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Line 109:
Line 109: − [[File:Ukrainians greet Nazis 1941.PNG|left|400px|thumb|Ukrainian nationalists welcome Nazis, 1941 with banners saying "[[Heil Hitler]]".]] + − [[File:Volhynia.PNG|right|400px|thumb]]+ − +
→Operation Barbarossa
Einsatzgruppen squads began to carry out mass shootings during the last week of June 1941.<ref>[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1939-1941/operation-barbarossa Operation Barbarossa | Holocaust Encyclopedia]</ref>
Einsatzgruppen squads began to carry out mass shootings during the last week of June 1941.<ref>[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1939-1941/operation-barbarossa Operation Barbarossa | Holocaust Encyclopedia]</ref>
The 14th Waffen Grenadier Division (1st Galician)<ref>German: 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (galizische Nr. 1)) Ukrainian: 14а Гренадерська Дивізія СС (1а галицька)), prior to 1944 titled the 14th SS-Volunteer Division "Galicia" Ukrainian: 14а Добровільна Дивізія "Галичина"</ref> was a German military formation made up predominantly of military volunteers with a [[Ukrainian]] ethnic background from the area of [[Polish Galicia]], later also with some [[Slovak]]s and [[Czech]]s. Formed in 1943, it was largely destroyed in the battle of Brody, reformed, and saw action in [[Slovakia]], [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Austria]] before being renamed the first division of the Ukrainian National Army and surrendering to the Western Allies by 10 May 1945. Volodymyr Kubiyovych (Ukrainian Father Jewish Mother) founded this Division in order for Ukrainians to aid the Ukrainian Insurgent Army with weapons.
The 14th Waffen Grenadier Division (1st Galician)<ref>German: 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (galizische Nr. 1)) Ukrainian: 14а Гренадерська Дивізія СС (1а галицька)), prior to 1944 titled the 14th SS-Volunteer Division "Galicia" Ukrainian: 14а Добровільна Дивізія "Галичина"</ref> was a German military formation made up predominantly of military volunteers with a [[Ukrainian]] ethnic background from the area of [[Polish Galicia]], later also with some [[Slovak]]s and [[Czech]]s. Formed in 1943, it was largely destroyed in the battle of Brody, reformed, and saw action in [[Slovakia]], [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Austria]] before being renamed the first division of the Ukrainian National Army and surrendering to the Western Allies by 10 May 1945. Volodymyr Kubiyovych (Ukrainian Father Jewish Mother) founded this Division in order for Ukrainians to aid the Ukrainian Insurgent Army with weapons.
{{Anchor|Abwehr}}
{{Anchor|Abwehr}}
{{Anchor|Nachtigall Battalion}}
{{Anchor|Nachtigall Battalion}}
[[File:Ukrainians greet Nazis 1941.PNG|right|400px|thumb|Ukrainian nationalists welcome Nazis, 1941 with banners saying "[[Heil Hitler]]".]]
The '''Nachtigall Battalion''' under [[Roman Shukhevych]], also known as the Ukrainian Nightingale Battalion Group, or officially as Special Group Nachtigall,<ref name="Abbott">Abbot, Peter. ''Ukrainian Armies 1914-55'', p.47. Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN|1-84176-668-2</ref> was the subunit under command of the German Abwehr (Military Intelligence) special operations unit "Brandenburg". Along with the Roland Battalion it was one of two military units formed February 25, 1941 by head of the Abwehr Adm. Wilhelm Canaris, which sanctioned the creation of the "Ukrainian Legion" under German command. It was composed of volunteer "Ukrainian nationalists," Ukrainians operating under [[Stephan Bandera]]'s OUN orders.<ref>[http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA.pdf І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках.]<br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141147/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA.pdf Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ], 2004 (No ISBN) p.271-278</ref>
The '''Nachtigall Battalion''' under [[Roman Shukhevych]], also known as the Ukrainian Nightingale Battalion Group, or officially as Special Group Nachtigall,<ref name="Abbott">Abbot, Peter. ''Ukrainian Armies 1914-55'', p.47. Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN|1-84176-668-2</ref> was the subunit under command of the German Abwehr (Military Intelligence) special operations unit "Brandenburg". Along with the Roland Battalion it was one of two military units formed February 25, 1941 by head of the Abwehr Adm. Wilhelm Canaris, which sanctioned the creation of the "Ukrainian Legion" under German command. It was composed of volunteer "Ukrainian nationalists," Ukrainians operating under [[Stephan Bandera]]'s OUN orders.<ref>[http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA.pdf І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках.]<br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141147/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA.pdf Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ], 2004 (No ISBN) p.271-278</ref>
At three villages of the Vinnytsia region "all [[Jew]]s which were met" were shot.<ref>"... скрепив нашу ненависть нашу до жидів, що в двох селах ми постріляли всіх стрічних жидів. Під час нашого перемаршу перед одним селом... ми постріляли всіх стрічних там жидів" from Nachtigal third company activity report Центральний державний архів вищих органів влади та управління України (ЦДАВО). — Ф. 3833 . — Оп. 1. — Спр. 157- Л.7</ref>
At three villages of the Vinnytsia region "all [[Jew]]s which were met" were shot.<ref>"... скрепив нашу ненависть нашу до жидів, що в двох селах ми постріляли всіх стрічних жидів. Під час нашого перемаршу перед одним селом... ми постріляли всіх стрічних там жидів" from Nachtigal third company activity report Центральний державний архів вищих органів влади та управління України (ЦДАВО). — Ф. 3833 . — Оп. 1. — Спр. 157- Л.7</ref>
The [[Simon Wiesenthal|Simon Wiesenthal Center]] contends that between June 30 and July 3, 1941, in the days that the Battalion was in [[Lviv]] the Nachtigall soldiers together with the German army and the local Ukrainians participated in the killings of Jews in the city. The pretext for the [[pogrom]] was a rumor that the Jews were responsible for the execution of prisoners by the Soviets before the 1941 Soviet withdrawal from Lviv. The ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'' states that some 4,000 Jews were kidnapped and killed at that time.<ref>Gutman, Israel. "[http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x16/xm1688.html Nachtigall Battalion]". ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust''. Macmillan Publishing Company: New York, 1990.</ref> It further states that the unit was removed from Lviv on July 7 and sent to the Eastern Front.
The [[Simon Wiesenthal|Simon Wiesenthal Center]] contends that between June 30 and July 3, 1941, in the days that the Battalion was in [[Lviv]] the Nachtigall soldiers together with the German army and the local Ukrainians participated in the killings of Jews in the city. The pretext for the [[pogrom]] was a rumor that the Jews were responsible for the execution of prisoners by the Soviets before the 1941 Soviet withdrawal from Lviv. The ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'' states that some 4,000 Jews were kidnapped and killed at that time.<ref>Gutman, Israel. "[http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x16/xm1688.html Nachtigall Battalion]". ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust''. Macmillan Publishing Company: New York, 1990.</ref> It further states that the unit was removed from Lviv on July 7 and sent to the Eastern Front.
[[File:Volhynia.PNG|left|400px|thumb]]
The [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA) arose out of separate militant formations of the OUN-Bandera faction (the OUNb).<ref>Vedeneyev, D. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150307183958/http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm Military Field Gendarmerie – special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army]''. "Voyenna Istoriya" magazine. 2002.</ref> The political leadership belonged to the OUNb. It was the primary perpetrator of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and [[Eastern Galicia]].<ref>[http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/__data/assets/pdf The July 1943 genocidal operations of OUN-UPA in Volhynia], pp=2-3; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401045104/http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/5199/The-July-1943-genocidal-operations-of-the-OUN-UPA-in-Volhynia.pdf]</ref>
The [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA) arose out of separate militant formations of the OUN-Bandera faction (the OUNb).<ref>Vedeneyev, D. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150307183958/http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm Military Field Gendarmerie – special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army]''. "Voyenna Istoriya" magazine. 2002.</ref> The political leadership belonged to the OUNb. It was the primary perpetrator of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and [[Eastern Galicia]].<ref>[http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/__data/assets/pdf The July 1943 genocidal operations of OUN-UPA in Volhynia], pp=2-3; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401045104/http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/5199/The-July-1943-genocidal-operations-of-the-OUN-UPA-in-Volhynia.pdf]</ref>