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Another popular historical encryption method was the "enigma machine" developed by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. The enigma machine (or ''ENIGMA'' for short) worked on the plugboard principle. It had the ability to generate many different ciphertexts for the same plaintext using different "keys", which meant that Allied cryptographers could no longer rely on being able to match encoded texts with plaintexts. Prior to World War II, cryptographers had gotten used to being able to collate messages with their ciphertexts to create large "dictionaries" (for example, matching the ciphertext "PVCURE" with its plaintext "CIPHER" in the above example). These code dictionaries could then be used to launch dictionary attacks against messages whose decodings were not yet known. ''ENIGMA'' rendered this tactic hopeless. For example, while "PVCURE" might mean "CIPHER" using Monday's key, it might mean "ATTACK" using Tuesday's key. However, a letter cannot be encrypted as itself, so no key can decrypt "PVCURE" as "POISON".

Another popular historical encryption method was the "enigma machine" developed by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. The enigma machine (or ''ENIGMA'' for short) worked on the plugboard principle. It had the ability to generate many different ciphertexts for the same plaintext using different "keys", which meant that Allied cryptographers could no longer rely on being able to match encoded texts with plaintexts. Prior to World War II, cryptographers had gotten used to being able to collate messages with their ciphertexts to create large "dictionaries" (for example, matching the ciphertext "PVCURE" with its plaintext "CIPHER" in the above example). These code dictionaries could then be used to launch dictionary attacks against messages whose decodings were not yet known. ''ENIGMA'' rendered this tactic hopeless. For example, while "PVCURE" might mean "CIPHER" using Monday's key, it might mean "ATTACK" using Tuesday's key. However, a letter cannot be encrypted as itself, so no key can decrypt "PVCURE" as "POISON".

The Enigma cipher was eventually cracked by homosexual<ref>http://thomasj1776.multiply.com/journal/item/69?&item_id=69</ref> British mathematician [[Alan Turing]], with the aid of an early computer. This was the beginning of modern cryptography as a science, although few advancements were made from the end of WWII until the rise of the [[Internet]] in the 1980s.

The Enigma cipher was first cracked by three [[Poland|Polish]] mathematicians: 

Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki, and Henryk Zygalski.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/03/15/polish-codebreakers-cracked-enigma-before-alan-turing/</ref> Despite this, filmmakers have tried to give the credit to British mathematician [[Alan Turing]], who was taught by the Polish experts how to build a computer to continue to decipher the Enigma.  

 

The deciphering of the Enigma was the beginning of modern cryptography as a science, although few advancements were made from the end of WWII until the rise of the [[Internet]] in the 1980s.

Today, encryption is used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]. Several forms of "strong" encryption are considered munitions under federal law, and may not be exported to belligerent countries such as [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/exp_controls/encryption1.html "Encryption Export Controls"] at ''stanford.edu''</ref>

Today, encryption is used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]. Several forms of "strong" encryption are considered munitions under federal law, and may not be exported to belligerent countries such as [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/exp_controls/encryption1.html "Encryption Export Controls"] at ''stanford.edu''</ref>