely persecuted faction, yet he nevertheless maintained standing in the king's court because the Duke of York (future [[King James II]]) trusted him.<ref name=founding>"[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=4281&&PageID=478727&level=4&css=L4&mode=2 The Quaker Province: 1681-1776 - The Founding of Pennsylvania]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>

This new affiliation shocked the high society to which Penn belonged because the Quakers at the time were an intensely persecuted faction, yet he nevertheless maintained standing in the king's court because the Duke of York (future [[King James II]]) trusted him.<ref name=founding>"[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=4281&&PageID=478727&level=4&css=L4&mode=2 The Quaker Province: 1681-1776 - The Founding of Pennsylvania]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>

====Pacifism====

====Pacifism====

Quakerism is a traditionally a pacifist religion. William Penn asked [[George Fox]], the founder of Quakerism, whether that meant that he should stop carrying his sword. Fox answered, "carry it as long as you can". He meant that Penn should '''not''' become a pacifist just because it is expected of Quakers. Fox told Penn to wait until he became personally convinced ''for himself'' that war was wrong, rather than doing it in response to what we would today call "peer pressure".

Quakerism is a traditionally a pacifist religion. William Penn asked [[George Fox]], the founder of Quakerism, whether that meant that he should stop carrying his sword. Fox answered, "carry it as long as you can". He meant that Penn should '''not''' become a pacifist just because it is expected of Quakers. Fox told Penn to wait until he became personally convinced ''for himself'' that war was wrong, rather than doing it in response to what we would today call "peer pressure".

===Marriage===

===Marriage===

In 1668, staying with the Quaker family of Isaac Penington of Buckinghamshire, Penn was introduced to Penington's step-daughter, Gulielma Maria Springett, and it was virtually love at first sight. Thomas Elwood, the literary secretary of poet John Milton, would note her "innocently open, free and familiar Conversation, springing from the abundant Affability, Courtesy and Sweetness of her natural Temper." They were wed on April 4, 1672, and she would bear 8 children, only 3 of whom lived to adulthood, Springer, Laetitia, and William.<ref name=dubosky /> Gulielma died on February 24, 1964. On March 5, 1696, William Penn was married once more, to Hannah Callowhill, who would bear 6 children. In 1984, William and Hannah Penn were made the 3rd and 4th honorary citizens of the United States through act of Congress.<ref name=assembly>"[http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-20 Hannah Callowhill Penn Historical Marker]." ''ExplorePAHistory.com''.</ref>

In 1668, staying with the Quaker family of Isaac Penington of Buckinghamshire, Penn was introduced to Penington's step-daughter, Gulielma Maria Springett, and it was virtually love at first sight. Thomas Elwood, the literary secretary of poet John Milton, would note her "innocently open, free and familiar Conversation, springing from the abundant Affability, Courtesy and Sweetness of her natural Temper." They were wed on April 4, 1672, and she would bear 8 children, only 3 of whom lived to adulthood, Springer, Laetitia, and William.<ref name=dubosky /> Gulielma died on February 24, 1964. On March 5, 1696, William Penn was married once more, to Hannah Callowhill, who would bear 6 children. In 1984, William and Hannah Penn were made the 3rd and 4th honorary citizens of the United States through act of Congress.<ref name=assembly>"[http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-20 Hannah Callowhill Penn Historical Marker]." ''ExplorePAHistory.com''.</ref>

 

===Tower of London===

===Tower of London===

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668-1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668-1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

During this time Penn wrote several pamphlets on Quakerism, including the famous ''No Cross, No Crown'' on religious tolerance in 1669.<ref name=powell /> Penn ultimately was imprisoned six times, and during those imprisonments also penned in 1670 ''The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience'' arguing for separation of church and state. However, Penn's numerous writings could not stop the persecution of the Quakers, and he began to dream of a solution to the "Quaker problem", a new colony where Quakers and others could live freely together in a "Holy Experiment".<ref name=Godinamerica /><ref name=powell />

During this time Penn wrote several pamphlets on Quakerism, including the famous ''No Cross, No Crown'' on religious tolerance in 1669.<ref name=powell /> Penn ultimately was imprisoned six times, and during those imprisonments also penned in 1670 ''The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience'' arguing for separation of church and state. However, Penn's numerous writings could not stop the persecution of the Quakers, and he began to dream of a solution to the "Quaker problem", a new colony where Quakers and others could live freely together in a "Holy Experiment".<ref name=powell /><ref name=Godinamerica />

===Trial by Jury: Challenge of the Conventicle Act===

===Trial by Jury: Challenge of the Conventicle Act===

=== History ===

=== History ===

==== Beginnings ====

==== Beginnings ====

Due to intense religious persecution of Penn's Quakers in [[England]], Penn and other prominent Quakers prepared for an emigration to [[America]], purchasing West Jersey in 1677, and later East Jersey in 1682 (the halves of [[New Jersey]]).<ref name=janney /> Penn in May 1680<ref name=phmc /> petitioned [[King Charles II]] for land between Lord Baltimore's province of Maryland, and the province of York belonging to the Duke of York.<ref name=founding /> Penn agreed to forgive the Crown its £16,000 debt due the Penn family in exchange for land on which to build a colony for England's persecuted minorities.<ref name=phmc /> On March 4, 1681, King Charles II granted a generous [[charter]] to Penn which was officially proclaimed on April 2, making him the sole proprietor of modern-day Pennsylvania, in addition to the Jersey territory they had purchased.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681]." Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale Law School''. The Avalon Project. Accessed April 18, 2012.</ref> In 1682, the Duke of York, later King James II of England, also gave to Penn the state of Delaware as well,<ref name=founding /> a total of more than 16 million acres. While Penn wanted the new territory named "New Wales" or "Silvania" ([[Latin]] for 'forest'), King Charles II insisted that it be called Pennsylvania in honor of Penn's father, the Admiral.<ref name=phmc /> In 1682 another royal grant included what later became the state of Delaware.

Due to intense religious persecution of Penn's Quakers in [[England]], Penn and other prominent Quakers prepared for an emigration to [[America]], purchasing West Jersey in 1677, and later East Jersey in 1682 (the halves of [[New Jersey]]).<ref name=janney /> Penn in May 1680<ref name=phmc /> petitioned [[King Charles II]] for land between Lord Baltimore's province of Maryland, and the province of York belonging to the Duke of York.<ref name=founding /> Penn agreed to forgive the Crown its £16,000 debt due the Penn family in exchange for land on which to build a colony for England's persecuted minorities.<ref name=phmc /> On March 4, 1681, King Charles II granted a generous [[charter]] to Penn which was officially proclaimed on April 2, making him the [[sole proprietor]] of modern-day Pennsylvania, in addition to the Jersey territory they had purchased.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681]." Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale Law School''. The Avalon Project. Accessed April 18, 2012.</ref> In 1682, the Duke of York, later King James II of England, also gave to Penn the state of Delaware as well,<ref name=founding /> a total of more than 16 million acres. While Penn wanted the new territory named "New Wales" or "Silvania" ([[Latin]] for 'forest'), King Charles II insisted that it be called Pennsylvania in honor of Penn's father, the Admiral.<ref name=phmc /> In 1682 another royal grant included what later became the state of Delaware.

==== Early History ====

==== Early History ====

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682-1684 as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia and visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682-1684 as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia and visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83 he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtor's prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83 he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtors' prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684-99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684-99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

==== Native relations ====

==== Native relations ====

Penn's government, unusually, is renowned for its cordial relations with Native Americans. Even though Penn was granted his territory by King Charles II, he refused to grant or settle it without first buying it from the Native Americans who lived there<ref>http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnind.html</ref><ref>"[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/wu01/vc/visitor_info/pa_history/II.htm The Founding of Pennsylvania]." The Quaker Province. ''Pennsylvania General Assembly''.</ref>, insisting on purchasing it through "peaceful, voluntary exchanges", and even learned Indian dialects himself so that he could conduct negotiations without interpreters.<ref name=powell /> By 1668 he had purchased all but the northwestern third of Pennsylvania, and in 1684 and 1689 additionally purchased the Six Nation's claims to the rest of the land, as well as claims from the Delawares and Wyandots in 1685.<ref name=founding /> Penn maintained peaceful relations with the Native Americans, and was well-respected by the Susquehannocks, Shawnees, and Leni-Lenape for his courage, because he would walk among them without guards or weapons, and was an incredible sprinter who could out-run Indian braves. Penn's conclusion of a "Great Treaty" at Shackamaxon near the present-day Kensington district of Philadelphia was lauded by Voltaire as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Christians] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed."<ref name=powell /> Penn also recognized citizenship rights of Swedish, Dutch, and Finnish settlers living in the newly acquired Delaware River Valley.<ref>"[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/charter.htm William Penn, Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701]." Treasures of the APS. ''American Philosophical Society''.</ref>

Penn's government, unusually, is renowned for its cordial relations with Native Americans. Even though Penn was granted his territory by King Charles II, he refused to grant or settle it without first buying it from the Native Americans who lived there,<ref>http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnind.html</ref><ref>"[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/wu01/vc/visitor_info/pa_history/II.htm The Founding of Pennsylvania]." The Quaker Province. ''Pennsylvania General Assembly''.</ref> insisting on purchasing it through "peaceful, voluntary exchanges", and even learned Indian dialects himself so that he could conduct negotiations without interpreters.<ref name=powell /> By 1668 he had purchased all but the northwestern third of Pennsylvania, and in 1684 and 1689 additionally purchased the Six Nation's claims to the rest of the land, as well as claims from the Delawares and Wyandots in 1685.<ref name=founding /> Penn maintained peaceful relations with the Native Americans, and was well-respected by the Susquehannocks, Shawnees, and Leni-Lenape for his courage, because he would walk among them without guards or weapons, and was an incredible sprinter who could out-run Indian braves. Penn's conclusion of a "Great Treaty" at Shackamaxon near the present-day Kensington district of Philadelphia was lauded by Voltaire as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Christians] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed."<ref name=powell /> Penn also recognized citizenship rights of Swedish, Dutch, and Finnish settlers living in the newly acquired Delaware River Valley.<ref>"[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/charter.htm William Penn, Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701]." Treasures of the APS. ''American Philosophical Society''.</ref>

====Equality====

====Equality====

Well ahead of his time, William Penn not only interacted peacefully with Native American tribes, but insisted on equal rights for women. While Penn nevertheless owned slaves, as did other early Quakers, Pennsylvania banned importation of slaves in 1696.<ref name=dade>Duqella, G., Hassell, P., et. al. "[http://cghs.dadeschools.net/slavery/anti-slavery_movement/quakers.htm Quakers in the Anti-slavery Movement]." Anti-slavery Movement: Quakers. Miami-Dade County Public Schools.</ref> In 1758, before the U.S.A. was even born, Quakers formally opposed slavery altogether<ref name=powell />, and would form much of the early opposition to slavery in the coming United States of America, founding the first American anti-slavery group and inspiring early abolitionism.<ref name=dade />  

Well ahead of his time, William Penn not only interacted peacefully with Native American tribes, but insisted on equal rights for women. While Penn nevertheless owned slaves, as did other early Quakers, Pennsylvania banned importation of slaves in 1696.<ref name=dade>Duqella, G., Hassell, P., et. al. "[http://cghs.dadeschools.net/slavery/anti-slavery_movement/quakers.htm Quakers in the Anti-slavery Movement]." Anti-slavery Movement: Quakers. Miami-Dade County Public Schools.</ref> In 1758, before the U.S.A. was even born, Quakers formally opposed slavery altogether,<ref name=powell /> and would form much of the early opposition to slavery in the coming United States of America, founding the first American anti-slavery group and inspiring early abolitionism.<ref name=dade />  

While ahead of its time, in guaranteeing freedom of religion to all Christians - thus attracting numerous Mennonites, Amish, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Calvinists, Moravians, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, Welsh Baptists, Irish Catholics, and Missionary Anglicans, the government did not guarantee true freedom of religion as we think of it today. Atheists were excluded, while Jews and other non-Christians could not hold office or vote.<ref name=Godinamerica />

While ahead of its time, in guaranteeing freedom of religion to all Christians - thus attracting numerous Mennonites, Amish, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Calvinists, Moravians, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, Welsh Baptists, Irish Catholics, and Missionary Anglicans, the government did not guarantee true freedom of religion as we think of it today. Atheists were excluded, while Jews and other non-Christians could not hold office or vote.<ref name=Godinamerica />

=== Frame of government ===

=== Frame of government ===

: ''Main Article:  [[Province of Pennsylvania]]''

: ''Main Article:  [[Province of Pennsylvania]]''

The new government of Pennsylvania, established in 1682, was a religious utopia to which all the persecuted religious minorities of Europe fled and were granted safe haven.<ref name=roland>Roland, John (2011, October 25). "[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/frampenn.htm Excerpts from Frame of Government of Pennsylvania by William Penn, 1682]." The Constitution Society.</ref> The government consisted of a Governor (originally Penn) and freemen of the province, the latter as represented by two ruling houses, a 72-member Provincial Council, and a General Assembly (200-500 representatives), both selected through free and voluntary public elections.<ref name=avalon>Penn, William (1682, May 5). "[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIV. Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale University''. The Avalon Project.</ref>  

The new government of Pennsylvania, established in 1682, was a religious utopia to which all the persecuted religious minorities of Europe fled and were granted safe haven.<ref name="roland"/> The government consisted of a Governor (originally Penn) and freemen of the province, the latter as represented by two ruling houses, a 72-member Provincial Council, and a General Assembly (200-500 representatives), both selected through free and voluntary public elections.<ref name=avalon>Penn, William (1682, May 5). "[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIV. Lillian Goldman Law Library. ''Yale University''. The Avalon Project.</ref>  

The Provincial Council was presided over by the Governor and responsible for proposing bills to become Law<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XII.</ref>, with sweeping power to split into 6-18 member subcommittees governing execution of the laws (commerce, transportation, justice, education, science, arts, manufacturing, budget, the Treasury, and local development).<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XIII.</ref> Laws proposed by the Provincial Council would pass to the General Assembly (who could submit proposed bills to the Provincial Council for consideration) for passage.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XIV.</ref> Both houses required 2/3 approval for passage.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XXII.</ref> All public officials were required to be "such as possess faith in Jesus Christ".<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' V, XIV.</ref>

The Provincial Council was presided over by the Governor and responsible for proposing bills to become Law,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XII.</ref> with sweeping power to split into 6-18 member subcommittees governing execution of the laws (commerce, transportation, justice, education, science, arts, manufacturing, budget, the Treasury, and local development).<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XIII.</ref> Laws proposed by the Provincial Council would pass to the General Assembly (who could submit proposed bills to the Provincial Council for consideration) for passage.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XIV.</ref> Both houses required 2/3 approval for passage.<ref name="Frame of Government of Pennsylvania">"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XXII.</ref> All public officials were required to be "such as possess faith in Jesus Christ".<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' V, XIV.</ref>

Religious freedom was guaranteed for all people professing belief in "the one Almighty and eternal God".<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXV.</ref> Marriage was a government institution based on the Bible<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XIX.</ref> and sodomy/homosexuality was forbidden along with incest, prostitution, rape, drunkenness, lying, gambling, obscenity, and cruelty to animals.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXVII.</ref> Sundays were a day off for both citizens<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXVI.</ref> and government.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' XXII.</ref>

Religious freedom was guaranteed for all people professing belief in "the one Almighty and eternal God".<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXV.</ref> Marriage was a government institution based on the Bible<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XIX.</ref> and sodomy/homosexuality was forbidden along with incest, prostitution, rape, drunkenness, lying, gambling, obscenity, and cruelty to animals.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXVII.</ref> Sundays were a day off for both citizens<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXVI.</ref> and government.<ref name="Frame of Government of Pennsylvania"/>

Trials were by 12-member juries with witnesses commanded to speak "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth".<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXVI.</ref> Any people wrongfully imprisoned were to have double damages against the informer or prosecutor<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XII.</ref>, and any found guilty of willful falsehood were to undergo the penalties of those against whom they bore false witness, "make satisfaction" for those they falsely testified against (presumably monetary), and be publicly exposed as false witnesses not credible for future court hearings.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXVI.</ref> Prisons were "work-houses" for felons and vagrants, and free in fees, food, and lodging.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' X.</ref> All fees were to be moderate<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XVIII.</ref>; both extortion<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XVII.</ref> and slander<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXX.</ref> were serious offenses.

Trials were by 12-member juries with witnesses commanded to speak "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth".<ref name="avalon.law.yale.edu">"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXVI.</ref> Any people wrongfully imprisoned were to have double damages against the informer or prosecutor,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XII.</ref> and any found guilty of willful falsehood were to undergo the penalties of those against whom they bore false witness, "make satisfaction" for those they falsely testified against (presumably monetary), and be publicly exposed as false witnesses not credible for future court hearings.<ref name="avalon.law.yale.edu"/> Prisons were "work-houses" for felons and vagrants, and free in fees, food, and lodging.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' X.</ref> All fees were to be moderate;<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XVIII.</ref> both extortion<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XVII.</ref> and slander<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXX.</ref> were serious offenses.

Key features included:

Key features included:

* Term limits, officials couldn't keep serving consecutive years due to 3 and 7 year limits<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' III, IV.</ref> and couldn't hold more than one public office.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXVII.</ref>  

* Term limits, officials couldn't keep serving consecutive years due to 3 and 7 year limits<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'The Frame, &c.-April 25, 1682' III, IV.</ref> and couldn't hold more than one public office.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXVII.</ref>  

* Fair taxation declaring no taxes could be enforced on citizens apart from passed law.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' IV.</ref>

* Fair taxation declaring no taxes could be enforced on citizens apart from passed law.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' IV.</ref>

* Employee protections against overwork<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIX.</ref>, reimbursement for defrauded employers<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIII.</ref>, and registry of employment information including names, times, wages, and days of employment.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIII.</ref>

* Employee protections against overwork,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIX.</ref> reimbursement for defrauded employers,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIII.</ref> and registry of employment information including names, times, wages, and days of employment.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIII.</ref>

* Government accountability, any officials found guilty of fraud were to pay double damages and dismissed of their offices.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXI.</ref>

* Government accountability, any officials found guilty of fraud were to pay double damages and dismissed of their offices.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXI.</ref>

==== Christian Foundation ====

==== Christian Foundation ====

The Preamble's beginning was unapologetically Christian in tone, plainly revealing its foundation of government to be based on Biblical principles. The final word in the Preamble, apart from Penn's name, is "Amen". The following are the 1st three paragraphs of the Preamble: {{cquote|When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures it pleased him to choose man his deputy to rule it; and to fit him for so great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and power but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was equally his honor and his happiness; and whilst he stood here, all went well; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means, the precept of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his innocency. But lust prevailing against duty made a lamentable breach upon it; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live comformable to the holy law within should fall under the reproof and correction of the just law without in a judicial administration.

The Preamble's beginning was unapologetically Christian in tone, plainly revealing its foundation of government to be based on Biblical principles. The final word in the Preamble, apart from Penn's name, is "Amen". The following are the 1st three paragraphs of the Preamble: {{cquote|When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures it pleased him to choose man his deputy to rule it; and to fit him for so great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and power but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was equally his honor and his happiness; and whilst he stood here, all went well; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means, the precept of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his innocency. But lust prevailing against duty made a lamentable breach upon it; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live comformable to the holy law within should fall under the reproof and correction of the just law without in a judicial administration.

* Right to Fair Trial. According to the fifth guaranteed privilege: {{cquote|THAT all Criminals shall have the same Privileges of Witnesses and Council as their Prosecutors.<ref>"[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/penncharpriv.htm Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges]." V.</ref>}}

* Right to Fair Trial. According to the fifth guaranteed privilege: {{cquote|THAT all Criminals shall have the same Privileges of Witnesses and Council as their Prosecutors.<ref>"[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/penncharpriv.htm Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges]." V.</ref>}}

== Later Life ==

== Later life ==

A friend of King James II, Penn was on the losing side of the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 and lost control of his province in 1692; it was restored to him in 1694. His wife died in 1694 and he remarried in 1696. His fourth "Frame of Government" of 1701 was notable for its liberalism, being the constitution of colonial Pennsylvania. His last years were filled with financial misfortune and included a term in debtors' prison in England.

A friend of King James II, Penn was on the losing side of the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 and lost control of his province in 1692; it was restored to him in 1694. His wife died in 1694 and he remarried in 1696. His fourth "Frame of Government" of 1701 was notable for its liberalism, being the constitution of colonial Pennsylvania. His last years were filled with financial misfortune and included a term in debtors' prison in England.

== Death ==

== Death ==

William Penn died on July 30, 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, following a series of strokes.<ref name=dubosky />

William Penn died on July 30, 1718, in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, following a series of strokes.<ref name=dubosky />

==Quotes==

==Quotes==

* “If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants."  

* "If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants." or "Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruled by God or tyrants? |author=Bradlee Dean |publisher= Conservative News and Views |date=29 May 2015 |url=https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/05/29/clergy/ruled-by-god-or-tyrants/ |accessdate= 31 May 2015|quote=William Penn once said men must choose: if God does not rule them, tyrants will. Recent events prove that maxim...Now, I hope you can understand why William Penn stated, “Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants.”}}</ref>

* "Truth never lost ground by enquiry."

* "Truth never lost ground by enquiry."

* “A nation is not great by virtue of its wealth, but by the wealth of its virtue.”

* "A nation is not great by virtue of its wealth, but by the wealth of its virtue."

* “since Religion itself is nothing else but Love to God and Man,” and “For where there is not Love; there is Fear: But perfect Love casts out fear. Love is above all; and when it prevails in us all, we shall all be Lovely, and in Love with God and one with another."

* "since Religion itself is nothing else but Love to God and Man," and "For where there is not Love; there is Fear: But perfect Love casts out fear. Love is above all; and when it prevails in us all, we shall all be Lovely, and in Love with God and one with another."

== References ==

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== See Also ==

== See also ==

* [[Province of Pennsylvania]]

* [[Province of Pennsylvania]]

* [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]]

* [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]]

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Penn, William. ''William Penn on Religion and Ethics: The Emergence of Liberal Quakerism.'' ed. by Hugh S. Barbour, 2 Vols. (1991). 672 pp.

* Penn, William. ''William Penn on Religion and Ethics: The Emergence of Liberal Quakerism.'' ed. by Hugh S. Barbour, 2 Vols. (1991). 672 pp.

* Penn, William. ''The Papers of William Penn'' ed. by Mary Maples Dunn et al., 5 vol. 1981-1987

* Penn, William. ''The Papers of William Penn'' ed. by Mary Maples Dunn et al., 5 vol. 1981-1987

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