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Free Officers
General [[Rommel]] was stopped at Second Battle of El Alamein (Oct 23, 1942 – Nov 11, 1942).
General [[Rommel]] was stopped at Second Battle of El Alamein (Oct 23, 1942 – Nov 11, 1942).
Unlile in Arab Palestine pro-Nazism was very deep and widespread, in Egypt the field was still divided, though the Muslim Brotherhood and others were definitely for Hitler.
Unlile in Arab Palestine pro-Nazism was very deep and widespread, in Egypt the field was still divided,<ref name=motadel-p110/> though the Muslim Brotherhood and others were definitely for Hitler.
In 1942, first: "zealous students of El Azhar University, which teaches Moslem religious subjects, staged demonstrations In the streets of the capital, yelling, "Long live Rommel." Berlin had assured their gullible rector that if Egypt supported Hitler Its king would be crowned caliph of the faithful and would rule the spiritual affairs of the more than 300,000,000 Mohammedans in the world," then, by the beginning of 1943 "conditions are calm in Cairo because British diplomacy and American spending power have reversed the attitude of the fellahin."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IIdeAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9 St. Joseph Gazette, Jan 8, 1943, p. 10].
In 1942, first: "zealous students of El Azhar University, which teaches Moslem religious subjects, staged demonstrations In the streets of the capital, yelling, "Long live Rommel." Berlin had assured their gullible rector that if Egypt supported Hitler Its king would be crowned caliph of the faithful and would rule the spiritual affairs of the more than 300,000,000 Mohammedans in the world," then, by the beginning of 1943 "conditions are calm in Cairo because British diplomacy and American spending power have reversed the attitude of the fellahin."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IIdeAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9 St. Joseph Gazette, Jan 8, 1943, p. 10].
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<blockquote><small>
The '''Second''' Battle of '''Al Alamein''' was a decisive battle that took place between October 23 and November 4, 1942 as part of the North African Campaign in World War II. The battle was the third in a series of military confrontations, which took place in the Al-Almain region of Egypt, beginning in July 1942. It was preceded by the first Al-Almain battle and the Alam Hala battle. During the battle, which lasted 12 days, the Eighth Army of the British Commonwealth under the command of Bernard Montgomery defeated the Panzer Afrika, which included German and Italian forces under the command of Erwin Rommel, and forced the Axis forces to begin a long retreat westward along the coast of North Africa, which ended with the surrender of the German and Italian forces in Tunisia in early May 1943. The Allied victory in the battle finally removed the German threat over Egypt and the Suez Canal, and put an end to the grandiose German plan to take control of the Middle East through a great pincer movement of Rommel's forces from the south and the German forces in the Caucasus from the north.
The '''Second''' Battle of '''Al Alamein''' was a decisive battle that took place between October 23 and November 4, 1942 as part of the North African Campaign in World War II. The battle was the third in a series of military confrontations, which took place in the Al-Almain region of Egypt, beginning in July 1942. It was preceded by the first Al-Almain battle and the Alam Hala battle. During the battle, which lasted 12 days, the Eighth Army of the British Commonwealth under the command of Bernard Montgomery defeated the Panzer Afrika, which included German and Italian forces under the command of Erwin Rommel, and forced the Axis forces to begin a long retreat westward along the coast of North Africa, which ended with the surrender of the German and Italian forces in Tunisia in early May 1943. The Allied victory in the battle finally removed the German threat over Egypt and the Suez Canal, and put an end to the grandiose German plan to take control of the Middle East through a great pincer movement of Rommel's forces from the south and the German forces in the Caucasus from the north.
The '''Free Officers''' (Arabic: حركة الضباط الأحرار - a group of revolutionary Egyptian nationalist officers), in El Alamein, they took aerial photographs of British positions and sent this intelligence along with a letter offering allegiance to the Axis in a British warplane headed to Rommel .
However, the plan was stifled when the Germans failed to recognize the sign of friendship and shot down the British warplane, a Gloster Gladiator, killing the pilot.
Yet, the Free Officers continued to try to contact the Germans, and found a pair of German spies who gave Sadat a broken German radio transmitter. But Sadat, the German spies, and other Free Officers were caught by the British and imprisoned for treason.
Sadat would later write that there were strong pro-German sentiments among the population: "The general feeling in Egypt was against the British and, naturally, in favor of their enemies, he recalled, adding: "They demonstrated in the streets , chanting slogans like 'Advance Rommel!' as they saw in a British defeat the only way of
British reports give a more nuanced assessment of the local mood, suggesting that political attitudes were not static but continuously changing during the war years. <ref name=moradel-p110>Motadel, D. (2014). Islam and Nazi Germany’s War. United Kingdom: Harvard University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zUiYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 p. 110].
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Closer to the North African front line, in Egypt, the attitude of the population was similarly mixed. Anwar al-Sadat, then a young officer in wartime Cairo, later claimed that there were strong pro-German sentiments among the population: "The general feeling in Egypt was against the British and, naturally, in favor of their enemies, he recalled, adding: "They demonstrated in the streets , chanting slogans like 'Advance Rommel!' as they saw in a British defeat the only way of getting their enemy out of the country." Al-Sadat was part of the revolutionary “Free Officers” group, which—in the name of the people—sought armed revolt during the war and even collaborated with German agents, an entanglement that, in the summer of 1942, eventually led to his arrest. British reports give a more nuanced assessment of the local mood, suggesting that political attitudes were not static but continuously changing during the war years.
Miles Lampson cabled from Cairo that Rommel's first offensive in Cyrenaica in spring 1941 had "thoroughly frightened the Egyptian public." Even German propagandists were aware of the lack of pro-German sympathies in the country at that time.</small></blockquote></ref>
===Nazism at Arab Palestine===
===Nazism at Arab Palestine===