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The '''5 Star Movement''' ('''M5S''') is a [[populist]] political party in [[Italy]]. It was founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo as an anti-[[establishment]] protest party, but it quickly gained support and became Italy's largest single political party in 2018.
The '''5 Star Movement''' ('''M5S''') is a [[liberal]] political party in [[Italy]] that once was [[populist]] before shifting toward the Left. It was founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo as an anti-[[establishment]] protest party, but it quickly gained support and became Italy's largest single political party in 2018.
==Electoral success==
==History==
===Electoral success===
While the M5S performed poorly in Italy's 2017 mayoral elections,<ref>D'Emilio, Frances (June 12, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/06/12/populists-surge-in-italy-stops-in-voting-for-italys-mayors.html Populists' surge in Italy stops in voting for Italy's mayors]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (June 12, 2017). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-5star-movement-suffer-setback-in-local-elections-beppe-grillo/ 5Stars suffer setback in Italy’s local elections]. ''Politico''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> the year earlier, it captured the mayorship of [[Rome]].<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (June 20, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/06/20/populist-woman-mayor-wins-rome-landslide-new-era-begins/ Populist Woman Mayor Wins Rome by Landslide: ‘New Era’ Begins]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
While the M5S performed poorly in Italy's 2017 mayoral elections,<ref>D'Emilio, Frances (June 12, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/06/12/populists-surge-in-italy-stops-in-voting-for-italys-mayors.html Populists' surge in Italy stops in voting for Italy's mayors]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (June 12, 2017). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-5star-movement-suffer-setback-in-local-elections-beppe-grillo/ 5Stars suffer setback in Italy’s local elections]. ''Politico''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> the year earlier, it captured the mayorship of [[Rome]].<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (June 20, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/06/20/populist-woman-mayor-wins-rome-landslide-new-era-begins/ Populist Woman Mayor Wins Rome by Landslide: ‘New Era’ Begins]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
<br>See also:
<br>See also:
*[https://www.thelocal.it/20180601/italy-new-cabinet-in-full Here is Italy's new cabinet in full]. ''The Local''. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</ref> [[Giuseppe Conte]] was named the government's prime minister.
*[https://www.thelocal.it/20180601/italy-new-cabinet-in-full Here is Italy's new cabinet in full]. ''The Local''. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</ref> [[Giuseppe Conte]] was named the government's prime minister.
===Decline and left-wing coalition===
After government coalition's beginning, the M5S found it difficult to keep momentum and maintain its polling numbers as the more conservative Lega Nord took the spotlight.<ref>Balmer, Crispian (November 22, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-5star-analysis/italys-5-star-struggles-to-keep-up-with-soaring-salvini-idUSKCN1NR1O3 Italy's 5-Star struggles to keep up with soaring Salvini]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</ref> By early 2019, the party was performing significantly worse in various regional elections than it did in the general election, while the League's popularity surged.<ref>Multiple references:
After government coalition's beginning, the M5S found it difficult to keep momentum and maintain its polling numbers as the more conservative Lega Nord took the spotlight.<ref>Balmer, Crispian (November 22, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-5star-analysis/italys-5-star-struggles-to-keep-up-with-soaring-salvini-idUSKCN1NR1O3 Italy's 5-Star struggles to keep up with soaring Salvini]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</ref> By early 2019, the party was performing significantly worse in various regional elections than it did in the general election, while the League's popularity surged.<ref>Multiple references:
*Speak, Clare (February 26, 2019). [https://www.thelocal.it/20190226/right-wing-triumphs-in-sardinias-local-elections Right wing triumphs in Sardinia's local elections]. ''The Local''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
*Speak, Clare (February 26, 2019). [https://www.thelocal.it/20190226/right-wing-triumphs-in-sardinias-local-elections Right wing triumphs in Sardinia's local elections]. ''The Local''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
*Scherer, Steve (February 25, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-sardinia/italys-centre-right-leads-in-sardinia-vote-5-star-fades-idUSKCN1QE1ES Italian right wins Sardinia vote, 5-Star fades]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
*Scherer, Steve (February 25, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-sardinia/italys-centre-right-leads-in-sardinia-vote-5-star-fades-idUSKCN1QE1ES Italian right wins Sardinia vote, 5-Star fades]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
*Ellyatt, Holly (February 26, 2019). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/26/italy-m5s-could-be-headed-for-political-disaster-after-regional-collapse.html Italy's anti-establishment M5S could be headed for 'political disaster after regional collapse]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref>
*Ellyatt, Holly (February 26, 2019). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/26/italy-m5s-could-be-headed-for-political-disaster-after-regional-collapse.html Italy's anti-establishment M5S could be headed for 'political disaster after regional collapse]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> The division between the League and M5S increased.<ref>Multiple references:
*Ellyatt, Holly (May 9, 2019). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/09/there-is-a-rift-italys-leaders-arent-even-hiding-their-disagreements-anymore.html 'There is a rift': Italy's leaders aren't even hiding their disagreements anymore]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
*Follain, John (May 6, 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-06/it-just-keeps-getting-uglier-between-italy-s-ruling-populists It Just Keeps Getting Uglier Between Italy's Populists]. ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
*Albanese, Chiara (May 3, 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-03/no-more-mr-nice-guy-conte-drops-peacemaker-role-in-siri-case Italy Premier Drops Coalition Peacemaker Role as Chiefs Feud]. ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.</ref> The M5S performed poorly in the 2019 [[European Parliament]] election, nearly halving its 2018 election support.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (May 30, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/30/five-star-movement-leader-offers-resignation-after-disastrous-election-result/ Five Star Movement Leader Offers Resignation After Disastrous Election Result]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 30, 2019.<br>See also:
*Tomlinson, Chris (May 31, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/31/five-star-movements-di-maio-wins-vote-leadership/ Italy’s Left Leader Survives Leadership Vote After EU Election Defeat]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</ref> Some M5S members and politicians defected, or considered defecting, to Salvini's League.<ref>Multiple references:
*Tomlinson, Chris (August 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/14/five-stars-may-face-split-pro-salvini-members-look-right/ Five Stars May Face Split as Pro-Salvini Members Look Right]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (December 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/12/15/three-five-star-movement-senators-defect-to-salvinis-league/ Three Five Star Movement Senators Defect to Salvini’s League]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-league/italys-coalition-loses-three-senators-in-blow-to-already-tiny-majority-idUSKBN1YG2MT Italy's coalition loses three senators in blow to already tiny majority]. ''Reuters''. December 12, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.</ref>
Despite repeatedly claiming it would never form an alliance with the far-left Democratic Party, the M5S did just that in August 2019, with the sole purpose of ousting the conservative Salvini from the government.<ref>Multiple references:
*Sylvers, Eric (August 28, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-parties-reach-deal-to-form-new-government-11567014240 Italian Party Rivals Join Up to Form New Government]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
*Bernal, Rafael (August 28, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/459163-italy-forms-new-coalition-government Italy forms new coalition government]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
*D'Emilio, Frances; Zampano, Giada (August 28, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/af44d9cc445d4ffb858cd692aae37cd2 Italy’s Conte might be back at helm with Salvini shut out]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
*Barry, Colleen; Zampano, Giada (August 29, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/376d97bb5f4d4a31bc4a64a2fa4af2a3 Italy’s bitter political foes unite in bid to foil Salvini]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
*Balmer, Crispian (August 29, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-future-analysis/new-italian-coalition-allies-have-mutual-foe-but-little-else-in-common-idUSKCN1VJ1UE New Italian coalition allies have mutual foe, but little else in common]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
See also:
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/02/italy-proposed-leftist-coalition-faces-widespread-opposition/ Italy: Proposed Leftist Coalition Faces Widespread Opposition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/05/fewer-than-one-three-italians-happy-new-coalition/ Fewer than One in Three Italians Happy with New Coalition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 6, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/06/eu-establishment-praises-unpopular-leftist-italian-government/ EU Establishment Praises Unpopular Leftist Italian Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
*Amante, Angelo (September 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-policies-factbox/factbox-policy-priorities-of-italys-new-coalition-government-idUSKCN1VU205 Factbox: Policy priorities of Italy's new coalition government]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/12/italians-prefer-salvini-coalition-new-leftist-govt/ Italians Prefer Salvini Coalition To New Leftist Govt]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
*Williams, Thomas D. (September 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/09/12/poll-italians-unhappy-with-new-leftist-government/ Poll: Italians Unhappy with New Leftist Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 12, 2019.</ref> The new coalition began reinstating status-quo, open borders immigration policies.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.breitbart.com/immigration/2019/09/14/with-salvini-gone-new-m5s-democrat-govt-invites-migrants-land-in-italy/ With Salvini Gone, New M5S-Democrat Govt Invites Migrants to Land in Italy]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
*Balmer, Crispian (September 14, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-italy/in-break-with-past-rome-lets-charity-ship-head-to-italian-port-idUSKCN1VZ05S In break with past, Rome lets charity ship head to Italian port]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
*Brito, Renata; D'Emilio, Frances (September 14, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/2d8aa7447e18432884392a1fea5500a1 Italy: Rescue boat with 82 migrants can dock at Italian isle]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
*Neslen, Arthur (September 14, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italian-welcome-for-82-migrants-marks-end-of-salvinis-propaganda-says-minister/ Italian welcome for 82 migrants marks ‘end of Salvini’s propaganda,’ says minister]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
*Legorano, Giovanni (September 14, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/italys-new-government-allows-in-migrants-testing-voters-tolerance-11568484151 Italy’s New Government Allows In Migrants, Testing Voters’ Tolerance]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
*Tondo, Lorenzo (September 14, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/14/italys-new-government-says-migrants-can-disembark-from-rescue-boat Italy's new government says migrants can disembark from rescue boat]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/22/business-as-usual-ngo-ship-allowed-to-land-another-182-migrants-in-post-salvini-italy/ Business as Usual: NGO Ship Allowed to Land Another 182 Migrants in Post-Salvini Italy]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
*Duke, Selwyn (October 23, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33829-mamma-mia-under-new-gov-t-italy-again-attracting-migrants-and-becoming-refugee-camp Mamma Mia: Under New Gov’t, Italy Again Attracting Migrants and Becoming “Refugee Camp”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-ship/italy-to-let-french-ngo-migrant-ship-dock-after-11-days-at-sea-idUSKBN1X81XD Italy to let French NGO migrant ship dock after 11 days at sea]. ''Reuters''. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/11/02/left-wing-italian-govt-ship-ngo-88-migrants-aboard-dock/ Left-Wing Italian Govt Allows NGO Ship with 88 Migrants Aboard to Dock]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (January 14, 2020). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2020/01/14/italy-post-salvini-left-govt-ups-migrant-allowance-1500-sail-from-libya-in-four-days/ Italy: Post-Salvini Left Govt Ups Migrant Allowance, 1,500 Sail from Libya in Four Days]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
See also:
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/28/migrants-set-favela-like-camp-steps-away-roman-colosseum/ Migrants Set up Favela-Like Camp Steps Away from Roman Colosseum]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (October 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/14/illegal-migrant-formerly-deported-salvini-mocks-populist-leader/ Illegal Migrant Formerly Deported by Salvini Mocks Populist Leader]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
*Williams, Thomas D. (October 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/immigration/2019/10/15/matteo-salvini-laments-immigrant-resurgence-under-new-leftist-government/ Matteo Salvini Laments Immigrant Resurgence Under New Leftist Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
*Ciociola, Andrea (October 15, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-italy/italy-lets-french-migrant-ship-dock-to-anger-of-far-right-idUSKBN1WU2JL Italy lets French migrant ship dock to anger of far right]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.</ref> The Italian government worked to align itself with France's globalist president [[Emmanuel Macron]],<ref>Sciorilli Borrelli, Silvia (September 18, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-giuseppe-conte-show-of-unity/ Macron and Conte’s show of unity]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</ref> and M5S shifted even further toward the establishment left when it announced a local-level alliance with the Italian Democrats.<ref>Jones, Gavin (September 20, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-5star-alliance/italys-5-star-backs-local-pact-with-pd-strengthening-govt-idUSKBN1W51BS Italy's 5-Star backs local pact with PD, strengthening govt]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</ref> The M5S's coalition partners also called for the establishment of birthright citizenship in Italy.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (September 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/28/italian-democratic-party-announces-push-birthright-citizenship-law/ Italian Democratic Party Push for Anyone Born on Italian Soil to Get ‘Birthright’ Citizenship]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 28, 2019.</ref>
By the end of October 2019, Italy's unemployment rate had risen to nearly 10% under the M5S–Democrat government.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (November 1, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/11/01/italian-unemployment-rises-to-nearly-10-percent-under-leftist-coalition/ Italian Unemployment Rises to Nearly 10 Per Cent Under Leftist Coalition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 1, 2019.</ref>
In November 2019, the coalition government required all Italian public school students to study climate change.<ref>Budryk, Zack (November 6, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/469198-italy-to-require-students-to-study-climate-change-and Italy to require students to study climate change and sustainability]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved November 6, 2019.</ref><ref>Tennant, Michael (November 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33975-italy-to-mandate-climate-change-instruction-for-all-students Italy to Mandate “Climate Change” Instruction for All Students]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</ref>
The coalition government considered giving 400,000 euros to the Italian Communist Party for its 100th anniversary and making that day a national day.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (December 21, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/12/21/italian-leftist-govt-to-give-400k-euros-to-communists-to-celebrate-100th-anniversary/ Italian Leftist Govt to Give 400k Euros to Communists to Celebrate 100th Anniversary]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref>
==Positions==
==Positions==
M5S is considered a populist party, but unlike [[right-wing populist]] and [[Euroskeptic]] parties, it is more centrist overall on issues related to immigration and the [[European Union]], having moderated as it became a more established force.<ref>Legorano, Giovanni (March 1, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-italian-elections-matter-a-new-type-of-populism-is-rising-1519834801 Why Italian Elections Matter: A New Type of Populism Is Rising]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (March 13, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/luigi-di-maio-5star-leader-brussels-has-nothing-to-fear/ 5Star leader: Brussels has nothing to fear]. ''Politico''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Dettmer, Jamie (March 1, 2018). [https://www.voanews.com/a/italy-maverick-five-star-movement-starts-to-grow-up/4270624.html Italy’s Maverick Political Movement Starts to Grow Up, But at a Cost]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> It has defined itself as an anti-[[establishment]] movement.<ref>Lyman, Eric J. (March 1, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/mar/1/five-star-movement-emerges-anti-establishment-forc/ Anti-establishment Five-Star Movement set to upend Italian politics]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref><ref>Clarke, Hilary (March 1, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/five-star-movement-italy-intl/index.html The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties]. ''CNN''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref>
M5S is considered a populist party, but unlike [[right-wing populist]] and [[Euroskeptic]] parties, it is more centrist overall on issues related to immigration and the [[European Union]], having moderated as it became a more established force.<ref>Legorano, Giovanni (March 1, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-italian-elections-matter-a-new-type-of-populism-is-rising-1519834801 Why Italian Elections Matter: A New Type of Populism Is Rising]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (March 13, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/luigi-di-maio-5star-leader-brussels-has-nothing-to-fear/ 5Star leader: Brussels has nothing to fear]. ''Politico''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Dettmer, Jamie (March 1, 2018). [https://www.voanews.com/a/italy-maverick-five-star-movement-starts-to-grow-up/4270624.html Italy’s Maverick Political Movement Starts to Grow Up, But at a Cost]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> It has defined itself as an anti-[[establishment]] movement.<ref>Lyman, Eric J. (March 1, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/mar/1/five-star-movement-emerges-anti-establishment-forc/ Anti-establishment Five-Star Movement set to upend Italian politics]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref><ref>Clarke, Hilary (March 1, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/five-star-movement-italy-intl/index.html The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties]. ''CNN''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> The party has attempted to join the left-wing environmentalist "Green" faction in the [[European Parliament]].<ref>De La Baume, Maïa (September 6, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-greens-5star-parliament-salvini-euroskeptic/ EU’s Greens ready to discuss alliance with Italy’s 5Stars]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 8, 2019.</ref>
In contrast to [[Matteo Salvini]]'s Lega Nord, the 5 Star Movement is hostile to [[Israel]]. Manlio Di Stefano, one of the leader of this party has accused Israel of committing a "[[genocide]]" and claimed that [[Hamas]] is apparently just a political party that has resorted to terrorism solely because of "the isolation of [[Gaza]]." The party has declared that it would officially recognize a "[[State of Palestine]]" when they get into power and condemned the settlement program in the [[West Bank]]. Its founder Beppe Grillo believes in [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] and party leaders have supported the [[Chemtrails|Chemtrail]] conspiracy theory.<ref>David, Ariel (July 19, 2016). [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-theyre-openly-hostile-to-israel-so-why-did-these-italian-politicians-just-pay-a-visit-1.5411403 They’re Openly Hostile to Israel. So Why Did These Italian Politicians Just Pay a Visit?]. ''[[Haaretz]]''. Retrieved September 13, 2018.</ref> The M5S has taken a critical stance toward certain liberal French policies, and criticism from M5S leaders partially led France to recall its ambassador to Italy in February 2019.<ref>Multiple references:
In contrast to [[Matteo Salvini]]'s Lega Nord, the 5 Star Movement is hostile to [[Israel]]. Manlio Di Stefano, one of the leader of this party has accused Israel of committing a "[[genocide]]" and claimed that [[Hamas]] is apparently just a political party that has resorted to terrorism solely because of "the isolation of [[Gaza]]." The party has declared that it would officially recognize a "[[State of Palestine]]" when they get into power and condemned the settlement program in the [[West Bank]]. Its founder Beppe Grillo believes in [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] and party leaders have supported the [[Chemtrails|Chemtrail]] conspiracy theory.<ref>David, Ariel (July 19, 2016). [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-theyre-openly-hostile-to-israel-so-why-did-these-italian-politicians-just-pay-a-visit-1.5411403 They’re Openly Hostile to Israel. So Why Did These Italian Politicians Just Pay a Visit?]. ''[[Haaretz]]''. Retrieved September 13, 2018.</ref> The M5S has taken a critical stance toward certain liberal French policies, and criticism from M5S leaders partially led France to recall its ambassador to Italy in February 2019.<ref>Multiple references:
*Tomlinson, Chris (March 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/19/salvini-pro-family-congress-attendance-sparks-italy-coalition-conflict/ Salvini Pro-Family Congress Attendance Sparks Italy Coalition Conflict]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
*Tomlinson, Chris (March 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/19/salvini-pro-family-congress-attendance-sparks-italy-coalition-conflict/ Salvini Pro-Family Congress Attendance Sparks Italy Coalition Conflict]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
*Giuffrida, Angela (March 29, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/city-of-love-christian-right-congress-in-verona-divides-italy-league-extremism City of love? Christian right congress in Verona divides Italy]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.</ref>
*Giuffrida, Angela (March 29, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/city-of-love-christian-right-congress-in-verona-divides-italy-league-extremism City of love? Christian right congress in Verona divides Italy]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.</ref>
On October 20, 2022 former Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and leader of the Five Star Movement party (M5S), urged against new arms deliveries to the [[Zelensky regime]] and called for a peaceful resolution of the [[Ukraine]] conflict.<ref>https://www.kaos.gr/2022/10/italys-m5s-leader-urges-against-new.html</ref>
==References==
==References==