Changes

'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

[[Conservative]]s in the rival [[Stalwart]] faction called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

In the rival [[Stalwart]] faction, [[conservatives]] called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (or "half-hearted Republican,"<ref>Ward, Benjamin. [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/87/VH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf ''The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884''], p. 128. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved December 5, 2021.</ref> an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular,<ref name=georgefhoarfascinatingpoliticsbio>February 17, 2021. [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2021/02/17/george-frisbie-hoar-an-honorable-senator/ George Frisbie Hoar: An Honorable Senator]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

==Background==

==Background==

[[File:Thomas A. Jenckes.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Undated picture of Jenckes.]]

[[File:Thomas A. Jenckes.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Undated picture of Jenckes.]]

During the [[American Civil War]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s policies pertaining to the Union Army were criticized by [[Radical Republicans]] as too lenient against the South. This powerful GOP bloc which included [[H. Winter Davis]], [[Benjamin Wade]], [[Thaddeus Stevens]], and [[Charles Sumner]] continuously criticized Lincoln for failing to advance as efficiently as possible, and the president's more staunch supporters were the "moderate" Republicans.<ref group=note>"Moderate" in this specific context refers to the degree of eagerness in war policy without regard to overall political ideology; Lincoln in this sense was "moderate" in terms of leading the Union during the Civil War even though he was quite conservative on other issues such as economics.</ref>

During the [[American Civil War]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s policies pertaining to the Union Army were criticized by [[Radical Republicans]] as too lenient against the South. This powerful GOP bloc which included [[H. Winter Davis]], [[Benjamin Wade]], [[Thaddeus Stevens]], and [[Charles Sumner]] continuously criticized Lincoln for failing to advance as efficiently as possible, and the president's more staunch supporters were the "moderate" Republicans.<ref group=note>"Moderate" in this specific context refers to the degree of eagerness in war policy without regard to overall political ideology; Lincoln in this sense was "moderate" in terms of leading the Union during the Civil War even though he was quite conservative on other issues such as economics.</ref>

The "moderate" Republicans Lincoln led were at odds with the Radicals and favored more reconciliatory Reconstruction policies, such as then-representative Blaine. Their ranks would later be joined during the Johnson presidency by some former Radical Republicans who were "reformers," including Sumner, [[Horace Greeley]], and [[Lyman Trumbull]].

The "moderate" Republicans Lincoln led were at odds with the Radicals and favored more reconciliatory Reconstruction policies, such as then-representative Blaine. Their ranks would later be joined during the Johnson presidency by some former Radical Republicans who were "reformers," including Sumner, Carl Schurz, [[Horace Greeley]], and [[Lyman Trumbull]].

Republican congressman [[Thomas A. Jenckes]] of [[Rhode Island]] during the presidency of [[Ulysses S. Grant]] introduced legislation pushing for mild civil service reform,<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013048.pdf Thomas A. Jenckes Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> which was enacted. Jenckes, who disregarded the plight of Southern blacks facing danger from [[white supremacist]] [[terrorist]]s such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]],<ref>Shugerman, Jed H. (March 21, 2013). [https://law.utexas.edu/colloquia/archive/papers-public/2012-2013/05-02-13_shugerman_creation_of_doj.pdf The Creation of the Department of Justice: Professionalization Without Civil Rights or Civil Service]. ''The University of Texas at Austin School of Law''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> left office before the congressional "Half-Breeds" obtained its reputation as a functioning bloc, though can be viewed as a forerunner to the faction.

Republican congressman [[Thomas A. Jenckes]] of [[Rhode Island]] during the presidency of [[Ulysses S. Grant]] introduced legislation pushing for mild civil service reform,<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013048.pdf Thomas A. Jenckes Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> which was enacted. Jenckes, who disregarded the plight of Southern blacks facing danger from [[white supremacist]] [[terrorist]]s such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]],<ref>Shugerman, Jed H. (March 21, 2013). [https://law.utexas.edu/colloquia/archive/papers-public/2012-2013/05-02-13_shugerman_creation_of_doj.pdf The Creation of the Department of Justice: Professionalization Without Civil Rights or Civil Service]. ''The University of Texas at Austin School of Law''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> left office before the congressional "Half-Breeds" obtained its reputation as a functioning bloc, though can be viewed as a forerunner to the faction.

==Ideology and leadership==

==Ideology and leadership==

[[File:George F. Edmunds - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait of [[George F. Edmunds]].]]

[[File:George F. Edmunds - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait of [[George F. Edmunds]].]]

Although the Half-Breeds had no rigid organization as a congressional bloc and were viewed as merely a group of disgruntled Blaine supporters promoting factionalism, their influence proved to be highly significant.<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar/> They viewed the term attributed negatively to them as either badges of honor or an identifying mark, similar to the the Democratic Party's embracing of the donkey as their symbol after [[Jacksonian Democracy|Jacksonian Democrats]] were dubbed "jack***es."

Although the Half-Breeds had no rigid organization as a congressional bloc and were viewed as merely a group of disgruntled Blaine supporters promoting factionalism, their influence proved to be highly significant.<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar/> They viewed the term attributed negatively to them as either badges of honor or an identifying mark, similar to the the Democratic Party's embracing of the donkey as their symbol after [[Jacksonian Democracy|Jacksonian Democrats]] were dubbed "jack***es."

When accused of lacking sufficient political loyalty to the Republican Party, Half-Breeds would often accuse Stalwarts of holding excessive allegiance to their associated political machines and patronage.<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar/> Among the group's ambitions aside from moderate civil service reform<ref>October 26, 2019. [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/10/26/james-g-blaine-the-defeated-candidate/ James G. Blaine: The Defeated Candidate]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> included advocating [[industry|industrial]] strength, [[railroad]] interests, higher protective tariffs,<ref name=levipmorton>[https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/morton-levi.htm About the Vice President | Levi Parsons Morton, 22nd Vice President (1889-1893)]. ''United States Senate''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> expanding markets abroad, and a business-friendly currency system on the national level.

When accused of lacking sufficient political loyalty to the Republican Party, Half-Breeds would often accuse Stalwarts of holding excessive allegiance to their associated political machines and patronage.<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar/> Among the group's ambitions aside from moderate civil service reform<ref>October 26, 2019. [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/10/26/james-g-blaine-the-defeated-candidate/ James G. Blaine: The Defeated Candidate]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> included advocating [[industry|industrial]] strength, [[railroad]] interests, higher protective tariffs,<ref name=levipmorton>[https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/morton-levi.htm About the Vice President | Levi Parsons Morton, 22nd Vice President (1889-1893)]. ''United States Senate''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> expanding markets abroad, and a business-friendly currency system on the national level.

According to Professor Richard E. Welch, Jr., the Half-Breeds were "party regulars" who "damned" bolters, were not uniformly independent in political nature nor advocates of the spoils system, and more intelligent than personal in comparison to the Stalwarts.<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans, p. 90.</ref>

According to Professor Richard E. Welch, Jr., the Half-Breeds were "party regulars" who "damned" bolters, were not uniformly independent in political nature nor advocates of the spoils system, and more intelligent than personal in comparison to the Stalwarts.<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans, p. 90.</ref>

Many sources published in the contemporary era tend to attribute the leader of the Half-Breeds to Blaine and sometimes even suggest that he himself was a supporter of civil service reform, which is misleading and erroneous. Per the writings of Professor Welch:<ref name=p.91/>

Many sources published in the contemporary era tend to attribute the leader of the Half-Breeds to Blaine and sometimes even suggest that he himself was a supporter of civil service reform, which is misleading and erroneous. Per the writings of Professor Welch:<ref name=p.91/>

{{cquote|By the middle of the Hayes’s administration certain politicians were already representative of the goals and prejudices of Half-Breed Republicanism. Not James G. Blaine—who at this point represented a particular wing of the Stalwarts and became a Half-Breed only with the campaign of 1880—but men like Hayes, Hoar, [[George Edmunds]], [[William Wheeler]], [[Stanley Matthews]], [[Henry Blair]], William Evarts, [[George McCrary]], [[Henry Dawes]], and John Sherman.|||Welch, p. 91}}

{{cquote|By the middle of the Hayes’s administration certain politicians were already representative of the goals and prejudices of Half-Breed Republicanism. Not James G. Blaine—who at this point represented a particular wing of the Stalwarts and became a Half-Breed only with the campaign of 1880—but men like Hayes, Hoar, [[George Edmunds]], [[William Wheeler]], [[Stanley Matthews]], [[Henry Blair]], [[William Evarts]], [[George McCrary]], [[Henry Dawes]], and John Sherman.|||Welch, p. 91}}

 

 

==Timeline==

==Timeline==

===GOP campaign, 1876===

===GOP campaign, 1876===

During the 1876 presidential election, the Republican National Convention nominated [[Rutherford Hayes]] and William Wheeler to head the party ticket for the general election. Both Hayes and Wheeler sought to peel away Democrat support from the South by voicing conciliatory tones,<ref name=williamwheelerbio/> attempting to draw support from upper-class old Southern Whigs who eventually joined the Democratic Party when the Whig Party collapsed.

During the 1876 presidential election, the Republican National Convention nominated [[Rutherford Hayes]] and William Wheeler to head the party ticket for the general election. Both Hayes and Wheeler sought to peel away Democrat support from the South by voicing conciliatory tones,<ref name=williamwheelerbio/> attempting to draw support from upper-class old Southern Whigs who eventually joined the Democratic Party when the [[Whig Party]] collapsed.

[[Frederick Douglass]] asked at the party convention whether delegates would continue to uphold the constitutional rights of blacks, or if they intended to "get along without the vote of the black man in the South."<ref name=williamwheelerbio/> Hayes and Wheeler chose the latter.

[[Frederick Douglass]] asked at the party convention whether delegates would continue to uphold the constitutional rights of blacks, or if they intended to "get along without the vote of the black man in the South."<ref name=williamwheelerbio/> Hayes and Wheeler chose the latter.

===Hayes presidency===

===Hayes presidency===

The Compromise of 1877 that resolved the controversies and disputes of the [[United States presidential election, 1876|1876 presidential election]] gave the [[White House]] to Hayes over [[Bourbon Democrat]] opponent [[Samuel J. Tilden]]. Soon after taking office, Hayes abandoned his past [[Radical Republican]]ism and along with [[Secretary of War]] George McCrary pulled federal troops from the Southern states of [[South Carolina]] and [[Louisiana]],<ref name=mccrary/> all but ensuring a Jim Crow Democrat takeover of the region.

The Compromise of 1877 that resolved the controversies and disputes of the [[United States presidential election, 1876|1876 presidential election]] gave the [[White House]] to Hayes over [[Bourbon Democrat]] opponent [[Samuel J. Tilden]]. Soon after taking office, Hayes abandoned his past [[Radical Republican]]ism and along with [[Secretary of War]] George McCrary pulled federal troops from the Southern states of [[South Carolina]] and [[Louisiana]],<ref name=mccrary/> all but ensuring a Jim Crow Democrat takeover of the region.

Hayes' decision to remove Arthur from the New York Customs House angered not only Stalwarts but even elicited the criticism of Half-Breeds who questioned the wisdom of the action and had earlier stood side-by-side with the president.<ref name=ucf>[https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osushistory/chapter/the-key-political-issues-patronage-tariffs-and-gold/ The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold]. ''University of Central Florida''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

Hayes' decision to remove Arthur from the New York Customs House angered not only Stalwarts but even elicited the criticism of Half-Breeds who questioned the wisdom of the action and had earlier stood side-by-side with the president.<ref name=ucf>[https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osushistory/chapter/the-key-political-issues-patronage-tariffs-and-gold/ The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold]. ''University of Central Florida''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

Any remaining hopes of a party renomination for Hayes in the [[United States presidential election, 1880|1880 presidential election]] depended on support from potential Half-Breed allies. With this needed bolstering evaporating, he faced no chance of becoming the Republican nominee for the race.<ref name=ucf/> Some Half-Breeds instead turned their sights to Blaine.<ref name=npsbasicinfo/>

Any remaining hopes of a party renomination for Hayes in the [[United States presidential election, 1880|1880 presidential election]] depended on support from potential Half-Breed allies. With this needed bolstering evaporating, he faced no chance of becoming the Republican nominee for the race.<ref name=ucf/> Half-Breeds instead turned their sights to Blaine.<ref name=npsbasicinfo/>

===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welc, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf ''George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed''], p. 67–69. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine, and both factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either candidate to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling (who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans) pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf ''George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed''], p. 67–69. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine. Both the Stalwart and Half-Breed factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either Blaine or Grant to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. John D. Long, was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. [[John D. Long]], was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Ultimately, the [[Republican National Convention]] selected [[dark horse]] candidate [[James A. Garfield]] of [[Ohio]] to be the party nominee as a compromise,<ref name=levipmorton/> following a compromise between Blaine and Edmunds supporters.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Garfield was favorable among Half-Breeds, and attempted to simultaneously garner sufficient support from Stalwarts by vowing to meet the Conkling machine's demands in a party unity effort. With Stalwart [[Chester Arthur]] as his running mate, he won the general election over Winfield S. Hancock.

Ultimately, the [[Republican National Convention]] selected [[dark horse]] candidate [[James A. Garfield]] of [[Ohio]] to be the party nominee as a compromise,<ref name=levipmorton/> following a compromise between Blaine and Edmunds supporters.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Garfield was favorable among Half-Breeds, and attempted to simultaneously garner sufficient support from Stalwarts by vowing to meet the Conkling machine's demands in a party unity effort. With Stalwart [[Chester Arthur]] as his running mate, he won the general election over Winfield S. Hancock.

===Battle over New York Collector of the Port===

===Battle over New York Collector of the Port===

All Senate Republicans present voted for the [[Pendleton Act]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646 TO PASS S. 133.] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> in addition to all but seven House Republicans.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272 TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> The primary opposition thus came from Democrats who likely voted against it due to the party's Jacksonian roots.<ref group=note>The spoils system was originally a principle of the Jacksonian Democrats.</ref> The legislation passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Arthur.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/>

All Senate Republicans present voted for the [[Pendleton Act]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646 TO PASS S. 133.] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> in addition to all but seven House Republicans.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272 TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> The primary opposition thus came from Democrats who likely voted against it due to the party's Jacksonian roots.<ref group=note>The spoils system was originally a principle of the Jacksonian Democrats.</ref> The legislation passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Arthur.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/>

The Pendleton Act notably was not supported by Half-Breed leader Blaine, who continued to oppose civil service reform.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/>

The Pendleton Act notably was not supported by Half-Breed Blaine,<ref name=edmundsdownfallp.130/> who continued to oppose civil service reform.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/>

===1884: Half-Breeds and Stalwarts feud with Mugwumps===

===1884: Half-Breeds and Stalwarts feud with Mugwumps===

|colspan="2"|<hr/>Half-Breed [[James Blaine]] (left) and Stalwart [[John Logan]] right).

|colspan="2"|<hr/>Half-Breed [[James Blaine]] (left) and Stalwart [[John Logan]] right).

|}

|}

In the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]], the Republican National Convention nominated Half-Breed Blaine and former Stalwart [[John A. Logan]] of [[Illinois]] to head the party ticket. With both factions appeased, the majority of Republicans on both sides actively organized the GOP campaign.<ref name=johnloganbiop.186>Jones, James Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books/about/John_A_Logan.html?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois''], p. 186.</ref>

In the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]], President Arthur found insufficient support for his re-election campaign, and faced a formidable challenge from Blaine.<ref>''The Downfall of George F. Edmunds'', p. 130.</ref> Reformers, including future president [[Theodore Roosevelt]], pushed again to nominate Edmunds. However, the Vermont senator had no intention of seeking the presidency, stating to Hoar in a conversation at some point:<ref name=edmundsdownfallp.130>''The Downfall of George F. Edmunds'', p. 130.</ref>

 

The Republican National Convention ultimately nominated Half-Breed Blaine and former Stalwart [[John A. Logan]] of [[Illinois]] to head the party ticket. With both factions appeased, the majority of Republicans on both sides actively organized the GOP campaign.<ref name=johnloganbiop.186>Jones, James Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books/about/John_A_Logan.html?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois''], p. 186.</ref>

Due to both Blaine and Logan having a record of favoring the spoils system over civil service reform, "reformers" in the [[Mugwump]] faction such as [[political cartoon]]ist [[Thomas Nast]] of ''Harper's Weekly'' opposed the party ticket and instead supported the [[Bourbon Democrat]] nominee, [[Grover Cleveland]]. Former Liberal Republican Party figure and RINO Lyman Trumbull, who voted against convicting Andrew Johnson, denounced the Blaine/Logan ticket and stated that their potential victory would lead to "partisanship, abuses, and corruption."<ref name=johnloganbiop.186/> The Mugwumps in effect replaced the role of the Half-Breeds as advocates of reform who broke from party traditions.

Due to both Blaine and Logan having a record of favoring the spoils system over civil service reform, "reformers" in the [[Mugwump]] faction such as [[political cartoon]]ist [[Thomas Nast]] of ''Harper's Weekly'' opposed the party ticket and instead supported the [[Bourbon Democrat]] nominee, [[Grover Cleveland]]. Former Liberal Republican Party figure and RINO Lyman Trumbull, who voted against convicting Andrew Johnson, denounced the Blaine/Logan ticket and stated that their potential victory would lead to "partisanship, abuses, and corruption."<ref name=johnloganbiop.186/> The Mugwumps in effect replaced the role of the Half-Breeds as advocates of reform who broke from party traditions.

Logan's presence on the party ticket helped draw enthusiastic support from blacks due to his record of staunchly advocating for civil rights.<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 187–88.</ref> This included the backing of abolitionist and renowned black leader [[Frederick Douglass]]. Most Half-Breeds were skeptical of Logan, though supported the ticket out of party unity; this included Rutherford Hayes, who called the nomination a "blunder and misfortune" though viewed a Democrat victory as a "serious calamity."<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88/> Half-Breed John Sherman, the brother of General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], expressed similar sentiment, calling Logan "coarse, suspicious, revengeful" yet voicing support for the GOP ticket.<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88/>

Logan's presence on the party ticket helped draw enthusiastic support from blacks due to his record of staunchly advocating for civil rights.<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 187–88.</ref> This included the backing of abolitionist and renowned black leader [[Frederick Douglass]]. Most Half-Breeds were skeptical of Logan, though supported the ticket out of party unity; this included Rutherford Hayes, who called the nomination a "blunder and misfortune" though viewed a Democrat victory as a "serious calamity."<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88/> Half-Breed John Sherman, the brother of General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], expressed similar sentiment, calling Logan "coarse, suspicious, revengeful" yet voicing support for the GOP ticket.<ref name=johnloganbiop.187-88/>

Stalwart leader Conkling, who by this time retired from political life, still maintained his personal disdain for Blaine to such an extent that even Logan's presence on the ticket did not prompt him to campaign for the pair.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 196.</ref> When asked to bolster Blaine, he bluntly responded:

Stalwart leader Conkling, who by this time retired from political life, still maintained his personal disdain for Blaine to such an extent that even Logan's presence on the ticket did not prompt him to campaign for the pair.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 196.</ref> When asked to bolster Blaine, he bluntly responded:

[[Category:Gilded Age]]

[[Category:Gilded Age]]

[[Category:Bureaucracy]]

[[Category:Bureaucracy]]