Difference between revisions of "Genocide in Darfur (2023–present)"
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| − | + | The '''Sudan Civil War (2023–present)''' is an ongoing conflict between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] (SAF), led by General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), led by General Mohamed Hamdan “Hemedti” Dagalo.<ref name="Bulut2025">[https://www.frontpagemag.com/arab-islamic-supremacy-continues-to-destroy-sudan/ Arab-Islamic Supremacy Continues to Destroy Sudan. War crimes en masse against Sudanese civilians]. November 10, 2025 by Uzay Bulut. ''Frontpage Mag''.</ref> The war erupted in Khartoum on 15 April 2023 after the two groups, former allies in a 2021 military coup that overthrew a civilian transitional government, turned against each other in a power struggle.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> A major theater of the war is the [[Darfur]] region, where the RSF and allied [[Arab]] militias have perpetrated a '''genocide in Darfur (2023–present)''', also referred to as the "new Darfur [[genocide]]," characterized by systematic violence against non-Arab ethnic groups, including the Masalit, Fur, and Zaghawa peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/rsf-arabs-kill-thousands-in-new-darfur-genocide-sudan |publisher=Reuters via Genocide Watch |date=2024-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/genocide-determination-in-sudan-and-imposing-accountability-measures/ |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2025-01-07}}</ref> This phase of violence is widely described as driven by Arab racism and [[Islam]]ic supremacist ideologies, with RSF forces—predominantly composed of Arab Janjaweed descendants—targeting non-Arabs through mass killings, rapes, and forced displacement.<ref name="Bulut2025" /><ref name="state-dept">{{Cite web |title=Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/genocide-determination-in-sudan-and-imposing-accountability-measures/ |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2025-01-07}}</ref> It has been formally determined as genocide by the United States government and international organizations, echoing the 2003–2005 Darfur genocide but escalating amid the broader civil war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref> | |
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| + | Sudan gained independence from Britain in 1956.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Since then, Arab-Islamic supremacist policies have dominated governance, leading to the [[Darfur genocide]] (2003), the secession of [[South Sudan]] in 2011, and the marginalization of non-Arab and Christian communities.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The 1989 coup installed [[Omar al-Bashir]], whose regime pursued Islamization, harbored global Islamist militants (including [[Osama bin Laden]]), and mobilized Arab militias that committed human trafficking and atrocities against non-Arabs and Christians.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The Darfur region has a history of ethnic tensions exacerbated by resource scarcity and Arab supremacist ideologies, leading to the 2003 genocide under al-Bashir's regime, where Janjaweed militias—government-backed Arab nomadic groups—killed an estimated 300,000 non-Arabs.<ref name="reuters-apr">{{Cite web |title=RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/rsf-arabs-kill-thousands-in-new-darfur-genocide-sudan |publisher=Reuters via Genocide Watch |date=2024-04-16}}</ref> The RSF, formed in 2013 from Janjaweed remnants under Hemedti, inherited this legacy of Arab-centric violence.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> | ||
| − | + | A 2019 popular uprising ousted al-Bashir, but the transitional government left the SAF and RSF intact, enabling the 2021 coup and the 2023 war.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The RSF's expansion into Darfur territories has been marked by ethnic cleansing, with fighters explicitly targeting non-Arabs based on identity, often using racial slurs and declaring intentions to "cleanse" areas of "slaves" or "Africans."<ref name="state-dept" /> This phase is distinguished by the RSF's use of social media to document and celebrate killings, amplifying the terror.<ref name="state-dept" /> | |
| − | + | ==Belligerents== | |
| − | + | * '''SAF''': Dominated by elite Nile Valley Arab officers; relies on Islamist militias such as the al-Baraa Bin Malik Brigade (named after an Islamic warrior) and groups linked to al-Bashir’s former National Congress Party. These forces have blocked humanitarian aid and conducted ethnically targeted attacks.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> | |
| − | + | * '''RSF''': Controlled by Arab tribes from Darfur; invokes the 19th-century [[Mahdist]] Islamic movement. RSF fighters promote ethnic cleansing of African communities and have targeted groups like the [[Masalit]] in El Geneina with massacres, rape, and sexual slavery.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> | |
| + | ==Course of the war== | ||
===2023: Renewed massacres in El Geneina=== | ===2023: Renewed massacres in El Geneina=== | ||
| − | + | In mid-2023, as the civil war spread to Darfur, RSF forces and allied Arab militias launched coordinated attacks on non-Arab communities in El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur. Between April and June, an estimated 5,000 civilians—mostly Masalit—were killed in house-to-house raids, with survivors reporting fighters shouting ethnic epithets and systematically executing men and boys.<ref name="reuters-sept">{{Cite web |title=The Slaughter of El Geneina |url= https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/sudan-politics-darfur/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-09-22}}</ref><ref name="reuters-apr"/> Sexual violence was rampant, with women and girls raped as a tool of subjugation,溢 consistent with patterns of Arab racist domination.<ref name="state-dept"/> | |
| − | In mid-2023, as the civil war spread to Darfur, RSF forces and allied Arab militias launched coordinated attacks on non-Arab communities in El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur. Between April and June, an estimated 5,000 civilians—mostly Masalit—were killed in house-to-house raids, with survivors reporting fighters shouting ethnic epithets and systematically executing men and boys.<ref name="reuters-sept">{{Cite web |title=The Slaughter of El Geneina |url= https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/sudan-politics-darfur/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-09-22}}</ref><ref name="reuters-apr"/> Sexual violence was rampant, with women and girls raped as a tool of subjugation, consistent with patterns of Arab racist domination.<ref name="state-dept"/> | ||
The violence displaced over 300,000 people, many fleeing to Chad, where refugees described RSF checkpoints where non-Arabs were separated and killed.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> Genocide Watch labeled these acts as the onset of a "new genocide," citing the intent to destroy non-Arab groups through killings and preventing returns via land seizures by Arab settlers.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> | The violence displaced over 300,000 people, many fleeing to Chad, where refugees described RSF checkpoints where non-Arabs were separated and killed.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> Genocide Watch labeled these acts as the onset of a "new genocide," citing the intent to destroy non-Arab groups through killings and preventing returns via land seizures by Arab settlers.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> | ||
===2024: Escalation and international recognition=== | ===2024: Escalation and international recognition=== | ||
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Throughout 2024, RSF advances in Darfur intensified, with atrocities in towns like Tawila and Sortony. Reports documented the beheading of non-Arab leaders and the burning of villages, framed by perpetrators as "Arab reclamation" of Fur lands.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> In April 2024, Reuters reported thousands killed in RSF sweeps, with evidence of mass graves in El Geneina.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> | Throughout 2024, RSF advances in Darfur intensified, with atrocities in towns like Tawila and Sortony. Reports documented the beheading of non-Arab leaders and the burning of villages, framed by perpetrators as "Arab reclamation" of Fur lands.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> In April 2024, Reuters reported thousands killed in RSF sweeps, with evidence of mass graves in El Geneina.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> | ||
On January 7, 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a formal genocide determination, stating that RSF and allies had committed acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," non-Arab groups, including systematic murders of "men and boys—even infants—on an ethnic basis" and targeted rapes.<ref name="state-dept"/> This triggered U.S. sanctions and accountability measures. | On January 7, 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a formal genocide determination, stating that RSF and allies had committed acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," non-Arab groups, including systematic murders of "men and boys—even infants—on an ethnic basis" and targeted rapes.<ref name="state-dept"/> This triggered U.S. sanctions and accountability measures. | ||
| − | ==2025: Fall of El Fasher and mass atrocities== | + | ===2025: Fall of El Fasher and mass atrocities=== |
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The RSF's capture of El Fasher on October 26, 2025—Sudan's last SAF stronghold in Darfur after an 18-month siege—unleashed unprecedented horrors. Within days, RSF fighters massacred over 460 people at Saudi Hospital, executing patients, staff, and visitors in wards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> Satellite images from Yale's Humanitarian Research Lab revealed clusters of bodies and bloodstains outside the facility and along the city's nine-foot berm, a "kill box" trapping 120,000 civilians, half children.<ref name="cnn-oct">{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> | The RSF's capture of El Fasher on October 26, 2025—Sudan's last SAF stronghold in Darfur after an 18-month siege—unleashed unprecedented horrors. Within days, RSF fighters massacred over 460 people at Saudi Hospital, executing patients, staff, and visitors in wards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> Satellite images from Yale's Humanitarian Research Lab revealed clusters of bodies and bloodstains outside the facility and along the city's nine-foot berm, a "kill box" trapping 120,000 civilians, half children.<ref name="cnn-oct">{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> | ||
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In April 2025, a joint statement by global R2P advocates affirmed genocidal intent under the Genocide Convention, citing RSF actions as deliberate destruction of non-Arab groups.<ref name="r2p-apr">{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref> | In April 2025, a joint statement by global R2P advocates affirmed genocidal intent under the Genocide Convention, citing RSF actions as deliberate destruction of non-Arab groups.<ref name="r2p-apr">{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref> | ||
| − | == | + | ==War crimes== |
| + | Both sides commit war crimes driven by Arab-Islamic supremacy.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The RSF targets ethnic African minorities for extermination, while the SAF blocks aid to large areas.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Widespread sexual violence, including rape, gang-rape, sexual slavery, and forced marriage, has been used as a weapon, particularly against women and girls of the Masalit tribe.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The violence is rooted in Arab racism, with RSF rhetoric and actions mirroring Janjaweed ideologies of ethnic superiority. U.S. determinations highlight "deliberate targeting" based on ethnicity, including infant killings and sexual enslavement.<ref name="state-dept"/> The Global Centre for R2P noted RSF-allied militias from the Sahel, including Wagner Group elements, enabling the campaign.<ref name="r2p-apr"/><ref name="cnn-oct"/> Hemedti acknowledged "violations" on October 29, 2025, promising investigations, but RSF denied hospital killings as "fabricated," despite evidence.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> | ||
| − | + | Christians face targeted persecution; in October 2025, over 100 predominantly Christian South Sudanese women were deported from Khartoum, with at least 61 separated from their children.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> | |
==Humanitarian impact== | ==Humanitarian impact== | ||
| + | According to Operation Broken Silence: | ||
| + | * 200,000+ deaths (likely undercounted; over 20,000 in Darfur alone, contributing to 150,000+ civil war deaths) | ||
| + | * 30 million (over half the population) need humanitarian aid | ||
| + | * 8.7 million in emergency or famine conditions | ||
| + | * 14 million displaced or refugees (over 1 million remain displaced in Darfur, facing famine and militia-controlled escape routes) | ||
| + | * 65% of main hospitals closed or destroyed | ||
| + | * 90% of schools closed, affecting 19 million children | ||
| + | * Disease outbreaks spreading rapidly<ref name="Bulut2025" /><ref name="cnn-oct"/> | ||
| − | + | International aid for 2025 is only 27% funded.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Aid groups report rampant sexual violence, with women fleeing El Fasher describing rapes as ethnic punishment.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> The UN has called for ceasefires and probes, citing "widespread violations" including escape route attacks.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> | |
==International response== | ==International response== | ||
| + | The U.S. imposed sanctions post-2025 determination.<ref name="state-dept"/> Western nations and human rights groups demand accountability, with calls for ICC referrals.<ref name="r2p-apr"/><ref name="cnn-oct"/> Allegations of UAE arms support persist, deemed "credible" by UN experts.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> As of October 2025, no ceasefire holds, with fears of further ethnic cleansing.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> | ||
| − | The | + | ==Ideological roots== |
| + | The article identifies Arab-Islamic supremacy as the primary ideological driver, with both factions seeking to reverse the democratic gains of the 2019 revolution and reassert Islamist governance.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Sudan’s pre-Islamic history included Christian Nubian kingdoms and indigenous animist beliefs; Islamization began with 7th-century Arab invasions and dominated the north by the 14th–16th centuries.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 01:43, November 10, 2025
The Sudan Civil War (2023–present) is an ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Mohamed Hamdan “Hemedti” Dagalo.[1] The war erupted in Khartoum on 15 April 2023 after the two groups, former allies in a 2021 military coup that overthrew a civilian transitional government, turned against each other in a power struggle.[1] A major theater of the war is the Darfur region, where the RSF and allied Arab militias have perpetrated a genocide in Darfur (2023–present), also referred to as the "new Darfur genocide," characterized by systematic violence against non-Arab ethnic groups, including the Masalit, Fur, and Zaghawa peoples.[2][3] This phase of violence is widely described as driven by Arab racism and Islamic supremacist ideologies, with RSF forces—predominantly composed of Arab Janjaweed descendants—targeting non-Arabs through mass killings, rapes, and forced displacement.[1][4] It has been formally determined as genocide by the United States government and international organizations, echoing the 2003–2005 Darfur genocide but escalating amid the broader civil war.[5]
Background
Sudan gained independence from Britain in 1956.[1] Since then, Arab-Islamic supremacist policies have dominated governance, leading to the Darfur genocide (2003), the secession of South Sudan in 2011, and the marginalization of non-Arab and Christian communities.[1] The 1989 coup installed Omar al-Bashir, whose regime pursued Islamization, harbored global Islamist militants (including Osama bin Laden), and mobilized Arab militias that committed human trafficking and atrocities against non-Arabs and Christians.[1] The Darfur region has a history of ethnic tensions exacerbated by resource scarcity and Arab supremacist ideologies, leading to the 2003 genocide under al-Bashir's regime, where Janjaweed militias—government-backed Arab nomadic groups—killed an estimated 300,000 non-Arabs.[6] The RSF, formed in 2013 from Janjaweed remnants under Hemedti, inherited this legacy of Arab-centric violence.[1]
A 2019 popular uprising ousted al-Bashir, but the transitional government left the SAF and RSF intact, enabling the 2021 coup and the 2023 war.[1] The RSF's expansion into Darfur territories has been marked by ethnic cleansing, with fighters explicitly targeting non-Arabs based on identity, often using racial slurs and declaring intentions to "cleanse" areas of "slaves" or "Africans."[4] This phase is distinguished by the RSF's use of social media to document and celebrate killings, amplifying the terror.[4]
Belligerents
- SAF: Dominated by elite Nile Valley Arab officers; relies on Islamist militias such as the al-Baraa Bin Malik Brigade (named after an Islamic warrior) and groups linked to al-Bashir’s former National Congress Party. These forces have blocked humanitarian aid and conducted ethnically targeted attacks.[1]
- RSF: Controlled by Arab tribes from Darfur; invokes the 19th-century Mahdist Islamic movement. RSF fighters promote ethnic cleansing of African communities and have targeted groups like the Masalit in El Geneina with massacres, rape, and sexual slavery.[1]
Course of the war
2023: Renewed massacres in El Geneina
In mid-2023, as the civil war spread to Darfur, RSF forces and allied Arab militias launched coordinated attacks on non-Arab communities in El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur. Between April and June, an estimated 5,000 civilians—mostly Masalit—were killed in house-to-house raids, with survivors reporting fighters shouting ethnic epithets and systematically executing men and boys.[7][6] Sexual violence was rampant, with women and girls raped as a tool of subjugation,溢 consistent with patterns of Arab racist domination.[4]
The violence displaced over 300,000 people, many fleeing to Chad, where refugees described RSF checkpoints where non-Arabs were separated and killed.[6] Genocide Watch labeled these acts as the onset of a "new genocide," citing the intent to destroy non-Arab groups through killings and preventing returns via land seizures by Arab settlers.[6]
2024: Escalation and international recognition
Throughout 2024, RSF advances in Darfur intensified, with atrocities in towns like Tawila and Sortony. Reports documented the beheading of non-Arab leaders and the burning of villages, framed by perpetrators as "Arab reclamation" of Fur lands.[6] In April 2024, Reuters reported thousands killed in RSF sweeps, with evidence of mass graves in El Geneina.[6]
On January 7, 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a formal genocide determination, stating that RSF and allies had committed acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," non-Arab groups, including systematic murders of "men and boys—even infants—on an ethnic basis" and targeted rapes.[4] This triggered U.S. sanctions and accountability measures.
2025: Fall of El Fasher and mass atrocities
The RSF's capture of El Fasher on October 26, 2025—Sudan's last SAF stronghold in Darfur after an 18-month siege—unleashed unprecedented horrors. Within days, RSF fighters massacred over 460 people at Saudi Hospital, executing patients, staff, and visitors in wards.[8] Satellite images from Yale's Humanitarian Research Lab revealed clusters of bodies and bloodstains outside the facility and along the city's nine-foot berm, a "kill box" trapping 120,000 civilians, half children.[9]
Videos geolocated by CNN, many self-recorded by RSF fighters, showed executions at El Fasher University's medical school: an elderly man shot amid dozens of bodies; eight unarmed men killed in succession; fighters hunting fleeing civilians, including calls to "catch the girls."[9] Survivors reported house-to-house raids separating men for killing, with non-Arab ethnicity as the criterion—young men "kidnapped or killed on the way" due to their identity.[9] The Sudan Doctors Network documented the abduction of six medics for ransom, amid reports of 100 million Sudanese pounds ($166,000) demands per person.[9]
By October 31, 2025, approximately 5,000 refugees reached Tawila camp, predominantly women and children, with a "big gap" in adult males, indicating targeted killings.[9] UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee described "blood-curdling" testimonies of ransoms, rapes, and streets "strewn with bodies."[9]
In April 2025, a joint statement by global R2P advocates affirmed genocidal intent under the Genocide Convention, citing RSF actions as deliberate destruction of non-Arab groups.[10]
War crimes
Both sides commit war crimes driven by Arab-Islamic supremacy.[1] The RSF targets ethnic African minorities for extermination, while the SAF blocks aid to large areas.[1] Widespread sexual violence, including rape, gang-rape, sexual slavery, and forced marriage, has been used as a weapon, particularly against women and girls of the Masalit tribe.[1] The violence is rooted in Arab racism, with RSF rhetoric and actions mirroring Janjaweed ideologies of ethnic superiority. U.S. determinations highlight "deliberate targeting" based on ethnicity, including infant killings and sexual enslavement.[4] The Global Centre for R2P noted RSF-allied militias from the Sahel, including Wagner Group elements, enabling the campaign.[10][9] Hemedti acknowledged "violations" on October 29, 2025, promising investigations, but RSF denied hospital killings as "fabricated," despite evidence.[9]
Christians face targeted persecution; in October 2025, over 100 predominantly Christian South Sudanese women were deported from Khartoum, with at least 61 separated from their children.[1]
Humanitarian impact
According to Operation Broken Silence:
- 200,000+ deaths (likely undercounted; over 20,000 in Darfur alone, contributing to 150,000+ civil war deaths)
- 30 million (over half the population) need humanitarian aid
- 8.7 million in emergency or famine conditions
- 14 million displaced or refugees (over 1 million remain displaced in Darfur, facing famine and militia-controlled escape routes)
- 65% of main hospitals closed or destroyed
- 90% of schools closed, affecting 19 million children
- Disease outbreaks spreading rapidly[1][9]
International aid for 2025 is only 27% funded.[1] Aid groups report rampant sexual violence, with women fleeing El Fasher describing rapes as ethnic punishment.[9] The UN has called for ceasefires and probes, citing "widespread violations" including escape route attacks.[9]
International response
The U.S. imposed sanctions post-2025 determination.[4] Western nations and human rights groups demand accountability, with calls for ICC referrals.[10][9] Allegations of UAE arms support persist, deemed "credible" by UN experts.[9] As of October 2025, no ceasefire holds, with fears of further ethnic cleansing.[9]
Ideological roots
The article identifies Arab-Islamic supremacy as the primary ideological driver, with both factions seeking to reverse the democratic gains of the 2019 revolution and reassert Islamist governance.[1] Sudan’s pre-Islamic history included Christian Nubian kingdoms and indigenous animist beliefs; Islamization began with 7th-century Arab invasions and dominated the north by the 14th–16th centuries.[1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 Arab-Islamic Supremacy Continues to Destroy Sudan. War crimes en masse against Sudanese civilians. November 10, 2025 by Uzay Bulut. Frontpage Mag.
- ↑ RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide. Reuters via Genocide Watch (2024-04-16).
- ↑ Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures. U.S. Department of State (2025-01-07).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures. U.S. Department of State (2025-01-07).
- ↑ Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (2025-04-15).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide. Reuters via Genocide Watch (2024-04-16).
- ↑ The Slaughter of El Geneina. Reuters (2023-09-22).
- ↑ Kottasová, Ivana, Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir. "Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city", CNN, 2025-10-31.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 Kottasová, Ivana, Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir. "Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city", CNN, 2025-10-31.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (2025-04-15).