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'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

'''Half-Breed''' was a pejorative term designated for the more [[moderate]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] from 1877–84 that pushed for a certain degree of civil service reform. A [[civil service system]] in [[the South]] would effectively bar black Americans from government jobs and stifle economic mobility.<ref name=vox>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref>

In the rival [[Stalwart]] faction, [[conservatives]] called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (or "half-hearted Republican,"<ref>Ward, Benjamin. [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/87/VH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf ''The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884''], p. 128. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved December 5, 2021.</ref> an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular, was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

In the rival [[Stalwart]] faction, [[conservatives]] called them "Half-Breeds"<ref name=georgefrisbiehoar>Welch, Robert E., Jr. (1971). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787 George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans], pp. 2–3. ''Harvard University Press''. Retrieved November 20, 2021.</ref> because they advocated allowing former [[Confederate]] rebels into the civil service and did little to combat the Democrats' [[voter suppression]] of [[African American]] [[civil rights]]. They were considered only "half Republican"<ref>[https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h722.html Stalwarts and Half-Breeds]. ''U-S-History.com''. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</ref> (or "half-hearted Republican,"<ref>Ward, Benjamin. [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/87/VH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf ''The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884''], p. 128. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved December 5, 2021.</ref> an equivalent to the contemporary term [[Republican in Name Only]], or [[RINO]]) due to having helped facilitate the Democratic Party's take over of [[the South]] at the end of [[Reconstruction]].<ref name=vox/> However, not all of them wavered on the specific issue of civil rights; Half-Breed leader [[George F. Hoar]], a strong conservative in particular,<ref name=georgefhoarfascinatingpoliticsbio>February 17, 2021. [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2021/02/17/george-frisbie-hoar-an-honorable-senator/ George Frisbie Hoar: An Honorable Senator]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> was a leading advocate of the Federal Elections of 1890 introduced by [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]]<ref>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', pp. 145–54.</ref> Another Half-Breed, [[Henry W. Blair]], pushed for additional federal funding of education to relieve illiteracy among former slaves.<ref>Wilder, Bert (October 10, 1891). [https://www.harpweek.com/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=October&Date=10 “Blair, the White Elephant of the Administration”]. ''HarpWeek''. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</ref>

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The Half-Breeds were later led in 1880 by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations aligned more with the Stalwarts on the issue of patronage particularly in the 1870s.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref name=deepstateroots>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent on the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

*William M. Evarts is ranked by DW-NOMINATE with "0.284" and held a voting record deemed more liberal than 64% of Republicans during his one-term Senate tenure from 1885 to 1891.<ref>[https://voteview.com/person/3024/william-maxwell-evarts EVARTS, William Maxwell (1818-1901)]. ''Voteview''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*William M. Evarts is ranked by DW-NOMINATE with "0.284" and held a voting record deemed more liberal than 64% of Republicans during his one-term Senate tenure from 1885 to 1891.<ref>[https://voteview.com/person/3024/william-maxwell-evarts EVARTS, William Maxwell (1818-1901)]. ''Voteview''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*William A. Wheeler ranks "0.34" on the DW-NOMINATE system for the first dimension, and in general was on par in terms of ideology with the average Republican.<ref>[https://voteview.com/person/9995/william-almon-wheeler WHEELER, William Almon (1819-1887)]. ''Voteview''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*William A. Wheeler ranks "0.34" on the DW-NOMINATE system for the first dimension, and in general was on par in terms of ideology with the average Republican.<ref>[https://voteview.com/person/9995/william-almon-wheeler WHEELER, William Almon (1819-1887)]. ''Voteview''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

==Timeline==

==Timeline==

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling (who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans) pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf ''George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed''], p. 67–69. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine. Both the Stalwart and Half-Breed factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either Blaine or Grant to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling (who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans) pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf ''George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed''], p. 67–69. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine. Both the Stalwart and Half-Breed factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either Blaine or Grant to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. John D. Long, was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. [[John D. Long]], was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>