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'''Slavery''' is a system of involuntary servitude such as exists in [[socialist]] [[gulag]]s, re-education camps, [[grooming gang]]s and other forms of involuntary labor, [[prostitution]] and human trafficking.  Slavery continues to be practiced in some [[Africa]]n countries, although officially made illegal under pressure by [[imperialism]].  In contemporary [[Marxist]] societies that still practice slavery, the subjects have limited or no [[Rights]]. While [[liberal]]s claim or suggest that slavery in the [[U.S.]] was unusual, slavery is common and predominant in the vast majority of the world and throughout history.<ref>Williams, Walter E. (May 29, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/32464-slavery-is-neither-strange-nor-peculiar Slavery Is Neither Strange Nor Peculiar]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</ref>  [[Western civilization]] is the only [[civilization]] that has every existed in human history to bring slavery to an end, not only within its own territory, but globally.

'''Slavery''' is a system of involuntary servitude that has a highly debated date of origin, and in [[modern slavery|modern discourse]] usually refers to the form as such exists in [[socialist]] [[gulag]]s, re-education camps, [[grooming gang]]s, [[prostitution]], human trafficking, and other forms of involuntary labor.  Slavery continues to be practiced in some [[Africa]]n countries, although officially made illegal under pressure by [[imperialism]].  In contemporary societies that still practice slavery (including [[Marxist]] ones), the subjects have limited or no [[Rights]]. While many [[liberal]]s claim or suggest that slavery in the [[U.S.]] was unusual, slavery was common and predominant in the vast majority of the world and throughout history.<ref>Williams, Walter E. (May 29, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/32464-slavery-is-neither-strange-nor-peculiar Slavery Is Neither Strange Nor Peculiar]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</ref>  [[Western civilization]] is the only [[civilization]] that has ever existed in human history to bring slavery to an end, not only within its own territory, but globally.

In many societies slavery was the precursor of a modern criminal justice system; many [[Islamic]] societies regard a modern criminal justice system, with [[prison]]s for convicted criminals or [[prisoners of war]], as a form of [[Western]] [[colonialism]] that impinges on their indigenous cultural values and traditions of enslavement for offenders and people who become a public charge. In [[Marxist]] theory the entire population, other than government officials and [[bureaucrat]]s, are public charges.  

In many societies slavery was the precursor of a modern criminal justice system; many [[Islamic]] societies regard a modern criminal justice system as a form of [[Western]] [[colonialism]] that impinges on their indigenous cultural values because instead of the Islamic traditions of enslavement for offenders and people who become a public charge, a modern criminal justice system has [[prison]]s for convicted criminals or [[prisoners of war]]. In [[Marxist]] theory the entire population, other than government officials and [[bureaucrat]]s, are public charges.  

There are several different types of slavery which have been known to history. Debt slavery, war trophies, and racial or cultural prejudice have all been used to justify slave systems.  Slavery became a legal form of debt payment prior to [[bankruptcy]] laws for people incapable of managing their financial affairs. Not all Master-slave relationships were abusive - some slaves willingly served a fair master for life who provided sustenance and protection. Slaves could be bought and sold (see [[slave trade]]). The [[Year of Jubilee]] was instituted by God for His own nation in order to prevent slavery from becoming a means by which cleverly unscrupulous, or cleverly ignorant, people made a living, such as happened in the American South.

There are several different types of slavery which have been known to history. Debt slavery, war trophies, and racial or cultural prejudice have all been used to justify slave systems.  Slavery became a legal form of debt payment prior to [[bankruptcy]] laws for people incapable of managing their financial affairs. Not all Master-slave relationships were abusive{{citation needed}} - some slaves willingly served a fair master for life who provided sustenance and protection. Slaves could be bought and sold (see [[slave trade]]). The [[Year of Jubilee]] was a day of freedom and celebration as traditionally instituted by God for His own nation in order to prevent slavery from becoming a means by which cleverly unscrupulous, or cleverly ignorant, people made a living, such as happened in the American South.

Historically people captured in warfare were, and in some societies still are, considered slaves.

People captured in warfare were historically considered slaves, and in modern times some societies still consider them as such.

In America, the vast majority of slaves were African blacks, and many of these had been bought from African tribal leaders; Native Americans starved themselves to death rather than live as slaves. From 1500 to 1820, hundreds of thousands of Europeans were captured in war by Muslims and made slaves.

In America, the vast majority of slaves were from the African continent, and many of these had been bought from African tribal leaders through the process of [[Panyaring]], or manstealing. Rather than live as slaves, Native Americans starved themselves to death. Hundreds of thousands of Europeans were taken and made slaves by Muslims after being captured in war between the years of 1500 to 1820.

Western Christendom abolished slavery in the 19th century; it still exists in many leftwing Marxist countries and under [[Koran]]ic law in [[Islam]].  Historians estimate that as many as 18 million Africans were sold into the Islamic slave trade between 650 and 1905.  The last forms of legal slavery were outlawed in 1970 in the Arabian countries, but hidden slavery still exists today in forced prostitution and other industries all over the world.<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9605/articles/gregory.html African Slavery 1996]</ref>

Western Christendom abolished slavery in the 19th century; while it has been abolished globally ''de jure'', it still exists in many leftwing Marxist countries and under [[Koran]]ic law in [[Islam]] ''de facto''.  Historians estimate that as many as 18 million Africans were sold into the Islamic slave trade between 650 and 1905.  The last forms of legal slavery were outlawed in 1970 in the Arabian countries, but hidden slavery still exists today in forced prostitution and other industries all over the world.<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9605/articles/gregory.html African Slavery 1996]</ref>

Slavery was found in the history of most civilizations.  Slavery flourishes where there is a high demand for labor and not enough workers. When the workers are plentiful, slavery dies out because it is unprofitable. That is, it becomes cheaper to free a slave and hire low cost paid labor than to buy and maintain slaves.  Typically, when it had almost died out, it was made illegal by the government, as in Brazil.

Slavery was found in the history of most civilizations.  Slavery flourishes where there is a high demand for labor and not enough workers. When the workers are plentiful, slavery dies out because it is unprofitable. That is, it becomes cheaper to free a slave and hire low cost paid labor than to buy and maintain slaves.  Typically, when it had almost died out, it was made illegal by the government, as in Brazil.

One of the most famous instances of slavery was in the [[The South|American South]], which was based on racial origin rather than debt payment until it was forcibly ended during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65) – the only major war in world history fought over slavery.  Prof. [[Walter E. Williams]] of George Mason University summarized,

One of the most famous instances of slavery was in the [[The South|American South]], which was based on racial origin rather than debt payment until it was forcibly ended during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65) – the only major war in world history fought over slavery.  Prof. [[Walter E. Williams]] of George Mason University summarized,

{{quotebox|"The reason slavery is immoral is, because it violates private property rights."}}

<center>{{Cquote|The reason slavery is immoral is, because it violates private property rights.}}</center>

==History==

==History==

==== Biblical references ====

==== Biblical references ====

[[Image:Ruslavery.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[Painting]] of a slave market in late medieval Eastern Europe.]]

[[File:Alma - Tadema The Finding of Moses 1904.jpg|thumb|360px|[[Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema]], The Finding of Moses, 1904.]]

''See also:'' [[Slavery in the Bible]]

{{main|Slavery in the Bible}}

 

The Bible refers to unsaved or non-Christian individuals as "slaves of [[sin]]" (Romans 6:20). Jesus said, "I am the truth" (John 14:6) and "the truth shall set you free" (John 8:31-32). All sinners are slaves, unable to make choices for themselves in their own best interests, or guide their own lives and ultimate destiny.

The Bible refers to unsaved or non-Christian individuals as "slaves of [[sin]]" (Romans 6:20). Jesus said, "I am the truth" (John 14:6) and "the truth shall set you free" (John 8:31-32). All sinners are slaves, unable to make choices for themselves in their own best interests, or guide their own lives and ultimate destiny.

[[Atheism|Atheist]] apologists often bring up the subject of [[slavery in the Bible]] in terms of the Israelites and some early Christians owning slaves. However, they rarely if ever, bring up the subject of slavery and forced labor in atheistic societies (see: [[Atheism and slavery]]).

[[Atheism|Atheist]] apologists often bring up the subject of [[slavery in the Bible]] in terms of the Israelites and some early Christians owning slaves. However, they rarely if ever, bring up the subject of slavery and forced labor in atheistic societies (see: [[Atheism and slavery]]).

====Marxist slavery====

====Marxist slavery====

Jesus dignified labor by working as a carpenter.  He took the form of a servant.  He washed the disciples' feet.  He commanded us to love our neighbors and do good to our enemies.  He had a habit of calling people back to the beginning of things, and in the beginning God created people free.  Christianity promoted the equality of its members, accepting slave and slavemaster as equal brothers and sisters serving side by side in the church (Galatians 3:28).  Christianity, like Judaism before it, taught that God gave humankind the dignity to choose for ourselves.  That is possible only in liberty and not in slavery.  These influences worked quietly at first, for Christians were not a world power or even a majority.  Most had no political power, and they lived in a totalitarian system.  Yet because of the Christian emphasis on love and mercy, slavery was soon rid of most of its extreme features of cruelty.  In early Christian writings, there was an emphasis on being free in spirit to serve Christ even if one's station in life was as a slave.  Ambrose wrote that the slave "might be superior in character to his master and might be more truly free" (LaTourette, p.&nbsp;622).

Jesus dignified labor by working as a carpenter.  He took the form of a servant.  He washed the disciples' feet.  He commanded us to love our neighbors and do good to our enemies.  He had a habit of calling people back to the beginning of things, and in the beginning God created people free.  Christianity promoted the equality of its members, accepting slave and slavemaster as equal brothers and sisters serving side by side in the church (Galatians 3:28).  Christianity, like Judaism before it, taught that God gave humankind the dignity to choose for ourselves.  That is possible only in liberty and not in slavery.  These influences worked quietly at first, for Christians were not a world power or even a majority.  Most had no political power, and they lived in a totalitarian system.  Yet because of the Christian emphasis on love and mercy, slavery was soon rid of most of its extreme features of cruelty.  In early Christian writings, there was an emphasis on being free in spirit to serve Christ even if one's station in life was as a slave.  Ambrose wrote that the slave "might be superior in character to his master and might be more truly free" (LaTourette, p.&nbsp;622).

However, in the second and third centuries after Christ, as wealthy Romans began to be converted to Christianity, tens of thousands of slaves were freed by converts.  Melania freed 8,000, Ovidus 5,000, Chromatius 1400, Hermes 1200.<ref>Shmidt, p. 274, from W.E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, 1911</ref>  Converted out of a decadent, totally self-absorbed society, many Christians sold their goods and lands and used the proceeds to help the poor, support hospitals, take in orphans, free prisoners, and free slaves.  Liberation was frequent, especially on Easter and other special days of the church.  Church law from the early centuries allowed for liberation (called manumission) of slaves during church services.<ref>Cannon LIIIV, The African Code CAnons, also called the Canons of the Fathers, Assembled at Carthage, 419 A.D.</ref><ref>The Canons of the Council in Tuillo (also called the Quinisext Council, 692 A.D..</ref> Freeing slaves took great conviction and courage, for the Roman emperors issued edicts unfavorable to the practice.  Clement said in his Epistle to the Corinthians no 55, "Some Christians surrendered their own freedom to liberate others."<ref>Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, Book III, Chapter IV</ref>

However, in the second and third centuries after Christ, as wealthy Romans began to be converted to Christianity, tens of thousands of slaves were freed by converts.  Melania freed 8,000, Ovidus 5,000, Chromatius 1400, Hermes 1200.<ref>Shmidt, p. 274, from W.E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, 1911</ref>  Converted out of a [[decadent]], totally self-absorbed society, many Christians sold their goods and lands and used the proceeds to help the poor, support hospitals, take in orphans, free prisoners, and free slaves.  Liberation was frequent, especially on Easter and other special days of the church.  Church law from the early centuries allowed for liberation (called manumission) of slaves during church services.<ref>Cannon LIIIV, The African Code CAnons, also called the Canons of the Fathers, Assembled at Carthage, 419 A.D.</ref><ref>The Canons of the Council in Tuillo (also called the Quinisext Council, 692 A.D..</ref> Freeing slaves took great conviction and courage, for the Roman emperors issued edicts unfavorable to the practice.  Clement said in his Epistle to the Corinthians no 55, "Some Christians surrendered their own freedom to liberate others."<ref>Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, Book III, Chapter IV</ref>

Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) led many clergy under his authority in N Africa to free their slaves "as an act of [[piety]]".<ref>Augustine, "Of the Work of Monks", p. 25, Vol. 3, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref> He boldly wrote a letter to the emperor urging a new law against slave traders, and showed great concern about the enslavement of children.<ref>The Saints, p. 72</ref>  He saw slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's plan, writing that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion man over man, but man over the beasts.<ref>Augustine, The City of God, chapter 15, p. 411, Vol. II, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref>

Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) led many clergy under his authority in N Africa to free their slaves "as an act of [[piety]]".<ref>Augustine, "Of the Work of Monks", p. 25, Vol. 3, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref> He boldly wrote a letter to the emperor urging a new law against slave traders, and showed great concern about the enslavement of children.<ref>The Saints, p. 72</ref>  He saw slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's plan, writing that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion man over man, but man over the beasts.<ref>Augustine, The City of God, chapter 15, p. 411, Vol. II, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref>

''See also:'' [[Abolitionism]]

''See also:'' [[Abolitionism]]

[[William Wilberforce]] was a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], philanthropist,[[abolitionist]], and the leader of the campaign against the [[Slave Trade]].  [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote:  

[[William Wilberforce]] was a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], philanthropist,[[abolitionist]], and the leader of the campaign against the [[Slave Trade]].  [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote:  

{{cquote|While slavery was common to all civilizations, as well as to peoples considered uncivilized, only one civilization developed a moral revulsion against it, very late in hits history…not even the leading moralists in  other civilizations rejected slavery  at all…. Moreover, within [[Western civilization]], the principle impetus for the abolition of slavery came first from very [[conservative]] religious activists – people who  would today be called ‘the religious right.’…this story is not ‘[[politically correct]]’ in today’s terms. Hence it is ignored, as if it never happened.”<ref>Sowell, Thomas (2005) The real history of slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books</ref>}}

{{cquote|While slavery was common to all civilizations, as well as to peoples considered uncivilized, only one civilization developed a moral revulsion against it, very late in its' history…not even the leading moralists in  other civilizations rejected slavery  at all…. Moreover, within [[Western civilization]], the principle impetus for the abolition of slavery came first from very [[conservative]] religious activists – people who  would today be called ‘the religious right.’…this story is not ‘[[politically correct]]’ in today’s terms. Hence it is ignored, as if it never happened.”<ref>Sowell, Thomas (2005) The real history of slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books</ref>}}

===Eastern Europe===

===Eastern Europe===

In 1455, a "papal bull" (formal letter by the [[pope]]) justified a right of Christian nations to enslave any non-Christian in the name of exploration.  The Spanish had already been enslaving South American natives on a limited basis, but with the rise of sugar plantations, the need for a larger slave force arose.  Twelve million African slaves were brought by the Europeans to [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Brazil]].  The demand for sugar was exploding throughout the entire western world.  Soon France, the Netherlands and Britain were also establishing profitable sugar plantations in the new world.  The plantation system began in Brazil, where rich white [[plantation]] owners were the highest rung in the social hierarchy and black slaves were at the bottom.  Obviously, life on a sugar plantation was very hard work for a slave; most died in less than 10 years, and had to be replaced.   

In 1455, a "papal bull" (formal letter by the [[pope]]) justified a right of Christian nations to enslave any non-Christian in the name of exploration.  The Spanish had already been enslaving South American natives on a limited basis, but with the rise of sugar plantations, the need for a larger slave force arose.  Twelve million African slaves were brought by the Europeans to [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Brazil]].  The demand for sugar was exploding throughout the entire western world.  Soon France, the Netherlands and Britain were also establishing profitable sugar plantations in the new world.  The plantation system began in Brazil, where rich white [[plantation]] owners were the highest rung in the social hierarchy and black slaves were at the bottom.  Obviously, life on a sugar plantation was very hard work for a slave; most died in less than 10 years, and had to be replaced.   

European traders encouraged Africans to trade slaves with them.  The [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]] became a booming business for Europeans and Africans alike, in which African rulers sold prisoners of war and even their people to Europeans for goods such as iron, alcohol, tobacco and most importantly, guns.  Trans-Atlantic trade led to the degrading use of "chattel" slaves, whereby the slaves were treated purely as property of the owner, much as slaves had been considered in ancient Greece and Rome.  The slaves served as sailors, skilled craftsmen or farmers.  The journey across the Atlantic, known as the [[Middle Passage]], led to the death of 10-20% of the African slaves.  But an even higher percentage lost their lives in the journey from their homes in Africa to the African coast, where they were to board the slave ships.  

European traders encouraged Africans to trade slaves with them.  The [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]] became a booming business for Europeans and Africans alike, in which African rulers [[Panyaring|Panyarred]] prisoners of war and even their people to Europeans for goods such as iron, alcohol, tobacco and most importantly, guns.  Trans-Atlantic trade led to the degrading use of "chattel" slaves, whereby the slaves were treated purely as property of the owner, much as slaves had been considered in ancient Greece and Rome.  The slaves served as sailors, skilled craftsmen or farmers.  The journey across the Atlantic, known as the [[Middle Passage]], led to the death of 10-20% of the African slaves.  But an even higher percentage lost their lives in the journey from their homes in Africa to the African coast, where they were to board the slave ships.  

* After kidnapping potential slaves, merchants forced them to walk in slave caravans to the European coastal forts, sometimes as far as 1,000 miles. Shackled and underfed, only half the people survived these death marches. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr4.html]

* After kidnapping potential slaves, merchants forced them to walk in slave caravans to the European coastal forts, sometimes as far as 1,000 miles. Shackled and underfed, only half the people survived these death marches. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr4.html]

Also, the term "slavery" is often used metaphorically for sex workers who are controlled by pimps.

Also, the term "slavery" is often used metaphorically for sex workers who are controlled by pimps.

==Abolition of Slavery==

==Abolition of Slavery==

[[Napoleon]] (ruled 1799-1815) made a major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue ([[Haiti]]) from ex-slaves under black leader [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] who had revolted and killed off the whites and mulattoes. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He, therefore, re-established slavery in Haiti and [[Guadeloupe]], where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their comrades who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General Charles Leclerc fought to restore the order of the ancien régime. The goal of reestablishing slavery - which explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution - demoralized the French troops. The demoralized French soldiers were unable to cope with the tropical diseases, and most died of yellow fever.  Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic.<ref>Philippe R. Girard, "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue." ''French Colonial History'' 2005 6: 55-77. in [[Project MUSE]]</ref>  Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Louisiana, and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and sold off Louisiana to the U.S.<ref>Steven Englund, ''Napoleon: A Political Life'' (2004). p 259. Slavery remained in Guadeloupe until 1848.</ref>

[[Napoleon]] (ruled 1799-1815) made a major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue ([[Haiti]]) from ex-slaves under black leader [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] who had revolted and killed off the whites and mulattoes. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He, therefore, re-established slavery in Haiti and [[Guadeloupe]], where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their comrades who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General Charles Leclerc fought to restore the order of the ancien régime. The goal of reestablishing slavery - which explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution - demoralized the French troops. The demoralized French soldiers were unable to cope with the tropical diseases, and most died of yellow fever.  Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic.<ref>Philippe R. Girard, "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue." ''French Colonial History'' 2005 6: 55-77. in [[Project MUSE]]</ref>  Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Louisiana, and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and sold off Louisiana to the U.S.<ref>Steven Englund, ''Napoleon: A Political Life'' (2004). p 259. Slavery remained in Guadeloupe until 1848.</ref>

===United States===

===United States===

In the American South, slavery normally was a lifetime condition, and children born to slave mothers automatically became slaves of the owner.

In the American South, slavery normally was a lifetime condition, and children born to slave mothers automatically became slaves of the owner.

In the United States, the northern states abolished slavery by 1803—most of the slaves there were house servants. In [[The South]], however, cotton made slavery very profitable and 11 states seceded in 1861 to protect their interest. [[Abraham Lincoln]] achieved the end of slavery in 1863-65, using the Army and the [[13th Amendment]]. In Cuba and Brazil, slavery was unprofitable and finally collapsed in the 1880s as few people wanted to buy slaves.

In 1772, the case of [[Somerset v Stewart]] confirmed that under English common law, a slave could not be owned on the British mainland.

 

Some Southern white theologians before the [[American Civil War]] asserted that the slavery of blacks was the result of the curse of Ham. However, there is no evidence that the curse had to do with skin color, and the descendants of [[Canaan]] most likely were not black, and it is generally concluded that they did not settle in [[Africa]].<ref>http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=70</ref><ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/race-blacks.html</ref><ref>Full Life Study Bible, Zondervan Publishing Company (September 1992)</ref><ref>A Condensed Anti-slavery Bible Argument By George Bourne</ref>

Emancipation of slaves in the British Caribbean became a major cause by the 1800s, when abolitionists such as [[William Wilberforce]] and [[John Wesley]] began speaking out against the evils of the system.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759-1833)]</ref> Wilberforce was supported in his efforts by [[John Newton]], a slave trader who became a Christian and then opposed the slave trade. In 1807 the [[House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Abolition Bill by a 283-16 vote. It made the international slave trade a crime of piracy and sent the Royal Navy to enforce it.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] BBC</ref> In 1808 the U.S. also outlawed the international trade. However, some slave traders evaded the prohibition—many were caught and hung, with the freed captives sent to [[Sierra Leone]]. Slavery remained legal inside the [[British Empire]] (including Canada) until 1833 when the government bought all the slaves from the owners<ref>Mostof the owners lived in great mansions in London, and appreciated the money.</ref> and freed them.<ref>The ex-slaves went through an apprenticeship process before gaining freedom. Andrea Curry ''Timeline: The Abolition of the Slave Trade'', British Heritage Magazine (May 2007)</ref><ref>[http://slavetrade.parliament.uk/slavetrade/history/parliamentabolishestheslavetrade/draftdocument.html History: Parliament Abolishes the Slave Trade] Parliamentary House of Lords</ref>

Slave owners in the antebellum South cited both Old Testament and New Testament texts, such as Ephesians 6:5, “slaves, obey your masters”, in arguments for the Christian endorsement of slavery. Another Bible verse states that thieves should be sold into slavery.<ref>Exodus 22:3 "He should make a full restitution; and if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.</ref> Under the [[Mosaic Law]], Hebrew slaves could be kept for six years, and offered release in the seventh for nothing. They were to be treated as hired servants, and generous provisions given to them at termination, though they could choose to be lifetime servants. However, daughters who were sold to be betrothed to the owner or his son, were not set free in their seventh year but were to be allowed to be redeemed if that marriage had not taken place done. If marriage occurred, they were to be set free if the husband was negligent in his basic marital obligations.(Exodus 21:1-11; cf. Dt. 15:12-18)

[[Pat Robertson]], while acknowledging the Old Testament's teachings on slavery, argues that "we have moved in our conception of the value of human beings over the years" until we have realized that slavery is "terribly wrong."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-DtlRyvC34 Pat Robertson on the Bible and slavery]</ref>

In the United States, the northern states abolished slavery by 1803—most of the slaves there were house servants. In [[The South]], however, cotton made slavery very profitable and 11 states seceded in 1861 to protect their interest. [[Abraham Lincoln]] achieved the end of slavery in 1863-65, using the Army and the [[13th Amendment]]. In Cuba and Brazil, slavery was unprofitable and finally collapsed in the 1880s as few people wanted to buy slaves.

===Abolitionists===

===Abolitionists===

*[[John Brown]] (1800–1859), tried to lead a slave rebellion in 1859; the slaves did not join him, but white Southerners became convinced there were many more John Browns to come if they stayed in the Union

*[[John Brown]] (1800–1859), tried to lead a slave rebellion in 1859; the slaves did not join him, but white Southerners became convinced there were many more John Browns to come if they stayed in the Union

*[[John Stuart Mill]],  philosopher, essayist (1806–1879).<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/147/000030057/</ref>  Wrote numerous essays on abolition during the American Civil War.  Asserted the war was being fought to abolish slavery, an unpopular political opinion at the time.

*[[John Stuart Mill]],  philosopher, essayist (1806–1879).<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/147/000030057/</ref>  Wrote numerous essays on abolition during the American Civil War.  Asserted the war was being fought to abolish slavery, an unpopular political opinion at the time.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. ''Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery'' (1988), excellent reference  

* Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. ''Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery'' (1988), excellent reference  

* Phillips, Ulrich B. ''American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918), the best older history; leftists complain it does not share their biases.  [https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11490 free edition online]

* Phillips, Ulrich B. ''American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918), the best older history; leftists complain it does not share their biases.  [https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11490 free edition online]

==References==

==References==

*[http://frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/black-slavery-and-islamic-racism/ Islamic Slavery and Racism]

*[http://frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/black-slavery-and-islamic-racism/ Islamic Slavery and Racism]

[[Category:Black History]]

[[Category:Black History]]

[[Category:The South]]

[[Category:The South]]

[[Category:African History]]

[[Category:African History]]

[[Category:Islam]]

[[Category:Islam]]