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|name=Josiah William Bailey
|name=Josiah William Bailey
|image=Josiah W. Bailey.jpg
|image=Josiah W. Bailey.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|party=[[Democratic Party|Democratic]]
|spouse=Edith Pou
|spouse=Edith Pou
|religion=[[Baptist]]
|religion=[[Baptist]]
|state=North Carolina
|state=North Carolina
|terms=March 4, 1931 – December 15, 1946
|terms=March 4, 1931 – December 15, 1946
|preceded=Furnifold McLendel Simmons
|preceded=Furnifold M. Simmons
|status=f
|status=f
|succeeded=William B. Umstead
|succeeded=William B. Umstead
}}
}}
'''Josiah William Bailey''' (September 14, 1873 – December 15, 1946) was a [[Democrat]] U.S. senator from the state of [[North Carolina]] from 1931 to 1946, when he died while in office. He was remembered mostly for his opposition to President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] as a member of the [[Conservative Coalition]], advocating for [[free market]], [[fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]] principles. However, he was also a racist [[progressive]] like a large portion of his party, having been a segregationist<ref>[https://brewminate.com/a-history-of-racial-segregation-in-the-united-states/ A History of Racial Segregation in the United States]. ''Brewminate''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref> and opposed anti-lynching legislation. Bailey's progressivism has been whitewashed by leftists who promote the [[U.S. "Party-switch" myth]].
'''Josiah William Bailey''' (September 14, 1873 – December 15, 1946) was a [[Democrat]] U.S. senator from the state of [[North Carolina]] from 1931 to 1946, when he died while in office. He was remembered mostly for his opposition to President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] as a member of the [[Conservative Coalition]], advocating for [[fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]] principles. However, he was also a racist like a large portion of his party, having been a segregationist<ref>[https://brewminate.com/a-history-of-racial-segregation-in-the-united-states/ A History of Racial Segregation in the United States]. ''Brewminate''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref> and opposed anti-lynching legislation using demagogic arguments.
==Early life and career==
==Early life and career==
The North Carolina Constitution Commission was established by Governor Locke Craig in 1913, which Bailey served on. He used co-sponsored a progressive plan to revise the tax system, provide credit facilities for farmers, an elastic judicial system, among several other proposals. It failed to pass the statewide Democrat political machine.
The North Carolina Constitution Commission was established by Governor Locke Craig in 1913, which Bailey served on. He used co-sponsored a progressive plan to revise the tax system, provide credit facilities for farmers, an elastic judicial system, among several other proposals. It failed to pass the statewide Democrat political machine.
Bailey ran for governor in 1924, losing to fellow Democrat Angus McLean. Despite the defeat, he created a strong coalition of supporters with his advocacy for certain political reforms. Bailey supported [[Al Smith]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1928|1928 presidential election]] as Democrats in North Carolina were divided over him.
Bailey ran for governor in 1924, losing to fellow Democrat Angus McLean. Despite the defeat, he created a strong coalition of supporters with his advocacy for certain political reforms. Bailey supported [[Al Smith]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1928|1928 presidential election]] as Democrats in North Carolina were divided over him, being highly critical of those who opposed Smith out of anti-Catholicism.
===United States Senate===
===United States Senate===
:''See also: [[Democrat election fraud]]
:''See also: [[Democrat election fraud]]
Bailey ran for Senate in 1930, defeating incumbent Democrat senator Furnifold Simmons for the nomination; facing Republican George Pritchard in the general election, he ultimately polled a victory margin of over 100,000 votes.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/contested_elections/115Pirchard_Bailey.htm The Election Case of George M. Pritchard v. Josiah W. Bailey of North Carolina (1933)]. ''senate.gov''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref> However, Pritchard filed a lawsuit to challenge the "official results" on charges of [[election fraud]]; every voter registrar was beholden to the Democratic Party, poll judges barred Republicans from being able to clearly see ballot boxes, absentee ballots were subject to fraud, and ballots were destroyed.
Bailey ran for Senate in 1930, defeating incumbent Democrat senator Furnifold Simmons for the nomination; facing Republican George Pritchard in the general election, he ultimately polled a victory margin of over 100,000 votes.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/contested_elections/115Pirchard_Bailey.htm The Election Case of George M. Pritchard v. Josiah W. Bailey of North Carolina (1933)]. ''senate.gov''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref> However, Pritchard filed a lawsuit to challenge the "official results" on charges of [[election fraud]]; every voter registrar was beholden to the Democratic Party, poll judges barred Republicans from being able to clearly see ballot boxes, absentee ballots were subject to fraud, and ballots were destroyed.
In 1935, Bailey participated in the Southern Democratic filibuster of the [[Costigan–Wagner Act]], an [[anti-lynching bill]] introduced by senators Edward P. Costigan of [[Colorado]] and Robert F. Wagner of [[New York]].<ref>Greenbaum, Fred (1967). [https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-human-relations_third-quarter-1967_15_3 "The Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935: The Irony of "Equal Justice—Under Law"]," p. 79–82. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</ref> The Act ultimately failed when Democratic maneuvers to adjourn the chamber succeeded, stalling off the bill indefinitely.
[[File:Josiah Bailey speaking 1940.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Sen. Bailey speaking in March 1940.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2016877290/ Senator Josiah W. Bailey, Democrat of N.C., 3-15-40]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>]]
[[File:Josiah Bailey speaking 1940.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Sen. Bailey speaking in March 1940.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2016877290/ Senator Josiah W. Bailey, Democrat of N.C., 3-15-40]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>]]
Bailey missed a quarter of all roll call votes during his tenure in the Senate.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/josiah_bailey/401051 Sen. Josiah Bailey]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
Bailey missed a quarter of all roll call votes during his tenure in the Senate.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/josiah_bailey/401051 Sen. Josiah Bailey]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
While personally loyal to Roosevelt, Bailey was known for his opposition to many of the president's more left-wing policies in the [[New Deal]], being more pro-business. He opposed the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a part of which was later deemed unconstitutional by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].
While personally loyal to Roosevelt, Bailey was known for his opposition to many of the president's [[left-wing]] policies in the [[New Deal]] from a pro-business standpoint. He opposed the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a part of which was later deemed unconstitutional by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].
====Conservative Manifesto====
====Conservative Manifesto====
Being a fiscal conservative and supporter of [[free market economics]] in opposition to President Roosevelt's expansion of federal government powers, Bailey co-authored the [[Conservative Manifesto]], which consisted of the following ten points:<ref>[https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/the-conservative-manifesto/ The Conservative Manifesto]. ''North Carolina History Project''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
Being a fiscal conservative and supporter of [[free market economics]] in opposition to President Roosevelt's expansion of federal government powers, Bailey and Republican senator [[Arthur H. Vandenberg]] of Michigan co-authored the [[Conservative Manifesto]], which consisted of the following ten points:<ref>[https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/the-conservative-manifesto/ The Conservative Manifesto]. ''North Carolina History Project''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
{{cquote|
{{cquote|
# Immediate revision of taxes on capital gains and undistributed profits in order to free investment funds.
# Immediate revision of taxes on capital gains and undistributed profits in order to free investment funds.
:''See: [[Court packing]]
:''See: [[Court packing]]
After President Roosevelt's [[liberal]] agenda faced setbacks by the Supreme Court, he proposed a scheme to pack the court by increasing the total number of judges to serve there. Bailey and other conservatives including Roosevelt's own vice president [[John Nance Garner]] fiercely denounced the effort, saying: "To weaken [either the Constitution or the Supreme Court] is to weaken the foundations of our Republic. To destroy either is to destroy the Republic."<ref>Zelizer, Julian E. (October 15, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/opinion/supreme-court-packing-democrats-.html Packing the Supreme Court Is a Terrible Idea]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
After President Roosevelt's [[liberal]] agenda faced setbacks by the Supreme Court, he proposed a scheme to pack the court by increasing the total number of judges to serve there. Bailey and other conservatives including Roosevelt's own vice president [[John Nance Garner]] fiercely denounced the effort, saying: "To weaken [either the Constitution or the Supreme Court] is to weaken the foundations of our Republic. To destroy either is to destroy the Republic."<ref>Zelizer, Julian E. (October 15, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/opinion/supreme-court-packing-democrats-.html Packing the Supreme Court Is a Terrible Idea]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</ref>
====World War II====
During [[World War II]], Bailey worked closely with Roosevelt though differed over economic stabilization policies. He supported anti-strike bills and supported "work or fight" measures to draft American civilians into the war.
Bailey since 1942 was an advocate for the establishment of the [[United Nations]].
===Death===
===Death===
Due to illness following the summer of 1945, Bailey became increasingly absent from the Senate. He died at his [[Raleigh]] home from cerebral hemorrhage in 1946 at the age of 73 while in office.
Due to illness following the summer of 1945, Bailey became increasingly absent from the Senate. He died at his [[Raleigh]] home from cerebral hemorrhage in December 1946 at the age of 73 while in office. He is interred at Oakwood Cemetery.
==Quotes==
==Quotes==
{{Election Fraud}}
{{Election Fraud}}
{{Globalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Josiah}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Josiah}}
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Broke with FDR]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]
[[Category:Bigotry]]
[[Category:Globalism]]