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In 1254, rebelling against the Papal order to accept a Hungarian bishop, the Bosnian Church chose '''[[schism]]''' (ecclesially autonomous but mainly following Orthodox doctrine). In that way, an autonomous Bosnian Church came into being. Some later saw in this the beginning of a Bogomil or Cathar Church. In reality no trace of bogomilism, Catharism or dualism can be found in the original documents of the Bosnian Christians. Some scholars, who sought certain ideological backgrounds and justifications for their political narratives, argue that both Catholics and Orthodox persecuted the Bogomils as heretics, and according to them, the pressures drew Bosnia to Bogomilism.  

In 1254, rebelling against the Papal order to accept a Hungarian bishop, the Bosnian Church chose '''[[schism]]''' (ecclesially autonomous but mainly following Orthodox doctrine). In that way, an autonomous Bosnian Church came into being. Some later saw in this the beginning of a Bogomil or Cathar Church. In reality no trace of bogomilism, Catharism or dualism can be found in the original documents of the Bosnian Christians. Some scholars, who sought certain ideological backgrounds and justifications for their political narratives, argue that both Catholics and Orthodox persecuted the Bogomils as heretics, and according to them, the pressures drew Bosnia to Bogomilism.  

The Inquisitor and former Cathar, Reinerius Sacconi (d. 1262) traces the origin of the various moderate Cathar churches in Southern Europe back to the “church of Philadelphia in Romania” <ref>Sanjek.</ref>.

There are no problems with regard to the historical transmission of moderate dualism. The Inquisitor and former Cathar, Reinerius Sacconi (d. 1262) traces the origin of the various moderate Cathar churches in Southern Europe back to the “church of Philadelphia in Romania” <ref>Sanjek.</ref>. The Inquisitor Anselmus Alessandria reports in 1266 that Bogomil ideas were taken back to Europe by the returning [[The Crusades|crusaders]].<ref>''Tractatus the hereticis''</ref>  

 

There are no problems with regard to the historical transmission of moderate dualism: The Inquisitor Anselmus Alessandria reports in 1266 that Bogomil ideas were taken back to Europe by the returning [[The Crusades|crusaders]].<ref>''Tractatus the hereticis''</ref>  

The possibility that Manichean ideas reached the Bogomils in the Balkans through the Islamic expansion has been dismissed by some scholars. According to the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' <ref>de Blois, p. 510a.</ref> this is highly improbable as conversions to Islam only started in the Balkans about 1260, and the main Ottoman colonization was between 1300-1400.

The possibility that Manichean ideas reached the Bogomils in the Balkans through the Islamic expansion has been dismissed by some scholars. According to the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' <ref>de Blois, p. 510a.</ref> this is highly improbable as conversions to Islam only started in the Balkans about 1260, and the main Ottoman colonization was between 1300-1400.