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The 1990s was a decade of progress and unfulfilled promise in the field of Russian military history. Broader access to previously closed archives and widespread collaboration between Russian and foreign scholars - one of the decade's most important developments - coincided with a wave of publications in military history. Varying degrees of scholarly access to the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, the Russian State Military Archive, and the Central State Archive of the Ministry of Defense made it possible for historians to construct research on both neglected and sensitive issues. For instance, freer archival access underlay Oleg Fedotovich Suvenirov's ''Tragediia RKKA 1937-1938'' [The tragedy of the Red Army, 1937-38] (1998), David Stone's ''Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926-1933'' (2000), and numerous other works. The 1990s witnessed a modest revival in institutionally sponsored research, as well as a renaissance in serious scholarship on prerevolutionary Russian military history. One of the decade's more unusual developments was the exploration of hitherto taboo subjects, such as the history of military intelligence. However, only some attainments of the 1990s were genuine; others were incomplete or ephemeral. Questions also remain over fundamental issues, including problematic archival access, larger political uncertainties, and indifference toward things military.<ref>Bruce W. Menning, "A Decade Half-full: Post-Cold War Studies in Russian and Soviet Military History." ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' 2001 2(2): 341-362. Issn: 1531-023x not online</ref>
The 1990s was a decade of progress and unfulfilled promise in the field of Russian military history. Broader access to previously closed archives and widespread collaboration between Russian and foreign scholars - one of the decade's most important developments - coincided with a wave of publications in military history. Varying degrees of scholarly access to the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, the Russian State Military Archive, and the Central State Archive of the Ministry of Defense made it possible for historians to construct research on both neglected and sensitive issues. For instance, freer archival access underlay Oleg Fedotovich Suvenirov's ''Tragediia RKKA 1937-1938'' [The tragedy of the Red Army, 1937-38] (1998), David Stone's ''Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926-1933'' (2000), and numerous other works. The 1990s witnessed a modest revival in institutionally sponsored research, as well as a renaissance in serious scholarship on prerevolutionary Russian military history. One of the decade's more unusual developments was the exploration of hitherto taboo subjects, such as the history of military intelligence. However, only some attainments of the 1990s were genuine; others were incomplete or ephemeral. Questions also remain over fundamental issues, including problematic archival access, larger political uncertainties, and indifference toward things military.<ref>Bruce W. Menning, "A Decade Half-full: Post-Cold War Studies in Russian and Soviet Military History." ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' 2001 2(2): 341-362. Issn: 1531-023x not online</ref>
===United States===
===United States===
Edward M. Coffman, a military historian who taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, emphasizes the role of the individual and includes analysis of social, political, and economic ramifications as well as battles. Coffman's monographs include one on Peyton C. March, army chief of staff during World War I, one on the American military experience during World War I, and one on the Old Army during peacetime, 1784-1898. Coffman notes that historians need as much information as they can "vacuum" and need to be honest to and with their subjects. He urges careful attention be paid to the individual testimonies of soldiers, both written and oral, when doing military history and provides examples of those historians who have accomplished this.<ref>Edward M. Coffman, and James Russell Harris, "'What Really Interests Me Are the People': Edward M. Coffman on Soldiers, Scholars, and the New Military History." ''Register of the Kentucky Historical Society'' 2001 99(2): 123-152. Issn: 0023-0243</ref>
Edward M. Coffman, a military historian who taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, emphasizes the role of the individual and includes analysis of social, political, and economic ramifications as well as battles. Coffman's monographs include one on Peyton C. March, army chief of staff during World War I, one on the American military experience during World War I, and one on the Old Army during peacetime, 1784–1898. Coffman notes that historians need as much information as they can "vacuum" and need to be honest to and with their subjects. He urges careful attention be paid to the individual testimonies of soldiers, both written and oral, when doing military history and provides examples of those historians who have accomplished this.<ref>Edward M. Coffman, and James Russell Harris, "'What Really Interests Me Are the People': Edward M. Coffman on Soldiers, Scholars, and the New Military History." ''Register of the Kentucky Historical Society'' 2001 99(2): 123-152. Issn: 0023-0243</ref>
==Popular culture==
==Popular culture==
The most popular 1990s American novels and movies mention military culture in only about 6% of the books and 4% of the films. Most are either reflections of the past (such as "Saving Private Ryan") or projections of the future (such as "Starship Troopers"), although they do reflect modern attitudes. This cultural gap can also be seen in works that only glance at the military ("Wag the Dog"). Military or exmilitary protagonists in popular action novels and movies see themselves as tough realists with higher standards, more technological expertise, and greater responsibility than their civilian counterparts. Contemptuous of politicians and intrusive media journalists, they like finding creative ways around constricting rules. But the more literary books and films tend to be more critical of the military's bureaucratic inertia and preoccupations with status and power. This widening gap essentially reflects a shift from an American ethic of national service toward one of self-service.<ref>Howard Harper, "The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film" ''Armed Forces & Society'' 2000 27(2): 231-248.</ref>
The most popular 1990s American novels and movies mention military culture in only about 6% of the books and 4% of the films. Most are either reflections of the past (such as "Saving Private Ryan") or projections of the future (such as "Starship Troopers"), although they do reflect modern attitudes. This cultural gap can also be seen in works that only glance at the military ("Wag the Dog"). Military or exmilitary protagonists in popular action novels and movies see themselves as tough realists with higher standards, more technological expertise, and greater responsibility than their civilian counterparts. Contemptuous of politicians and intrusive media journalists, they like finding creative ways around constricting rules. But the more literary books and films tend to be more critical of the military's bureaucratic inertia and preoccupations with status and power. This widening gap essentially reflects a shift from an American ethic of national service toward one of self-service.<ref>Howard Harper, "The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film" ''Armed Forces & Society'' 2000 27(2): 231-248.</ref>
* Gat, Azar. ''The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz'' (1989), ''The Development of Military Thought: The Nineteenth Century'' (1992), influential survey
* Gat, Azar. ''The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz'' (1989), ''The Development of Military Thought: The Nineteenth Century'' (1992), influential survey
* Gray, Colin S. ''Strategy for Chaos: Revolutions in Military Affairs and the Evidence of History. '' 2002. 310 pp.
* Gray, Colin S. ''Strategy for Chaos: Revolutions in Military Affairs and the Evidence of History. '' 2002. 310 pp.
* Handel, Michael I. "Corbett, Clausewitz, and Sun Tzu." ''Naval War College Review'' 2000 53(4): 106-124. Issn: 0028-1484 Fulltext: at ''Naval War College Review'' and [[Ebsco]]
* Handel, Michael I. "Corbett, Clausewitz, and Sun Tzu." ''Naval War College Review'' 2000 53(4): 106–124. Issn: 0028-1484 Fulltext: at ''Naval War College Review'' and [[Ebsco]]
* Handel, Michael I., ed. ''Clausewitz and Modern Strategy.'' 1986. 324 pp.
* Handel, Michael I., ed. ''Clausewitz and Modern Strategy.'' 1986. 324 pp.
* Handel, Michael I. ''Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought.'' (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's ''On War'' with Sun Tzu's ''The Art of War''
* Handel, Michael I. ''Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought.'' (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's ''On War'' with Sun Tzu's ''The Art of War''
* Hattendorf, J.B. ''The Evolution of the US Navy’s Maritime Strategy, 1977–1986'' (Newport, RI: Center for Naval Warfare, 1989)
* Hattendorf, J.B. ''The Evolution of the US Navy’s Maritime Strategy, 1977–1986'' (Newport, RI: Center for Naval Warfare, 1989)
* Meilinger, Philip S. ''Airwar: Theory and Practice.'' (2003)234pp ISBN 0-7146-8266-7
* Meilinger, Philip S. ''Airwar: Theory and Practice.'' (2003)234pp ISBN 0-7146-8266-7
* Meilinger, Phillip S. "The Historiography of Airpower: Theory and Doctrine." ''Journal of Military History'' 2000 64(2): 467-501. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0899-3718(200004)64:2%3C467:THOATA%3E2.0.CO;2-F Jstor] [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/Books/Meil-Airmen/Airmen.pdf another online edition]
* Meilinger, Phillip S. "The Historiography of Airpower: Theory and Doctrine." ''Journal of Military History'' 2000 64(2): 467–501. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0899-3718(200004)64:2%3C467:THOATA%3E2.0.CO;2-F Jstor] [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/Books/Meil-Airmen/Airmen.pdf another online edition]
* Meilinger, Phillip S. ed. ''The Paths of Heaven The Evolution of Airpower Theory,'' (Air University 1997) [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/catalog/books/Meilinger_B29.htm online edition]
* Meilinger, Phillip S. ed. ''The Paths of Heaven The Evolution of Airpower Theory,'' (Air University 1997) [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/catalog/books/Meilinger_B29.htm online edition]
* Meilinger, Phillip S. ''Airmen and Air Theory: A Review of the Sources'' (2001) [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/catalog/books/Meilinger_B13.htm online edition]
* Meilinger, Phillip S. ''Airmen and Air Theory: A Review of the Sources'' (2001) [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/catalog/books/Meilinger_B13.htm online edition]
===Popular culture===
===Popular culture===
* Doherty, T. ''Projections of War: Hollywood, American Culture, and World War II'' (1999)
* Doherty, T. ''Projections of War: Hollywood, American Culture, and World War II'' (1999)
* Harper, Howard. "The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film." ''Armed Forces & Society'' 2000 27(2): 231-248. Issn: 0095-327x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Harper, Howard. "The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film." ''Armed Forces & Society'' 2000 27(2): 231–248. Issn: 0095-327x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Mackenzie, S. P. ''British War Films, 1939-1945: The Cinema and the Services.'' (2001). 244 pp
* Mackenzie, S. P. ''British War Films, 1939-1945: The Cinema and the Services.'' (2001). 244 pp
* Slotkin, Richard. "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality." ''American Literary History'' 2001 13(3): 469-498. Issn: 0896-7148 [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/american_literary_history/v013/13.3slotkin.pdf in Project Muse]
* Slotkin, Richard. "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality." ''American Literary History'' 2001 13(3): 469–498. Issn: 0896-7148 [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/american_literary_history/v013/13.3slotkin.pdf in Project Muse]
* Suid, Lawrence H. ''Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy'' (Annapolis, 1996)
* Suid, Lawrence H. ''Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy'' (Annapolis, 1996)
* Suid, Lawrence H. ''Guts and Glory. The Making of the American Military Image in Film'' (2nd ed 2002)
* Suid, Lawrence H. ''Guts and Glory. The Making of the American Military Image in Film'' (2nd ed 2002)
* Murray, Williamson and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds. ''The past as prologue: the importance of history to the military profession'' (2006).
* Murray, Williamson and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds. ''The past as prologue: the importance of history to the military profession'' (2006).
* Noe, Kenneth W., George C. Rable and Carol Reardon. "Battle Histories: Reflections on Civil War Military Studies" ''Civil War History'' 53#3 2007. pp 229+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5022722823?title=Battle%20Histories%3a%20Reflections%20on%20Civil%20War%20Military%20Studies online edition]
* Noe, Kenneth W., George C. Rable and Carol Reardon. "Battle Histories: Reflections on Civil War Military Studies" ''Civil War History'' 53#3 2007. pp 229+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5022722823?title=Battle%20Histories%3a%20Reflections%20on%20Civil%20War%20Military%20Studies online edition]
* Porch, Douglas. "Writing History in the "End of History" Era - Reflections on Historians and the GWOT" ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(4): 1065-1079. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]], on war on terror, 2001–present
* Porch, Douglas. "Writing History in the "End of History" Era - Reflections on Historians and the GWOT" ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(4): 1065–1079. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]], on war on terror, 2001–present
* Reardon, Carol. ''Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military History, 1865-1920.'' U. Press of Kansas 1990. 270 pp.
* Reardon, Carol. ''Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military History, 1865-1920.'' U. Press of Kansas 1990. 270 pp.
* Reid, Brian Holden. "American Military History: the Need for Comparative Analysis." ''Journal of American History'' 2007 93(4): 1154-1157. Issn: 0021-8723 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Reid, Brian Holden. "American Military History: the Need for Comparative Analysis." ''Journal of American History'' 2007 93(4): 1154–1157. Issn: 0021-8723 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Reid, Brian Holden, and Joseph G. Dawson III, eds., "Special Issue: The Vistas of American Military History, 1800–1898," ''American Nineteenth Century History'' , 7 (June 2006), 139–321.
* Reid, Brian Holden, and Joseph G. Dawson III, eds., "Special Issue: The Vistas of American Military History, 1800–1898," ''American Nineteenth Century History'' , 7 (June 2006), 139–321.
* Spector, Ronald H. "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." ''Journal of American History'' 2007 93(4): 1158-1160. Issn: 0021-8723 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Spector, Ronald H. "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." ''Journal of American History'' 2007 93(4): 1158–1160. Issn: 0021-8723 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Spiller, Roger. "Military History and its Fictions." ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(4): 1081-1097. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Spiller, Roger. "Military History and its Fictions." ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(4): 1081–1097. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
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