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'''Akhenaten''' (known variously as ''', also Akhenaton''' or ''', Ikhnaton'''; previously as ''', or Amenhotep IV''') , was [[pharaoh]] of [[Egypt]] from 1352 - 1336 [[B.C.]] as part a member of the 18th dynastyEighteenth Dynasty. He led a religious revolution, rejected the traditional gods of Egypt in favor , and worshiped the disk of the sunSun, which he called [[AtonAten]]. He moved the capital from [[Thebes]] to Akhenaten (modern [[Amarna]]) to escape the influence of the priests of [[Amun]].

Statues of him show an artistic form new in Egypt, including various deformities which have led some scholars to conclude he had [[Marfan's syndrome]] some kind of deformity or [[Frolich’s syndrome]]genetic disease. However, various courtiers were also depicted similarly.<ref name="AIG">John Ashton & David Down. ''[http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/utp/akhenaten-and-nefertiti-the-beautiful Unwrapping the Pharaohs, chapter 21]'''</ref> A thorough examination of the royal mummies did not uncover evidence of unusual diseases or deformities, so the depictions are most likely an artistic style.<ref name=Hawass>Zahi Hawass, Zahi, PhD, et al., "[http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185393 Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family]", ''JAMAJournal of the American Medical Association''</ref>

A bust ==Monotheistic revolution==The earliest Egyptian gods were nature gods. Such gods were typically associated with a particular city or other locality. With the rise of Akhenaten beautiful primary wifethe pharaonic state, [[Nefertiti]] has made her one these gods were organized into a pantheon headed by a chief god, analogous to the structure of the bestroyal court. Thutmose III (r. 1479-known Egyptian queens1425 B. The mummy of C.) invaded Palestine, Syria, and Iraq. These wars had exposed Egyptians, particularly those who had served in the "Younger Ladyarmy," mother to a variety of [[Tutankhamun]] is apparently practices and views concerning religion. Each nation, it was learned, had its own gods. But the Sun was everywhere. Faced with the overmighty Amun cult, a secondary wife succession of pharaohs promoted Atenism. Thutmosis IV (and sisterr. 1400–1390) proclaimed Aten the protector of Akhenaten. She is unmentioned in the historical recordarmy. Instead of waiting for death, Amenhotep III (r. 1390–1352), Akhenaten's father, impatiently proclaimed himself a god while he was still alive. The mummy shows signs powers of a violent deathuniversal god transcended national boundaries, just as pharaoh's authority now stretched across nations. "In the ancient East, monotheism was but imperialism in religion," wrote American Egyptologist James Breasted.<ref name=breasted>Breasted, James, "Hawass[http://gluedideas.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-12-Part-1-Hydrozoa-Jeremy/Ikhnaton.html Ikhnaton]" , ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (1929).</ref>

Akhenaten died young 's reforms were also an attempt to return to the past. In the Old Kingdom, Re, the god of the noonday Sun, and was succeeded by Horus, a rulerfalcon god, or pair were the dominant cults. They did not respond to the prayers of rulerscommoners, who used but only to the reign names Nerferneferuatan pharaoh, which was divine and Smenkhkarehis power absolute. There has been much speculation concerning their identityCommoners had no future in the afterworld. Nerferneferuatan may They volunteered to build pyramids so that pharaoh could have been a name Nefertiti used as a regent during Akhenaten's final years. Smenkhkare is unambiguously portrayed as male. So "an afterlife and continue to watch over them after he" was either a brother of Akhenaten or Nefertiti again, this time posing as male pharaohdied.<ref name=Reeves>Reeves, Nicholas, ''Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet''</ref>Within a year, both names disappear from In the records and TutankhamunNew Kingdom, still a boy at this time, ascended to the thronereligion was more democratic. Real power in this period was probably held The afterlife rites earlier practiced only by Ay, pharaohs became widespread. Egyptians developed relationships with the gods through a vizier appointed by Akhenaten. Tut reversed many variety of Akenaten's policies. Egypt reverted to [[polytheism]] cults and the priests of Amun regained powertemples.

Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, and Tut are omitted from began his revolution by enclosing the Abydos king listname of Aten in a cartouche identical to his own. This suggests that they were viewed as illegitimate rulersAten would be a pharaoh among the gods. An inscription from Iconoclasts hacked the reign word "gods" out of Ramses II denounces Akhenaten asmonuments and inscriptions. The capital was moved from Thebes to Amarna, "a previously uninhabited location that criminal from Akhetatenwas uncontaminated by association with any of the old gods."<ref name="Reevesbreasted" /> Genetic testing in 2010 established that mummy KV55 is both a son The enormous architectural projects of Amenhotep III and Tutthis era featured the use of ''talatat's father. An inscription in Tut's tomb identifies him as , smaller stones of uniform size that allowed construction to proceed more rapidly. Unlike the son pyramids, which are constructed of a pharaohhuge stones, Akhenaten's projects were later taken apart, so the mummy could be either Akhenaten<ref>[https://oblogmasense''talatat'' reused in other projects.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/lost-pharhoh-akhenaton-found-after-further-dna-testing-of-tutankhamun/ Lost Pharaoh Akhenaten Found After Further DNA Testing Of Tutankhamun]</ref> or Semenkhkare.<ref>[http://www.kv64.info/2010/03/dna-shows-that-kv55-mummy-probably-not.html DNA Shows that KV55 Mummy Probably Not Akhenaten]</ref>

== Akhenaten and Moses ==The similarities between Akhenaten's monotheism and the monotheism described in the [[Pentateuch]] has led some historians hymn to speculate about correlations between Akhenaten and Moses. Akhenaten's religion Aten is much quoted:{{cquote|::You are the earliest historical example of one God,::shining forth from your possible incarnations::as Aten, the Living Sun,::Revealed like a monotheistic religion.king in glory, risen in light,::now distant, now bending nearby,::You create numberless things of this world::from yourself, who are One alone<ref>Akhenaten, "The Great Hymn to Aten"</ref>}}

==Nefertiti and Tut==A bust of [[Sigmund FreudNefertiti]] proposed now in the Ägyptisches Museum in Berlin has made Akhenaten's beautiful primary wife one of the best-known Egyptian queens. In Akhenaten's declining years, she served as "effective for her husband" (regent) with the reign name Nerferneferuatan. In a few late inscriptions, she is described as "Akhenaten-less." This implies that Moses was she continued to rule after Akhenaten's priestdeath, at least for a brief period.<ref name=Allen>Allen, James, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301142642/http://cassian.memphis.edu/history/murnane/Allen.pdf The Amarna Succession], ''Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane,'' University of Memphis, 2007.</ref> Nerferneferuatan's reign was followed by that of Smenkhkare, a brother of Akhenaten. Within a year of Akhenaten's death, both Nerferneferuatan and Smenkhkare disappeared from the records. [[ExodusTutankhamun]] happened soon after , a boy of 10 or 11 at this time, ascended to the pharaoh's deaththrone.<refname="Allen" />Real power in this period may have been held by Ay, a vizier appointed by Akhenaten. Tut reversed many of Akenaten's policies. Egypt reverted to [[Moses And Monotheismpolytheism]]and the priests of Amun regained power. Akhenaten, Nerferneferuatan, Smenkhkare, and Tut are omitted from the Abydos king list. This suggests that they were viewed as illegitimate rulers by Freud; see chapter the following 19th dynasty. An inscription from the reign of Ramses II denounces Akhenaten as, "If Moses was an egyptianthat criminal from Akhetaten."<ref name=Reeves>Reeves, Nicholas, ''Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet''</ref> In 2010, genetic testing established that mummy KV55 is both a son of Amenhotep III and Tut's father. An inscription in Tut's tomb identifies him as the son of a pharaoh, so the mummy must be either Akhenaten<ref>" at [httphttps://wwwoblogmasense.archivewordpress.orgcom/stream2010/mosesandmonothei032233mbp02/mosesandmonothei032233mbp_djvu17/lost-pharhoh-akhenaton-found-after-further-dna-testing-of-tutankhamun/ Lost Pharaoh Akhenaten Found After Further DNA Testing Of Tutankhamun]"</ref> or Smenkhkare.txt <ref name=Phizackerley>Phizackerley, Kate, "[http://www.archivekv64.orginfo/2010/03/dna-shows-that-kv55-mummy-probably-not.html DNA Shows that KV55 Mummy Probably Not Akhenaten]"</ref> Numerous portrayals of Akhenaten's family have survived, but none of these include Tut.Akhenaten is depicted as having relations with his daughters as soon as they came of age (13 in ancient Egypt).<ref name="Allen" /> That Akhenaten named Nefertiti as his successor implies that these well-advertised efforts to produce a male heir of pure royal blood were not successful.<ref name="Allen" />