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In 1881, an article called "Memory in Chess Playing," appeared in Scientific American. It stated that wonderful as are the feats of chess-players who can work out a game or a series of games without seeing the board, there is nothing really remarkable in them. When once mastered, the trick is not only fairly easy of performance, but the fact that the process is purely mental rather facilitates than impedes the action of the mind. To the "blindfold" chess player, there is present a mental picture of the board with the pieces in position. He can change the position of the men as easily as he can think, and after he has mastered the difficulty of fixing the mental picture, it is distinctly before him. As a rule, chess-players are mental-picture-readers, and can at pleasure call up any one of several pictures of boards as they last conceived them. The most difficult feat is to play two or three games simultaneously blindfold, the moves made by their opponents being told them in close sequence and their own moves being directed after all the reports of the proceedings of their opponents have been received. (source: Scientific American, Dec 10, 1881, Vol. 45, # 24, p. 378)

In 1881, an article called "Memory in Chess Playing," appeared in Scientific American. It stated that wonderful as are the feats of chess-players who can work out a game or a series of games without seeing the board, there is nothing really remarkable in them. When once mastered, the trick is not only fairly easy of performance, but the fact that the process is purely mental rather facilitates than impedes the action of the mind. To the "blindfold" chess player, there is present a mental picture of the board with the pieces in position. He can change the position of the men as easily as he can think, and after he has mastered the difficulty of fixing the mental picture, it is distinctly before him. As a rule, chess-players are mental-picture-readers, and can at pleasure call up any one of several pictures of boards as they last conceived them. The most difficult feat is to play two or three games simultaneously blindfold, the moves made by their opponents being told them in close sequence and their own moves being directed after all the reports of the proceedings of their opponents have been received. (source: Scientific American, Dec 10, 1881, Vol. 45, # 24, p. 378)

In 1893 and 1894, Alfred Binet (1857-1911) conducted perhaps the first psychological studies into chess. He investigated the cognitive facilities of chess masters who could play blindfold chess. He hypothesized that chess depends upon the phenomenological qualities of visual memory. He found that only chess masters were able to play chess successfully without seeing the board and intermediate players found it impossible to play a game of blindfold chess. Binet found that experience, imagination, and memories of abstract and concrete varieties were required in master chess.<ref>[http://billwall.phpwebhosting.com/articles/memory_and_chess.htm#:~:text=The%20ability%20to%20recall%20a,the%20more%20than%2020%20pieces. ''Memory and Chess''] by Bill Wall</ref>}}

In 1893 and 1894, Alfred Binet (1857-1911) conducted perhaps the first [[psychology|psychological]] studies into chess. He investigated the cognitive facilities of chess masters who could play blindfold chess. He hypothesized that chess depends upon the phenomenological qualities of visual memory. He found that only chess masters were able to play chess successfully without seeing the board and intermediate players found it impossible to play a game of blindfold chess. Binet found that experience, imagination, and memories of abstract and concrete varieties were required in master chess.<ref>[http://billwall.phpwebhosting.com/articles/memory_and_chess.htm#:~:text=The%20ability%20to%20recall%20a,the%20more%20than%2020%20pieces. ''Memory and Chess''] by Bill Wall</ref>}}

Chessarena.com notes:

Chessarena.com notes:

Playing chess involves memorizing numerous openings, middle-game strategies, and endgame techniques. This continuous exposure to complex information helps strengthen the neural connections in the brain, leading to improved memory retention and recall.

Playing chess involves memorizing numerous openings, middle-game strategies, and endgame techniques. This continuous exposure to complex information helps strengthen the neural connections in the brain, leading to improved memory retention and recall.

Additionally, chess requires players to think several moves ahead, which involves holding multiple pieces of information in the working memory simultaneously. This mental exercise can lead to a more efficient and effective working memory.<ref>[https://chessily.com/blog/how-chess-can-help-your-brain/#:~:text=Playing%20chess%20involves%20memorizing%20numerous%20openings%2C%20middle-game%20strategies%2C,brain%2C%20leading%20to%20improved%20memory%20retention%20and%20recall. How chess can improve your brain], Chessify.com </ref>}}

Additionally, chess requires players to think several moves ahead, which involves holding multiple pieces of information in the working memory simultaneously. This mental exercise can lead to a more efficient and effective working memory.<ref>[https://chessily.com/blog/how-chess-can-help-your-brain/#:~:text=Playing%20chess%20involves%20memorizing%20numerous%20openings%2C%20middle-game%20strategies%2C,brain%2C%20leading%20to%20improved%20memory%20retention%20and%20recall. How chess can improve your brain], Chessify.com</ref>}}

 

 

 

 

== Journal articles on chess and mnemonics ==

== Journal articles on chess and mnemonics ==

A [[mnemonic]] device  (memory device), is any learning technique that assists someone's [[memory]].  

A [[mnemonic]] device  (memory device), is any learning technique that assists someone's [[memory]].  

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29101550/#:~:text=The%20expertise%20effect%20in%20memory,learned%20more%20and%20larger%20patterns. ''Chess knowledge predicts chess memory even after controlling for chess experience: Evidence for the role of high-level processes''] by David M. Lane and Yu-Hsuan A. Chang, ''Memory and Cognition'', 2018 Apr;46(3):337-348. doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0768-2.

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29101550/#:~:text=The%20expertise%20effect%20in%20memory,learned%20more%20and%20larger%20patterns. ''Chess knowledge predicts chess memory even after controlling for chess experience: Evidence for the role of high-level processes''] by David M. Lane and Yu-Hsuan A. Chang, ''Memory and Cognition'', 2018 Apr;46(3):337-348. doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0768-2.

*[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-08388-001 ''Role of high-level knowledge in memory for chess positions''] by Cooke, N. J., Atlas, R. S., Lane, D. M., & Berger, R. C., ''The American Journal of Psychology'', 106(3), 321–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/1423181

*[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-08388-001 ''Role of high-level knowledge in memory for chess positions''] by Cooke, N. J., Atlas, R. S., Lane, D. M., & Berger, R. C., ''The American Journal of Psychology'', 106(3), 321–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/1423181

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9677761/ ''Expert memory: a comparison of four theories''] by F. Gobet, ''Cognition''. 1998 May;66(2):115-52. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00020-1.

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9677761/ ''Expert memory: a comparison of four theories''] by F. Gobet, ''Cognition''. 1998 May;66(2):115-52. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00020-1.

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5967988/ ''Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players''] by Alfred Binet, [Trans. M. L. Simmel & S. B. Barron.]. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74(1), 127–162. Abstract: "Originally published in 1893, Binet's analysis of the mental processes at work in the game of chess was based on questionnaires, interviews, and correspondence with the contemporary chess masters. The discussion centers around blindfold chess and the conduct of several games simultaneously."<ref>[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1966-11836-001 Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players] by Alfred Binet. [Trans. M. L. Simmel & S. B. Barron.]. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74(1), 127–162</ref>

*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5967988/ ''Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players''] by Alfred Binet, [Trans. M. L. Simmel & S. B. Barron.]. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74(1), 127–162. Abstract: "Originally published in 1893, Binet's analysis of the mental processes at work in the game of chess was based on questionnaires, interviews, and correspondence with the contemporary chess masters. The discussion centers around blindfold chess and the conduct of several games simultaneously."<ref>[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1966-11836-001 Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players] by Alfred Binet. [Trans. M. L. Simmel & S. B. Barron.]. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74(1), 127–162</ref>

[[File:Cerebellum.jpg|center|thumb|250px|The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Human Body: God's Masterpiece]</ref><ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Enigmatic Human Brain] by Wallace G. Smith</ref><ref>[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The Most Complex Structure], Creation Moments</ref>]]

 

[[File:Cerebellum.jpg|center|thumb|250px|The human [[brain]] is the most complex physical entity in the universe.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Human Body: God's Masterpiece]</ref><ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Enigmatic Human Brain] by Wallace G. Smith</ref><ref>[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The Most Complex Structure], Creation Moments</ref>]]

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==References==

==References==

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[[Category: Chess]]

[[Category:Chess]]

[[Category:Psychology]]

[[Category:Psychology]]