Changes

==Schools and fields of History==

==Schools and fields of History==

===Cultural===

===Cultural===

*[[Cultural history]] is the dominant style since the 1980s. It uses linguistic and cultural evidence to explore the inner psychology of societies. This became a dominant theme in the 1980s, especially influenced by careful analysis of exactly how key words were used. For example, the study of [[Republicanism]].  There is no separate society or journal.   

*Cultural history is the dominant style since the 1980s. It uses linguistic and cultural evidence to explore the inner psychology of societies. This became a dominant theme in the 1980s, especially influenced by careful analysis of exactly how key words were used. For example, the study of [[Republicanism]].  There is no separate society or journal.   

Sometimes called the "linguistic turn," cultural history was heavily influenced by postmodernism, cultural anthropology and literary criticism. It turned away from the social science approach of [[Social history]]. Important influences came from French cultural critic [[Michel Foucault]], American anthropologist [[Clifford Geertz]], British labor historian  [[E. P. Thompson]] and American intellectual historians [[Hayden White]] and [[Dominick LaCapra]].  

Sometimes called the "linguistic turn," cultural history was heavily influenced by postmodernism, cultural anthropology and literary criticism. It turned away from the social science approach of [[Social history]]. Important influences came from French cultural critic Michel Foucault, American anthropologist Clifford Geertz, British labor historian  [[E. P. Thompson]] and American intellectual historians [[Hayden White]] and [[Dominick LaCapra]].  

Critics complain its narrows historians to an exaggerated emphasis on race, class and gender, while slighting empirical archival research and losing sight of larger issues.  Cultural history made huge inroads against social history in the 1980s and 1990s, but now has receded into a general background in historical studies, less controversial and less cutting edge than it was twenty years ago.<ref>On the linguistic turn see Gabrielle M. Spiegel, ed. ''Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Practicing-History-Directions-Historical-Rewriting/dp/0415341086/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209889975&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; Lynn Hunt, ed. ''The New Cultural History'' (1989)  

Critics complain its narrows historians to an exaggerated emphasis on race, class and gender, while slighting empirical archival research and losing sight of larger issues.  Cultural history made huge inroads against social history in the 1980s and 1990s, but now has receded into a general background in historical studies, less controversial and less cutting edge than it was twenty years ago.<ref>On the linguistic turn see Gabrielle M. Spiegel, ed. ''Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Practicing-History-Directions-Historical-Rewriting/dp/0415341086/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209889975&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; Lynn Hunt, ed. ''The New Cultural History'' (1989)