Changes

[[File:Mr-smith.jpg|right|thumb|Bad news for Senator Smith: evil men have manipulated public opinion, telling him to quit]] ''See also [[Senate rules change]] and [[nuclear option]]''.

[[File:Mr-smith.jpg|right|thumb|Bad news for Senator Smith: evil men have manipulated public opinion, telling him to quit]] ''See also [[Senate rules change]] and [[nuclear option]]''.

A '''filibuster''' is the use of speaking privileges to delay or block a vote, typically in the U.S. Senate. The House of Representatives does not allow filibusters or anything equivalent. Several states, including Texas, have a procedure equivalent to a filibuster.<ref>The filibuster is called "chubbing" in the Texas House of Representatives. [http://www.texastribune.org/texas-politics/texas-house-of-representatives/texplainer-what-is-chubbing/]</ref>

A '''filibuster''' is the use of speaking privileges to delay or block a vote, typically in the U.S. Senate. The House of Representatives does not allow filibusters or anything equivalent. Several states, including Texas, have a procedure equivalent to a filibuster.<ref>The filibuster is called "[[chubbing]]" in the Texas House of Representatives. [http://www.texastribune.org/texas-politics/texas-house-of-representatives/texplainer-what-is-chubbing/]</ref>

A filibuster can continue until the U.S. Senate approves either cloture or for the "[[nuclear option]]." From 1917 to 1975, cloture required a two-thirds vote of the Senate. The nuclear option can be adopted by a simple majority of those present. This option was first used in 1975 to revise the cloture rule so that a filibuster can be ended by a three-fifths majority (60 votes).<ref>[[Budget Reconciliation bill]]s cannot be filibustered.</ref> The option has been used on only two other occasions, in 2013 and 2017. In both of these votes, the Senate revised the cloture rule in order to limit the use of the filibuster against presidential nominees.

A filibuster can continue until the U.S. Senate approves either cloture or for the "[[nuclear option]]." From 1917 to 1975, cloture required a two-thirds vote of the Senate. The nuclear option can be adopted by a simple majority of those present. This option was first used in 1975 to revise the cloture rule so that a filibuster can be ended by a three-fifths majority (60 votes).<ref>[[Budget Reconciliation bill]]s cannot be filibustered.</ref> The option has been used on only two other occasions, in 2013 and 2017. In both of these votes, the Senate revised the cloture rule in order to limit the use of the filibuster against presidential nominees.

In 1941, on the eve of World War II, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in an effort to integrate minority groups into the war effort, issued an [[executive order]], with no vote in Congress, that created the [[Fair Employment Practices Committee]] and enlarged its responsibilities in 1943. It required companies with federal contracts to not discriminate against employees on the base of race, religion or ethnicity. However, only congressional action could extend its life beyond the war years. Democratic Senator Dennis Chavez of [[New Mexico]] introduced a bill to establish a permanent FEPC in 1945 which set off a national controversy over how much control the federal government should have in employment practices. Southern Democrats viewed the bill as a step toward social equality of the races. Leading the opposition was Senator [[Theodore Gilmore Bilbo]] (1877-1947) of [[Mississippi]] who vowed he would beat the 'damnable, unAmerican and unconstitutional' FEPC to death.  The bill was withdrawn from consideration after a 24-day filibuster.<ref>Robert J. Bailey, "Theodore G. Bilbo and the Fair Employment Practices Controversy: a Southern Senator's Reactions to a Changing World," ''Journal of Mississippi History'' 1980 42(1): 27-42.</ref>  

In 1941, on the eve of World War II, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in an effort to integrate minority groups into the war effort, issued an [[executive order]], with no vote in Congress, that created the [[Fair Employment Practices Committee]] and enlarged its responsibilities in 1943. It required companies with federal contracts to not discriminate against employees on the base of race, religion or ethnicity. However, only congressional action could extend its life beyond the war years. Democratic Senator Dennis Chavez of [[New Mexico]] introduced a bill to establish a permanent FEPC in 1945 which set off a national controversy over how much control the federal government should have in employment practices. Southern Democrats viewed the bill as a step toward social equality of the races. Leading the opposition was Senator [[Theodore Gilmore Bilbo]] (1877-1947) of [[Mississippi]] who vowed he would beat the 'damnable, unAmerican and unconstitutional' FEPC to death.  The bill was withdrawn from consideration after a 24-day filibuster.<ref>Robert J. Bailey, "Theodore G. Bilbo and the Fair Employment Practices Controversy: a Southern Senator's Reactions to a Changing World," ''Journal of Mississippi History'' 1980 42(1): 27-42.</ref>  

After 1917, the most famous filibusters were undertaken by Southern Democrats to block civil rights legislation. The record for the longest filibuster is held by Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who filibustered against the Civil Rights Act of 1957 for 24 hours, 18 minutes.<ref>https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm</ref>

After 1917, the most famous filibusters were undertaken by Southern Democrats to block civil rights legislation. The record for the longest filibuster in the United States Senate is held by Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], who filibustered against the Civil Rights Act of 1957 for 24 hours, 18 minutes.<ref>https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm</ref>

The longest filibuster, forty-three hours, was not even in the U.S. Senate but the [[Texas]] State Senate, where [[Bill Meier]] of Tarrant County in 1977 filibustered successfully against a worker's compensation bill that he considered "anti-business."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2013/03/14/43-hours-texas-senator-set-filibuster-record-77/|title=At 43 Hours, Texas Senator Set Filibuster Record in '77|publisher=''The Texas Tribune''|date=March 14, 2013|author=Justin Dehn, Aman Batheja, and Alana Rocha|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>

The longest filibuster in any legislative body, 43 hours, was in the [[Texas]] State Senate (the upper chamber of the Texas Legislature), where [[Bill Meier]] of Tarrant County in 1977 filibustered against a worker's compensation bill that he considered "anti-business." Though his filibuster on that bill was unsuccessful (it ultimately passed 23–7) it drew attention to the underlying issues, ultimately resulting in a major overhaul of the state's worker's compensation system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2013/03/14/43-hours-texas-senator-set-filibuster-record-77/|title=At 43 Hours, Texas Senator Set Filibuster Record in '77|publisher=''The Texas Tribune''|date=March 14, 2013|author=Justin Dehn, Aman Batheja, and Alana Rocha|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>

==Senate rules==

==Senate rules==