Changes

[[File:Volcano Osorno and Petrohué waterfalls.JPG|thumb|left|Petrohué Waterfalls and Osorno Volcano in the background.]]

[[File:Volcano Osorno and Petrohué waterfalls.JPG|thumb|left|Petrohué Waterfalls and Osorno Volcano in the background.]]

The northern Chilean [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, principally [[copper]], and also contains locations where rainfall has never been recorded.  The relatively small central area dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in [[forest]]s and grazing lands and features a string of [[volcano]]es and [[lake]]s. The southern coast located in [[Patagonia]] is a labyrinth of [[fjord]]s, [[inlet]]s, [[canal]]s, twisting [[peninsula]]s, and ''island''s. The [[Andes]] Mountains are located on the eastern border.

The northern Chilean [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, principally [[copper]], and also contains locations where rainfall has never been recorded.  The relatively small central area dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in [[forest]]s and grazing lands and features a string of [[volcano]]es and [[lake]]s. The southern coast located in [[Patagonia]] is a labyrinth of [[fjord]]s, [[inlet]]s, [[canal]]s, twisting [[peninsula]]s, and ''island''s. The [[Andes]] Mountains are located on the eastern border.

*Area: 756,945 km². (302,778 sq. mi.), or nearly twice the size of California.

*Area: 756,945 km². (302,778 sq. mi.), or nearly twice the size of California.

*Cities: Capital—[[Santiago]] (metropolitan area est. 6.25 million). Other cities: [[Concepción]]-[[Talcahuano]] (840,000), [[Viña del Mar]]-[[Valparaíso]] (800,000), [[Antofagasta]] (245,000), [[Temuco]] (230,000).

*Cities: Capital—[[Santiago]] (metropolitan area est. 6.25 million). Other cities: [[Concepción]]-[[Talcahuano]] (840,000), [[Viña del Mar]]-[[Valparaíso]] (800,000), [[Antofagasta]] (245,000), [[Temuco]] (230,000).

*Terrain: Desert in north; fertile central valley; volcanoes and lakes toward the south, giving way to rugged and complex coastline; Andes Mountains on the eastern border.

*Terrain: Desert in north; fertile central valley; volcanoes and lakes toward the south, giving way to rugged and complex coastline; Andes Mountains on the eastern border.

In 2007 Peru demanded Chile in the International Court of Justice due to a maritime dispute. The case was closed in 2013 in which half of the disputed sea was ceded to Peru and half to Chile. In Chile it was seen as a lost case.

In 2007 Peru demanded Chile in the International Court of Justice due to a maritime dispute. The case was closed in 2013 in which half of the disputed sea was ceded to Peru and half to Chile. In Chile it was seen as a lost case.

Chile and Bolivia have bad diplomatic relations since [[Evo Morales]], Bolivia's President, reintegrated the desire to reacquire territory Bolivia lost to Chile in 1879-83 [[War of the Pacific]] in his Foreign Affairs Policy and he demanded Chile in the Internation Couth of Justice, a case which Chile won. There is currently a case to determine if Silala is a river (Chile's position) or is a spring artificially modificated by Chile (Bolivia's position). The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level but doesn't have embassies in each other.

Chile and Bolivia have bad diplomatic relations since [[Evo Morales]], Bolivia's president, reintegrated the desire to reacquire territory Bolivia lost to Chile in 1879-83 [[War of the Pacific]] in his Foreign Affairs Policy and he demanded Chile in the Internation Couth of Justice, a case which Chile won. There is currently a case to determine if Silala is a river (Chile's position) or is a spring artificially modificated by Chile (Bolivia's position). The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level but doesn't have embassies in each other.

===Political parties and coalitions===

===Political parties and coalitions===

{{Main article|Salvador Allende}}

{{Main article|Salvador Allende}}

[[File:Salvador Allende & Fidel Castro.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Salvador Allende and [[Fidel Castro]] in 1971.]]

[[File:Salvador Allende & Fidel Castro.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Salvador Allende and [[Fidel Castro]] in 1971.]]

In 1970, Senator [[Salvador Allende]], a [[Marxist]] and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP) coalition of socialists, communists, radicals, and dissident Christian Democrats (the lasts ones supported him with the condition of respecting the laws and private property), won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest and was named President by the Chilean Congress. His program included the nationalization of private industries and banks, massive land expropriation, and collectivization, implementation of a Marxist education system, repartition of food collectively (with a limit of one stock per family). Allende's program also included the nationalization of U.S. interests in Chile's major copper mines.  

In 1970, Senator [[Salvador Allende]], a [[Marxist]] and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP) coalition of socialists, communists, radicals, and dissident Christian Democrats (the lasts ones supported him with the condition of respecting the laws and private property), won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest and was named president by the Chilean Congress. His program included the nationalization of private industries and banks, massive land expropriation, and collectivization, implementation of a Marxist education system, repartition of food collectively (with a limit of one stock per family). Allende's program also included the nationalization of U.S. interests in Chile's major copper mines.  

[[Fidel Castro]] visited Chile in 1971 where he stayed for months.

[[Fidel Castro]] visited Chile in 1971 where he stayed for months.

There is an evident reality that shows that important sectors of the political spectrum not only tried gradually and systematically to delegitimize the Military Government, but even, once they determined the impossibility of achieving their goals, they used means and tools contrary to peaceful coexistence, even seeking its destabilization, accepting, encouraging or participating in Chilean and foreign extremist organizations contrary to the idiosyncrasy and national identity.

There is an evident reality that shows that important sectors of the political spectrum not only tried gradually and systematically to delegitimize the Military Government, but even, once they determined the impossibility of achieving their goals, they used means and tools contrary to peaceful coexistence, even seeking its destabilization, accepting, encouraging or participating in Chilean and foreign extremist organizations contrary to the idiosyncrasy and national identity.

[[File:President Pinochet 1988 ("Sí" Campaing).jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Pinochet in a photo for the 'Sí' Campaing in 1988.]]

[[File:President Pinochet 1988 ("Sí" Campaing).jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Pinochet in a photo for the 'Sí' Campaign in 1988.]]

The successful model and the change of life generated in Chileans by the Government of the Armed Forces and Carabineros, in general, has not been accepted or recognized at the national and international level. Apparently, this is due to the fact that it would be pernicious for national coexistence that a government defined as authoritarian has been so successful and profound. Undoubtedly, this is a biased point of view, since this line of argument tends to homologate our reality with caudillisms or military irruptions that lacked ethical imperatives and national needs and that did occur systematically or cyclically in other nations.

The successful model and the change of life generated in Chileans by the Government of the Armed Forces and Carabineros, in general, has not been accepted or recognized at the national and international level. Apparently, this is due to the fact that it would be pernicious for national coexistence that a government defined as authoritarian has been so successful and profound. Undoubtedly, this is a biased point of view, since this line of argument tends to homologate our reality with caudillisms or military irruptions that lacked ethical imperatives and national needs and that did occur systematically or cyclically in other nations.

In September 2005, President [[Ricardo Lagos]] signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.  

In September 2005, President [[Ricardo Lagos]] signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.  

On January 15, 2006 [[Michelle Bachelet|Michelle Bachelet Jeria]] (center-left) won the elections against businessman [[Sebastián Piñera]] (center-right) and she took office in March 11, 2006, becoming the first woman to become President of Chile.  

On January 15, 2006 [[Michelle Bachelet|Michelle Bachelet Jeria]] (center-left) won the elections against businessman [[Sebastián Piñera]] (center-right) and she took office on March 11, 2006, becoming the first woman to become President of Chile.  

In 2009 Sebastián Piñera Echenique won the presidency, beign the first center-right candidate to do so after the Pinochet regime. In 2013 Bachelet won the office again and Piñera in 2017. Presidents in Chile can't have consecutive two terms, they need to wait another election.

In 2009 Sebastián Piñera Echenique won the presidency, beign the first center-right candidate to do so after the Pinochet regime. In 2013 Bachelet won the office again and Piñera in 2017. Presidents in Chile can't have consecutive two terms, they need to wait another election.

{{main article|2019 Chilean State of Emergency}}

{{main article|2019 Chilean State of Emergency}}

In 2019 Leftist mobs began to burn private and public property (the main public damage were 20 metro stations that were burned and 77 damaged in total),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.cl/noticias/balance-danos-19-de-octubre-2019|title=Balance daños 19 de octubre 2019|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=Metro de Santiago}}</ref> starting a political crisis that has on its objectives to make the state bigger, raise taxes, and eliminate the individual capitalization system, as well as a change of the Constitution. This groups have been supported by the international left, the [[Sao Paulo Forum]], the [[Puebla Group]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/10/20/nicolas-maduro-respondio-las-acusaciones-de-alentar-las-protestas-en-ecuador-y-chile-foro-de-sao-paulo-estamos-cumpliendo-el-plan-ustedes-me-entienden/|title=Nicolás Maduro habló sobre las acusaciones de alentar las protestas en Ecuador y Chile: "Foro de San Pablo, estamos cumpliendo el plan, ustedes me entienden..."|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=Infobae}}</ref> The period is called ''Estallido social'' by the left. [[Diosdado Cabello]], a government official from Venezuela at that time said "The [[Bolivarian]] breeze sweeping the region will become a hurricane"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-diosdado-cabello-amenaza-brisa-bolivariana-recorre-region-convertira-huracan-201910201834_noticia.html|title=Diosdado Cabello amenaza: «La brisa bolivariana que recorre la región se convertirá en huracán»|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=ABC Internacional}}</ref>

In 2019 Leftist mobs began to burn private and public property (the main public damage were 20 metro stations that were burned and 77 damaged in total),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.cl/noticias/balance-danos-19-de-octubre-2019|title=Balance daños 19 de octubre 2019|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=Metro de Santiago}}</ref> starting a political crisis that has on its objectives to make the state bigger, raise taxes, and eliminate the individual capitalization system, as well as a change of the Constitution. This groups have been supported by the international left, the [[Sao Paulo Forum]], the [[Puebla Group]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/10/20/nicolas-maduro-respondio-las-acusaciones-de-alentar-las-protestas-en-ecuador-y-chile-foro-de-sao-paulo-estamos-cumpliendo-el-plan-ustedes-me-entienden/|title=Nicolás Maduro habló sobre las acusaciones de alentar las protestas en Ecuador y Chile: "Foro de San Pablo, estamos cumpliendo el plan, ustedes me entienden..."|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=Infobae}}</ref> The period is called ''Estallido social'' by the left. [[Diosdado Cabello]], a government official from Venezuela at that time said "The [[Bolivarian]] breeze sweeping the region will become a hurricane"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-diosdado-cabello-amenaza-brisa-bolivariana-recorre-region-convertira-huracan-201910201834_noticia.html|title=Diosdado Cabello amenaza: "La brisa bolivariana que recorre la región se convertirá en huracán"|language=es|date=October 20, 2019|publisher=ABC Internacional}}</ref>

On the 15th of November of 2019 the Congress approved to make a referendum on the Constitution, ceding to the radical left.

On the 15th of November 2019 the Congress approved to make a referendum on the Constitution, ceding to the radical left.

The referendum was made on October 25, 2020 and the option to change the Constitution won. Several rallies were made for the 'Rejection' (''Rechazo'') option by patriots with a high number of people attending and in which [[Sebastián Izquierdo]] played an important role.

The referendum was made on October 25, 2020, and the option to change the Constitution won. Several rallies were made for the 'Rejection' (''Rechazo'') option by patriots with a high number of people attending and in which [[Sebastián Izquierdo]] played an important role.

The proposal of new Constitution was not written then but there were drafts from the socialist Michelle Bachelet from the last weeks of her administration and both administrations (Piñera and Bachelet) were committed to follow the globalist [[2030 Agenda]] from the United Nations. The Constitutional Convention which redacted the text made a progressive and globalist proposal.

The proposal of new Constitution was not written then but there were drafts from the socialist Michelle Bachelet from the last weeks of her administration and both administrations (Piñera and Bachelet) were committed to follow the globalist [[2030 Agenda]] from the United Nations. The Constitutional Convention which redacted the text made a progressive and globalist proposal.

In the [[Chile presidential election, 2021|2021 Presidential Election]], the final front-runners were the [[Republican Party (Chile)|Republican]] [[José Antonio Kast]] and the leftist [[Gabriel Boric]]. Kast won the first round with a 27.91 % of the votes (1,961,387 votes) and Boric obtained 25.82 % (1,814,777 votes). But Kast lost the second round obtaining 44.13 % (3,650,088 votes) against 55.87 % (4,620,890 votes) from Boric. With this Chile ends an era of free-market oriented policies and Socialism retakes the government.

In the [[Chile presidential election, 2021|2021 Presidential Election]], the final front-runners were the [[Republican Party (Chile)|Republican]] [[José Antonio Kast]] and the leftist [[Gabriel Boric]]. Kast won the first round with a 27.91% of the votes (1,961,387 votes) and Boric obtained 25.82% (1,814,777 votes). But Kast lost the second round obtaining 44.13% (3,650,088 votes) against 55.87% (4,620,890 votes) from Boric. With this Chile ends an era of free-market oriented policies and Socialism retakes the government.

On September 4, 2022 the second referendum took place in which the 'Rejection' option won with 61.86% of the votes against 38.14% of the 'Approve' option. The main difference with the first election was that the vote was obligatory in the second one and not the first one, having bigger participation of older generations which tend to vote conservative. After the triumph of the 'Rechazo', Gabriel Boric changed the cabinet of ministers of his government.  

On September 4, 2022, the second referendum took place in which the 'Rejection' option won with 61.86% of the votes against 38.14% of the 'Approve' option. The main difference with the first election was that the vote was obligatory in the second one and not the first one, having bigger participation of older generations which tend to vote conservative. After the triumph of the 'Rechazo', Gabriel Boric changed the cabinet of ministers of his government.  

In 2023 the corrupt political system started a new process to change the Constitution, this time with more control of the establishment parties, without asking on a referendum if the citizens of Chile wanted a new process (they "assumed" that the 2020 referendum result is permanent, even that that process ended with the 2022 referendum). On May 7 the [[Chile constitutional council election, 2023|election to elect the counselors of the Constitutional Council]] was held and a massive conservative victory was obtained, the [[Republican Party (Chile)|Republican Party]] won the majority as well as a record "Nulo" (Voluntary refusal to choose a candidate by the citizenry in a mandatory election) votes on 3rd place. On December 2023 a new referendum will be held over the new written text.

In 2023 the corrupt political system started a new process to change the Constitution, this time with more control of the establishment parties, without asking on a referendum if the citizens of Chile wanted a new process (they "assumed" that the 2020 referendum result is permanent, even that that process ended with the 2022 referendum). On May 7 the [[Chile constitutional council election, 2023|election to elect the counselors of the Constitutional Council]] was held and a massive conservative victory was obtained, the [[Republican Party (Chile)|Republican Party]] won the majority as well as a record "Nulo" (Voluntary refusal to choose a candidate by the citizenry in a mandatory election) votes on 3rd place. In December 2023 a new referendum will be held over the new written text.

==Sports==

==Sports==