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The ''Philosophoumena'', that is a part of his larger work "Refutation of All Heresies", written later, shows that he dissented from the compassionate views of Pope Zephyrinus, whom he considered to be a weak man "unskilled the church's rule", and from his successor ‎Pope Callistus I of Rome (217-222) concerning the reception of backsliders and heretics who had repented.  

The ''Philosophoumena'', that is a part of his larger work "Refutation of All Heresies", written later, shows that he dissented from the compassionate views of Pope Zephyrinus, whom he considered to be a weak man "unskilled the church's rule", and from his successor ‎Pope Callistus I of Rome (217-222) concerning the reception of backsliders and heretics who had repented.  

For these doctrinal differences, as well as the bishops’ relaxing of moral standards, Hippolytus bitterly opposed both bishops. He dissented to such an extant from the merciful views of Zephyrinus and ‎Callistus, that consequently, on the death of Zephyrinus in 217 when St. Callistus was elected pope Callistus I (217-218), and strenuously opposing the reception again into the church of backsliders and heretics who had repented, Hippolytus allowed himself to immediately leave the communion of the Roman Church in [[schism]], with the support of his enthusiastic small band of followers, and had himself elected by them for a while as a rival bishop of the Roman church, the first [[antipope]] in history. These he calls the true Catholic Church and himself successor to the Apostles, terming the great majority of Roman Christians the School of Callistus.  

For these doctrinal differences in Christology, as well as the bishops’ relaxing of moral standards, Hippolytus bitterly opposed both bishops. He dissented to such an extant from the merciful views of Zephyrinus and ‎Callistus, that consequently, on the death of Zephyrinus in 217 when St. Callistus was elected pope Callistus I (217-218), and strenuously opposing the reception again into the church of backsliders and heretics who had repented, Hippolytus allowed himself to immediately leave the communion of the Roman Church in [[schism]], with the support of his enthusiastic small band of followers, and had himself elected by them for a while as a rival bishop of the Roman church, the first [[antipope]] in history. These he calls the true Catholic Church and himself successor to the Apostles, terming the great majority of Roman Christians the School of Callistus.  

He continued in opposition as antipope throughout the reigns of the two immediate successors of Callistus, St. Urban I (222 / 223 to 230) and St. Pontius, Pontianus (230-35), both of whom he opposed as well, and during this period, probably during the pontificate of Pontianus, he wrote the "Philosophumena". Ultimately, both Hippolytus and Pontianus were exiled to Sardinia under Emperor Maximus Thorax, and a new Roman bishop was installed after their deaths, St. Anterus (21 November 235–3 January 236), ending the schismatic controversy.

He continued in opposition as antipope throughout the reigns of the two immediate successors of Callistus, St. Urban I (222 / 223 to 230) and St. Pontius, Pontianus (230-35), both of whom he opposed as well, and during this period, probably during the pontificate of Pontianus, he wrote the "Philosophumena". Ultimately, both Hippolytus and Pontianus were exiled to Sardinia under Emperor Maximus Thorax, and a new Roman bishop was installed after their deaths, St. Anterus (21 November 235–3 January 236), ending the schismatic controversy.