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Line 43: + + − According to an article in the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (WJEM), 2011: <ref>https://westjem.com/articles/excited-delirium.html</ref> "Excited delirium (EXD) is characterized by agitation, aggression, acute distress and sudden death, often in the pre-hospital care setting. It is typically associated with the use of drugs. Subjects typically die from cardiopulmonary arrest... all accounts describe almost the exact same sequence of events: delirium with agitation (fear, panic, shouting, violence and hyperactivity), sudden cessation of struggle, respiratory arrest and death." − [[File:Floyd sheehad.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|George Floyd depicted in [[Iran]] as a Muslim [[Shi'a]] martyr.<ref>https://www.jihadwatch.org/2020/06/islamic-republic-of-iran-depicts-george-floyd-as-shiite-muslim-saint</ref>]] Line 54:
Line 54: + + − This latter position is what Chauvin was applying. It has been proposed that restraint helps to forestall injury and death by conserving the subject's energy. There are also views that restraint increases the likelihood of a fatal outcome. − In this video <ref>https://www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/videos/1425398217661280/</ref> Chauvin continued to apply the neck restraint although bystanders repeatedly objected, and even after Floyd stopped moving. As Floyd became exhausted, it could have been reasonable to relax the restraint to see if it was really necessary. Chauvin doesn't seem to respond to the bystanders to give a medical reason for the restraint. However, his actions are consistent with a belief that police should restrain the subject until medevacs arrive. Videos show the police focused on restraint, never beating or striking Floyd. − [[File:Floyd_Palestine.jpeg|left|300px|thumb|George Floyd depicted in Israel as a hero of the [[Palestinian]] cause.]]
→Cause of Death
==Cause of Death==
==Cause of Death==
[[File:Pelosi-schumer-slow-zoom-in-.jpeg|right|300px|thumb|In another empty handed gesture of concern, Democrat leaders stated their wish to honor George Floyd with a bill bearing his name they knew was doomed to fail. Speaker Pelosi expressed a hope that "this legislation is worthy of George Kirby’s name," and Leader Schumer cited the bill as "Floyd Taylor, uh, George Taylor."<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/06/26/legislation-worthy-of-george-kirby-pelosi-and-schumer-both-botch-george-floyds-name/</ref>]]
[[File:Pelosi-schumer-slow-zoom-in-.jpeg|left|300px|thumb|In another empty handed gesture of concern, Democrat leaders stated their wish to honor George Floyd with a bill bearing his name they knew was doomed to fail. Speaker Pelosi expressed a hope that "this legislation is worthy of George Kirby’s name," and Leader Schumer cited the bill as "Floyd Taylor, uh, George Taylor."<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/06/26/legislation-worthy-of-george-kirby-pelosi-and-schumer-both-botch-george-floyds-name/</ref>]]
It is widely believed that George Floyd died from a police officer's knee on his neck, whether due to asphyxiation or neck injury. However, the official autopsy report gives cardiopulmonary arrest as the cause of death. <ref>https://lawandcrime.com/george-floyd-death/authorities-just-released-george-floyds-complete-autopsy-report-read-it-here/</ref> It mentions "brute force injuries" from the scuffle and restraint during his arrest, but states that there were "no life-threatening injuries." Nonetheless, the report ruled it a homicide.
It is widely believed that George Floyd died from a police officer's knee on his neck, whether due to asphyxiation or neck injury. However, the official autopsy report gives cardiopulmonary arrest as the cause of death. <ref>https://lawandcrime.com/george-floyd-death/authorities-just-released-george-floyds-complete-autopsy-report-read-it-here/</ref> It mentions "brute force injuries" from the scuffle and restraint during his arrest, but states that there were "no life-threatening injuries." Nonetheless, the report ruled it a homicide.
Regarding asphyxia, the county medical examiner's report found "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation," while a report commissioned by the Floyd family stated "asphyxiation from sustained pressure was the cause" of death. <ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/01/george-floyd-independent-autopsy-findings-released-monday/5307185002/</ref>
Regarding asphyxia, the county medical examiner's report found "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation," while a report commissioned by the Floyd family stated "asphyxiation from sustained pressure was the cause" of death. <ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/01/george-floyd-independent-autopsy-findings-released-monday/5307185002/</ref>
An alternative hypothesis involves Excited Delirium Syndrome (EXD) as the cause of death. EXD typically starts a few minutes before death from a fatal drug overdose, in past years from cocaine or crack, more recently from fentanyl, or drugs laced with fentanyl, which is 50 times more potent than heroin.
An alternative hypothesis involves Excited Delirium Syndrome (EXD) as the cause of death. EXD typically starts a few minutes before death from a fatal drug overdose, in past years from cocaine or crack, more recently from fentanyl, or drugs laced with fentanyl, which is 50 times more potent than heroin.
[[File:Floyd sheehad.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|George Floyd depicted in [[Iran]] as a Muslim [[Shi'a]] martyr.<ref>https://www.jihadwatch.org/2020/06/islamic-republic-of-iran-depicts-george-floyd-as-shiite-muslim-saint</ref>]]
According to an article in the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (WJEM), 2011: <ref>https://westjem.com/articles/excited-delirium.html</ref> "Excited delirium (EXD) is characterized by agitation, aggression, acute distress and sudden death, often in the pre-hospital care setting. It is typically associated with the use of drugs. Subjects typically die from cardiopulmonary arrest... all accounts describe almost the exact same sequence of events: delirium with agitation (fear, panic, shouting, violence and hyperactivity), sudden cessation of struggle, respiratory arrest and death."
More video footage would help to judge whether Floyd's condition followed this sequence. One interpretation <ref>http://www.progressivepress.com/blog-entry/death-rides-fast-horse-black-life-shattered-dope</ref> is that the fear and panic phase started when he refused to get into the squad car, followed by shouting and hyperactivity for several minutes when he was restrained on the ground, then by "sudden cessation of struggle, respiratory arrest and death." There is a gap in the video footage available so far between the time he was standing on the sidewalk and lying in the street. One video shows him shouting on the ground <ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-video-appears-show-george-floyd-ground-three-officers-n1217476/</ref>. In a later video, he becomes exhausted and had stopped breathing as the ambulance arrived. <ref>https://www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/videos/1425398217661280/</ref>
More video footage would help to judge whether Floyd's condition followed this sequence. One interpretation <ref>http://www.progressivepress.com/blog-entry/death-rides-fast-horse-black-life-shattered-dope</ref> is that the fear and panic phase started when he refused to get into the squad car, followed by shouting and hyperactivity for several minutes when he was restrained on the ground, then by "sudden cessation of struggle, respiratory arrest and death." There is a gap in the video footage available so far between the time he was standing on the sidewalk and lying in the street. One video shows him shouting on the ground <ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-video-appears-show-george-floyd-ground-three-officers-n1217476/</ref>. In a later video, he becomes exhausted and had stopped breathing as the ambulance arrived. <ref>https://www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/videos/1425398217661280/</ref>
Regarding restraint, they note, "people experiencing EXD are highly agitated, violent, and show signs of unexpected strength so it is not surprising that most require physical restraint. The prone maximal restraint position (PMRP, also known as "hobble" or "hogtie"), where the person’s ankles and wrists are bound together behind their back, has been used extensively by field personnel. In far fewer cases, persons have been tied to a hospital gurney or manually held prone with knee pressure on the back or neck."
Regarding restraint, they note, "people experiencing EXD are highly agitated, violent, and show signs of unexpected strength so it is not surprising that most require physical restraint. The prone maximal restraint position (PMRP, also known as "hobble" or "hogtie"), where the person’s ankles and wrists are bound together behind their back, has been used extensively by field personnel. In far fewer cases, persons have been tied to a hospital gurney or manually held prone with knee pressure on the back or neck."
[[File:Floyd_Palestine.jpeg|left|300px|thumb|George Floyd depicted in Israel as a hero of the [[Palestinian]] cause.]]
This latter position is what Chauvin was applying. It has been proposed that restraint helps to forestall injury and death by conserving the subject's energy. There are also views that restraint increases the likelihood of a fatal outcome. In this video <ref>https://www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/videos/1425398217661280/</ref> Chauvin continued to apply the neck restraint although bystanders repeatedly objected, and even after Floyd stopped moving. As Floyd became exhausted, it could have been reasonable to relax the restraint to see if it was really necessary. Chauvin doesn't seem to respond to the bystanders to give a medical reason for the restraint. However, his actions are consistent with a belief that police should restrain the subject until medevacs arrive. Videos show the police focused on restraint, never beating or striking Floyd.
The charge sheet against Chauvin included this exchange between the two white officers on the squad: <ref>https://www.startribune.com/protests-build-anew-after-fired-officer-charged-jailed/570869672</ref>
The charge sheet against Chauvin included this exchange between the two white officers on the squad: <ref>https://www.startribune.com/protests-build-anew-after-fired-officer-charged-jailed/570869672</ref>
"I am worried about excited delirium or whatever," Lane said.
"I am worried about excited delirium or whatever," Lane said.