Changes

|language =Spanish

|president =Alan García PérezDina Boluarte

|pm =Jorge Del Castillo

|pop =2833,674000,757 000 (20072020)

|gdp =$222,222,222,222 (2020)|gdp-year =$93.268 billion (2006)|gdp-pc =$36,374 734 (20062020)

'''Peru''' is an equatorial [[country]] in western [[South America]], bordering [[Ecuador]], [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], and [[Bolivia]]. The historic home of the [[Inca]] [[civilization]], Peru attracts many tourists who visit the historic sites such as [[Machu Picchu]] and [[Sacsayhuamán]] near [[Cuzco]].

Most Peruvians are either Spanish-speaking mestizos--a mestizos—a term that usually refers to a mixture of indigenous and European/Caucasian--or Caucasian—or Amerindians, largely Quechua-speaking indigenous people. Peruvians of European descent make up about 15% of the population. There also are small numbers of persons of African, Japanese, and Chinese ancestry. Socioeconomic and cultural indicators are increasingly important as identifiers. For example, Peruvians of Amerindian descent who have adopted aspects of Hispanic culture also are considered mestizo. With economic development, access to education, intermarriage, and large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, a more homogeneous national culture is developing, mainly along the relatively more prosperous coast. Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's mestizo-Hispanic culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands.

The president is popularly elected for a five -year term. A constitutional amendment passed in 2000 prevents reelection. The first and second vice presidents also are popularly elected but have no constitutional functions unless the president is unable to discharge his duties. The principal executive body is the Council of Ministers, comprised of 15 members and headed by a prime minister. The president appoints its members, who must be ratified by the Congress. All Executive laws sent to Congress must be approved by the Council of Ministers.

*President--Alan Garcia PérezPresident—Dina Boluarte*First Vice President--Luis Giampietri RojasPresident—*Second Vice President--Lourdes Mendoza del Solar President—''Vacant''*President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)--Jorge Del Castillo Galvez —*Foreign Affairs Minister--José Garcia Belaunde Antonio Minister—*Finance and Economy Minister--Luis Carranza Ugarte Minister—*Defense Minister--Allan Wagner Tizón Minister—*Ambassador to the United States--Felipe Ortiz States—Hugo de Zevallos Zela*Permanent Representative to the United Nations--Oswaldo De RiveroNations—Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros*Ambassador to the Organization of American States--Antero Flores-AraozStates—Harold Forsyth

Peru maintains 210 troops in peacekeeping operations in Haiti under the UN's MINUSTAH.  ====2022 US-backed coup====The US ambassador in Peru, Lisa Kenna, worked for the [[CIA]] for 9 years, as well as the [[Pentagon]]. One day before the December 7, 2022 [[coup]] against [[democracy|democratically]] |elected President Pedro Castillo, Kenna met with Peru's defense minister, who then ordered the military to turn against Castillo.<ref>https://youtu.be/QhVdgvgCBtA</ref>

Peru and the U.S. signed the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) on April 12, 2006 , in Washington, DC. The PTPA was ratified by the Peruvian Congress on June 28, 2006, but has not yet been ratified by the U.S. Congress. On December 9, 2006, the U.S. Congress extended the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) as amended by the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA)--jointly referred to as ATPA/ATPDEA--through ATPDEA—through June 2007. On June 30, 2007 , the President signed legislation extending ATPA/ATPDEA for an additional 8 months.

Peru registered a trade surplus of $8.8 billion in 2006. Exports reached $23.7 billion, partially as a result of high mineral prices. Peru's major trading partners are the U.S., China, EU, Chile and Japan. In 2006, 23.0% of exports went to the U.S. ($5.9 billion) and 16.0% of imports came from the U.S. ($2.9 billion). Exports include gold, copper, fishmeal, petroleum, zinc, textiles, apparel, asparagus and coffee. Imports include machinery, vehicles, processed food, petroleum and steel. Peru belongs to the Andean Community, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Pizarro founded Lima in 1535. The viceroyalty established at Lima in 1542 initially had jurisdiction over all of the Spanish colonies in South America. By the time of the wars of independence (1820-241820–24), Lima had become one of the most distinguished and aristocratic colonial capital and the chief Spanish stronghold in the Americas.

After independence, Peru and its neighbors engaged in intermittent territorial disputes. Chile's victory over Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879-831879–83) resulted in a territorial settlement in which Peru ceded the department of Tarapaca and the provinces of Tacna and Arica to Chile. In 1929, Chile returned Tacna to Peru. Following a clash between Peru and Ecuador in 1941, the Rio Protocol--of Protocol—of which the United States is one of four guarantors (along with Argentina, Brazil and Chile)--sought to establish the boundary between the two countries. Continuing boundary disagreement led to brief armed conflicts in early 1981 and early 1995, but in 1998 the governments of Peru and Ecuador signed an historic peace treaty and demarcated the border. In late 1999, the governments of Peru and Chile likewise implemented the last outstanding article of their 1929 border agreement. Peru and Chile still dispute the sea boundary.

[[File:ADRIAN AIRALDI Mujer de Jauja c. 1975.jpg|thumb|Mujer de Jauja by Adrian Airaldi, ca. 1975.]]The military has been prominent in Peruvian history. Coups have repeatedly interrupted civilian constitutional government. The most recent period of military rule (1968-801968–80) began when Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado overthrew elected President Fernando Belaunde Terry of the Popular Action Party (AP). As part of what has been called the "first phase" of the military government's [[left-wing]] pro-[[Socialism|Socialist]] [[nationalism|nationalist ]] program, Velasco undertook an extensive agrarian reform program and , being the second most radical one in Latin America only behind Cuba; his government nationalized the fishmeal industry, some petroleum and mining companies, press and broadcasting media, and several banks; acquired Soviet military equipment for the Peruvian army; and established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, Eastern Bloc and USSR allies.

Because of Velasco's economic mismanagement and deteriorating health, he was replaced in 1975 by Gen. Francisco Morales Bermudez. Morales Bermudez tempered the authoritarian abuses of the Velasco administration and began the task of restoring the country's economy. Morales Bermudez presided over the return to civilian democratic government under a new constitution and in the May 1980 elections, President Belaunde Terry was returned to office by an impressive plurality.

Nagging economic problems left over from the military government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño" weather phenomenon in 1982-831982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and decimated the fishing industry. The fall in international commodity prices to their lowest levels since the Great Depression combined with the natural disasters to decrease production, depress wages, exacerbate unemployment, and spur inflation. The economic collapse was reflected in worsening living conditions for Peru's poor and provided a breeding ground for social and political discontent. The emergence of the Maoist terrorist group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) in rural areas in 1980--followed 1980—followed, which had killed over 30,000 people during 1980s and 1990s; shortly thereafter by the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Lima--sent Lima—sent the country further into chaos. The terrorists were financed in part from alliances with narcotraffickers, who had established a stronghold in the Peruvian Andes during this period. Peru and Bolivia became the largest coca producers in the world, accounting for roughly four-fifths of the production in South America.

Amid inflation, economic hardship, and terrorism, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) won the presidential election in 1985, bringing Alan García Pérez to office. The transfer of the presidency from Belaunde to García on July 28, 1985, was Peru's first transfer of power from one [[democratically elected ]] leader to another in 40 years.

On June 4, 2006, APRA candidate Alan García Pérez was elected to the presidency by 52.5% of the voters in his runoff with Ollanta Humala, who ran under the Union for Peru, with the support of his Peruvian Nationalist Party. With 36 seats, APRA has the second largest bloc--next bloc—next to the Union for Peru Party's 45 seats--in seats—in the 120-seat unicameral Congress which was sworn in July 2006. After a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, García returned to the presidency with promises to improve Peru's social condition, balancing economic stability with increased social spending. His stated primary goal is to decrease poverty through job creation, especially in Peru's southern highlands where poverty is most acute. He has sought to improve relations with Peru's South American neighbors and with the United States, and to present Peru's democratic and pro-free trade path as a model for the region.

 {{License|license Copyright Details (US Government)}} Source = This work is in [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35762.htm] ===2020 Protests===However, the Communist [[public domainManuel Merino]] in the United States because it is did a work coup d'état<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/10/peru-coup-accusations-head-of the United States Federal Government under the terms -congress-made-president-predecessor-ousted</ref> against Martin Vizcarra, who called for no corruption.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/peru-s-ousted-president-had-pushed-anti-corruption-efforts-what-n1247543</ref> Because of Title 17Merino, Chapter 1two protesters died, Section 105 of all for protesting the US Codecommunist coup d'état.| source = [http<ref>https://www.statetheguardian.govcom/rworld/pa2020/einov/bgn15/35762two-killed-as-huge-pro-democracy-protests-continue-in-peru</ref> Merino, despite being called by the big [[MSM]] as far-right, which means pro-Trump, recognized [[Nicolas Maduro]] and aimed to work with him to promote terror and Communism, and even praised him.htm<ref>https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/venezuela/nicolas-maduro-sobre-el-peru-les-podemos-mandar-a-juan-guaido-para-que-se-autoproclame-presidente-manuel-merino-renuncia-martin-vizcarra-videos-noticia/</ref> However, Manuel Merino resigned, then the centrist Francisco Sagasti took office, who spoke against pride. ===2021 Elections and fraud protests===[[File:Keiko Fujimori.gif|thumbnail|150px|Keiko Fujimori]}}]On June 11, 2021, Perú Libre (Free Peru) left-wing candidate [[Pedro Castillo]] was elected as president with the 50.1% of the votes in his runoff with the right-wing candidate [[Keiko Fujimori]], daughter of the former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori (who ruled from 1990 to 2000), who ran for the Fuerza Popular (Popular Force) political party. Shortly after the election results were revealed, Fujimori claimed that there was an [[election fraud]] by Pedro Castillo, and several protests were made after that. During the Castillo's administration, he planned a "Second Land Reform", as successor to the 1969 one; however, some Pedro Castillo's government officials and ministers have been linked with the Maoist terrorist organization Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path).

* [[Lima Peru TempleGallery of South-American painting]]