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[[Image:JimCrow.gif|thumb|Minstrel character "Jim Crow"]]

[[Image:JimCrow.gif|thumb|Minstrel character "Jim Crow"]]

'''Jim Crow''' was the system of laws passed by [[Democrats]] promoting racial segregation in the Southern U.S. from the 1880s to 1964 in which [[African American]]s were segregated (separated) in [[public school]]s and public places, so that they could not mingle in public with whites on equal terms. In addition to segregation, Jim Crow also assured that blacks had little or no political power. It was a low point in [[Black history]] after the euphoria of [[Reconstruction]].  

'''Jim Crow''' was the system of laws passed by [[Democrats]] promoting racial segregation in the Southern U.S. from the 1880s to 1964 in which [[African American]]s were segregated (separated) in [[public school]]s and public places, so that they could not mingle in public with whites on equal terms. In addition to segregation, Jim Crow also assured that blacks had little or no political power.  Jim Crow laws such as literacy tests and poll taxes aimed at [[voter suppression|supressing the vote]] were intended to ensure that the Republican party, which freed the slaves and promoted Black equality, never would benefit from the Black vote. It was a low point in [[Black history]] after the euphoria of [[Reconstruction]]. It is also sometimes used as a slur for [[African American]]s.

==Supreme Court approves==

==Supreme Court approves==

"De jure" or legal segregation took place when state laws required it, in the South and some border states. These laws mandated the physical separation of the races in order to create a social distance and minimize violence. The facilities purchased by taxpayers for black use was almost always inferior to those provided to whites. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks. (These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800-66 "Black Codes", which had defined an inferior legal status for free blacks.) State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in the seminal case of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. All of the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

"De jure" or legal segregation took place when state laws required it, in the South and some border states. These laws mandated the physical separation of the races in order to create a social distance and minimize violence. The facilities purchased by taxpayers for black use was almost always inferior to those provided to whites. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks. (These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800-66 "Black Codes", which had defined an inferior legal status for free blacks.) State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in the seminal case of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. All of the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

During the [[Reconstruction]] period of 1863–77, federal law provided civil rights protection in the South for freedmen—the African-Americans who had formerly been slaves. Reconstruction ended at different dates (the latest 1877), and was followed in each southern state by [[Redeemers|Redeemer]] governments that passed the Jim Crow laws to separate the races. In the [[Progressive Era]], the restrictions were formalized, and segregation was extended to the federal government when the Democrats held the White House, 1913–21.

During the [[Reconstruction]] period of 1863–77, federal law provided civil rights protection in the South for freedmen—the African-Americans who had formerly been slaves. Reconstruction ended at different dates (the latest 1877), and was followed in each southern state by [[Redeemers|Redeemer]] governments that passed the Jim Crow laws to separate the races. In the [[Progressive Era]], the restrictions were formalized, and segregation was extended to the federal government when the [[Democratic party]] held the White House, 1913–21.

==Origins==

==Origins==

In 1954 in ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'' 347 US 483 that the Court under the firm guidance of Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] unanimously held that separate facilities were inherently unequal in the area of public schools. It effectively overturned ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and outlawed Jim Crow in other areas of society as well. A series of followup decisions slowly dismantled the state-sponsored school segregation laws, but left standing most segregation in practice.  

In 1954 in ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'' 347 US 483 that the Court under the firm guidance of Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] unanimously held that separate facilities were inherently unequal in the area of public schools. It effectively overturned ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and outlawed Jim Crow in other areas of society as well. A series of followup decisions slowly dismantled the state-sponsored school segregation laws, but left standing most segregation in practice.  

[[File:Jimcrow1.jpg|thumb|375px|Cafe in Durham, North Carolina, 1940. with separate doors and seating for "White" and for "Colored." Most restaurants, theaters and sporting venues in the South had separate seating sections. [[New Deal]] Democrats introduced separate eating areas in the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. among one of their first acts. Jack Delano, [[FSA]] photographer]]

[[File:Jimcrow1.jpg|thumb|375px|Cafe in Durham, North Carolina, 1940. with separate doors and seating for "White" and for "Colored." Most restaurants, theaters and sporting venues in the South had separate seating sections. [[New Deal]] Democrats introduced separate eating areas in the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. among one of their first acts. Republican Rep. [[Oscar De Priest]], the lone African American in the entire Congress, was forced to eat in hallway beside the kitchen in the basement.<ref>https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-PRIEST,-Oscar-Stanton-(D000263)/</ref> Jack Delano, [[FSA]] photographer]]

Besides state laws that compelled segregation of the races, private organizations were almost wholly segregated in the South.  

Besides state laws that compelled segregation of the races, private organizations were almost wholly segregated in the South.  

*[[Racism]]

*[[Racism]]

*[[Earl Warren]]

*[[Earl Warren]]

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/minstrel.htm Minstrelsy] - Center for American Music

*[http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/minstrel.htm Minstrelsy] - Center for American Music

*[http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/glossary.cgi Encyclopedia of Jim Crow]

*[http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/glossary.cgi Encyclopedia of Jim Crow]

 

 

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:Civil Rights]]

[[Category:Civil Rights]]

[[Category:The South]]

[[Category:The South]]

[[Category:1960s]]

[[Category:1960s]]