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[[Image:Dallas-Praetorian.jpg|thumb|250px|Praetorian Building in 1910, tallest building in Texas for many years]]
[[Image:Dallas-Praetorian.jpg|thumb|250px|Praetorian Building in 1910, tallest building in Texas for many years]]
Growth accelerated, hitting 260,000 at the onset of the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression]] in 1929. The city suffered less than others because it had relatively little manufacturing, apart from a Ford auto plant. Cotton formers, facing very low prices in 1930-33, purchased a lot less, but the [[New Deal]] farm programs restored prices. New Deal relief programs, especially the [[CCC]] and [[WPA]] provided jobs for the unemployed, while major civic construction projects were funded by other New Deal agencies.
Growth accelerated, hitting 260,000 at the onset of the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression]] in 1929. The city suffered less than others because it had relatively little manufacturing, apart from a Ford auto plant. Cotton formers, facing very low prices in 1930–33, purchased a lot less, but the [[New Deal]] farm programs restored prices. New Deal relief programs, especially the [[CCC]] and [[WPA]] provided jobs for the unemployed, while major civic construction projects were funded by other New Deal agencies.
===Progressive era: 1890-1930===
===Progressive era: 1890-1930===
The city's fathers originally depicted Dallas as southern in order to rationalize slavery and opposition to [[Reconstruction]], but this discouraged Northern investment and the political support of wealthy northern migrants to the city. From the 1870s on, Dallas leaders portrayed the city as southwestern, or later as part of the "Sunbelt", in order to incorporate wealthy non-southern whites, including Jews, into society. For example, between 1852 and 1925 the seven Sanger brothers built successful mercantile businesses along developing railroad lines, including the Sanger Bros. department store, and occupied numerous city and state government posts.<ref>Rose G. Biderman, "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History." ''Western States Jewish History'' 1996 28(2): 149-158. Issn: 0749-5471</ref> White blue collar workers were marginalized, and even more so the Mexican Americans, and blacks.<ref>See Michael Phillips, ''White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001.'' (2006).</ref>
The city's fathers originally depicted Dallas as southern in order to rationalize slavery and opposition to [[Reconstruction]], but this discouraged Northern investment and the political support of wealthy northern migrants to the city. From the 1870s on, Dallas leaders portrayed the city as southwestern, or later as part of the "Sunbelt", in order to incorporate wealthy non-southern whites, including Jews, into society. For example, between 1852 and 1925 the seven Sanger brothers built successful mercantile businesses along developing railroad lines, including the Sanger Bros. department store, and occupied numerous city and state government posts.<ref>Rose G. Biderman, "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History." ''Western States Jewish History'' 1996 28(2): 149-158. Issn: 0749-5471</ref> White blue collar workers were marginalized, and even more so the Mexican Americans, and blacks.<ref>See Michael Phillips, ''White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001.'' (2006).</ref>
==Gender==
==Gender==
Women did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city, focusing their energies on families, schools, and churches during the city's pioneer days. Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle class women. Through voluntary organizations and club work, they connected their city to national cultural and social trends. By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues.<ref>Elizabeth York Enstam, ''Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.'' (1998).</ref>
Women did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city, focusing their energies on families, schools, and churches during the city's pioneer days. Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle-class women. Through voluntary organizations and club work, they connected their city to national cultural and social trends. By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues.<ref>Elizabeth York Enstam, ''Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.'' (1998).</ref>
During 1913-19, advocates of woman suffrage drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women's club movement. They also tapped into popular culture, successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion. The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards. Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause, blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior, especially propriety.<ref>Elizabeth York Enstam, "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919." ''Journal of Southern History'' 2002 68(4): 817-848.</ref>
During 1913–19, advocates of woman suffrage drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women's club movement. They also tapped into popular culture, successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion. The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards. Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause, blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior, especially propriety.<ref>Elizabeth York Enstam, "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919." ''Journal of Southern History'' 2002 68(4): 817-848.</ref>
Women of color usually operated separately. Juanita Craft (1902–85) was a leader in the civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP. She focused on working with black youths, organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas.<ref>Stefanie Decker, "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 33-42. Issn: 0424-1444</ref>
Women of color usually operated separately. Juanita Craft (1902–85) was a leader in the civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP. She focused on working with black youths, organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas.<ref>Stefanie Decker, "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 33-42. Issn: 0424-1444</ref>
* Acheson, Sam. ''35,000 Days in Texas'' (1938), a history of the ''Dallas Morning News'' and its conservative political and economic positions
* Acheson, Sam. ''35,000 Days in Texas'' (1938), a history of the ''Dallas Morning News'' and its conservative political and economic positions
* Behnken, Brian D. "The 'Dallas Way': Protest, Response, and the Civil Rights Experience in Big D and Beyond." ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'' 2007 111(1): 1-29. Issn: 0038-478x
* Behnken, Brian D. "The 'Dallas Way': Protest, Response, and the Civil Rights Experience in Big D and Beyond." ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'' 2007 111(1): 1-29. Issn: 0038-478x
* Biderman, Rose G. "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History." ''Western States Jewish History'' 1996 28(2): 149-158. Issn: 0749-5471
* Biderman, Rose G. "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History." ''Western States Jewish History'' 1996 28(2): 149–158. Issn: 0749-5471
* Chipman, Donald, Randolph Campbell, and Robert Calvert. ''The Dallas Cowboys and the National Football League'' (1970), stress on business side of the field
* Chipman, Donald, Randolph Campbell, and Robert Calvert. ''The Dallas Cowboys and the National Football League'' (1970), stress on business side of the field
* Cristol, Gerry. ''A Light in the Prairie: Temple Emanu-El of Dallas, 1872-1997.'' (1998). 312 pp.
* Cristol, Gerry. ''A Light in the Prairie: Temple Emanu-El of Dallas, 1872-1997.'' (1998). 312 pp.
* Decker, Stefanie. "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 33-42. Issn: 0424-1444
* Decker, Stefanie. "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 33–42. Issn: 0424-1444
* Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919." ''Journal of Southern History'' 2002 68(4): 817-848. Issn: 0022-4642 [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002502597 online edition]
* Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919." ''Journal of Southern History'' 2002 68(4): 817–848. Issn: 0022-4642 [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002502597 online edition]
* Enstam, Elizabeth York. ''Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.'' (1998). 284 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/22820264?title=Women%20and%20the%20Creation%20of%20Urban%20Life%3a%20Dallas%2c%20Texas%2c%201843-1920 online edition]
* Enstam, Elizabeth York. ''Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.'' (1998). 284 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/22820264?title=Women%20and%20the%20Creation%20of%20Urban%20Life%3a%20Dallas%2c%20Texas%2c%201843-1920 online edition]
* Fairbanks, Robert B. "Rethinking Urban Problems: Planning, Zoning, and City Government in Dallas, 1900-1930." ''Journal of Urban History'' 1999 25(6): 809-837. Issn: 0096-1442 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Fairbanks, Robert B. "Rethinking Urban Problems: Planning, Zoning, and City Government in Dallas, 1900-1930." ''Journal of Urban History'' 1999 25(6): 809–837. Issn: 0096-1442 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Fairbanks, Robert B. ''For the City as a Whole: Planning, Politics, and the Public Interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965.'' (1998). 318 pp.
* Fairbanks, Robert B. ''For the City as a Whole: Planning, Politics, and the Public Interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965.'' (1998). 318 pp.
* Gower, Patricia E. "The Price of Exclusion: Dallas Municipal Policy and its Impact on African Americans." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 43-54. Issn: 0424-1444
* Gower, Patricia E. "The Price of Exclusion: Dallas Municipal Policy and its Impact on African Americans." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 2001 39(1): 43–54. Issn: 0424-1444
* Gower, Patricia Ellen. "Dallas: Experiments in Progressivism, 1898-1919." PhD dissertation Texas A. & M. U. 1996. 228 pp. DAI 1997 58(1): 263-A. DA9718350 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Gower, Patricia Ellen. "Dallas: Experiments in Progressivism, 1898-1919." PhD dissertation Texas A. & M. U. 1996. 228 pp. DAI 1997 58(1): 263-A. DA9718350 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Hazel, Michael V., ed. ''Dallas Reconsidered: Essays in Local History'' (2000), 325pp
* Hazel, Michael V., ed. ''Dallas Reconsidered: Essays in Local History'' (2000), 325pp
* Payne, Darwin. ''As Old as Dallas Itself: A History of Lawyers in Dallas, the Dallas Bar Associations, and the City They Helped Build.'' (1999). 325 pp.
* Payne, Darwin. ''As Old as Dallas Itself: A History of Lawyers in Dallas, the Dallas Bar Associations, and the City They Helped Build.'' (1999). 325 pp.
* Phillips, Michael. ''White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001.'' (2006). 300 pp.
* Phillips, Michael. ''White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001.'' (2006). 300 pp.
* Phillips, Michael. ''White Violence, Hegemony, and Slave Rebellion in Dallas, Texas, Before the Civil War.'' ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 1999 37(2): 25-35. Issn: 0424-1444
* Phillips, Michael. ''White Violence, Hegemony, and Slave Rebellion in Dallas, Texas, Before the Civil War.'' ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 1999 37(2): 25–35. Issn: 0424-1444
* Prior, Marsha, and Robert V. Kemper. "From Freedman's Town to Uptown: Community Transformation and Gentrification in Dallas, Texas," ''Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development,'' Vol. 34, 2005 [http://www.questia.com/read/5011517690?title=From%20Freedman's%20Town%20to%20Uptown%3a%20Community%20Transformation%20and%20Gentrification%20in%20Dallas%2c%20Texas online edition]
* Prior, Marsha, and Robert V. Kemper. "From Freedman's Town to Uptown: Community Transformation and Gentrification in Dallas, Texas," ''Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development,'' Vol. 34, 2005 [http://www.questia.com/read/5011517690?title=From%20Freedman's%20Town%20to%20Uptown%3a%20Community%20Transformation%20and%20Gentrification%20in%20Dallas%2c%20Texas online edition]
* Tatman, Arthur T. "La Camara, 1939: a 'Mexican; Chamber of Commerce Forms in Dallas.'' ''Journal of the West'' 2006 45(4): 36-47. Issn: 0022-5169 online at ABC-CLIO
* Tatman, Arthur T. "La Camara, 1939: a 'Mexican; Chamber of Commerce Forms in Dallas.'' ''Journal of the West'' 2006 45(4): 36-47. Issn: 0022-5169 online at ABC-CLIO