Difference between revisions of "War of 1812"

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The '''War of 1812''' was a three-year conflict between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[United States of America]], lasting from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815. The war resulted in little change, and neither side claimed victory in the subsequent [[Treaty of Ghent]].
+
O the Chesapeake so bold
 +
Out of Boston she was towed
 +
To take an English frigate
 +
Neat and handy, O;
 +
And the people in the port,
 +
They came to see the sport,
 +
Whilst the music played up
 +
Yankee doodle dandy, O.
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
==Reasons for War==
+
Now the British frigate's name,
−
===Trade interference===
+
0 that for the purpose came
−
At the time, [[Europe]] was embrioled in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The [[France|French]] [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Emperor]] was rapidly expanding his territories, and an alliance, including Britian, was set against him. The United States, as urged by [[George Washington]] in his Farewell Address, had declared neutrality. Both England and France, however, sought to sabotage and/or restrict American efforts to trade with their enemy. Because Britain had a superior navy, the British attempts were more successful, and compounded the grievence of impressment. Because of this, the French incursions were largely disregarded by the American public.
+
To cool the Yankees' courage
−
====Impressment====
+
Neat and handy, 0,
−
The British Royal Navy suffered from low enlistment rates, and to 'recruit' new sailors, British vessels frequently boarded American merchant ships, under pretences of reclaiming deserters. Most notable of such encounters was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807. The HMS Leopard fired upon and boarded the USS Chesapeake in American coastal waters, killing three and impressing four. Three of the 'deserters' were actually American citizens.
+
Was the Shannon, Captain Broke,
−
====Embargo Act of 1807====
+
With his men all hearts of oak,
−
Napoleon in 1806 issued his [[Continental System]], which put an embargo on trade with Britain. In response, Britain issued the [[Orders in Council]], blockinig trade with France. To avoid a declaration of war, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] pushed for an [[Embargo Act in 1807]]. This law prohibited the United States from trading with any foreign nations. This proved disasterous to the New England shipping industry, and was quickly repealed and replaced with the [[Non-Intercourse Act]].
+
Who for fighting was allowed to be
 +
The dandy, 0.
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
====Non-Intercourse Act====
+
Just before the fight began,
−
The Non-Intercourse Act was slightly more effective than the Embargo Act, but still did not achieve much. This act prohibited trade solely with beligerent nations, in an effort to continue trade but remain neutral. [[James Madison]], the new President, also ensured that if one country recognized the free trade rights of the United States, the US would cease trade with its enemy and resume trade with that country. Napoleon quickly promised to stop interference with American shipping, and the embargo resumed on British goods. Napoleon, who had no intention of following through on his promise, only wished to add to the American-British tension, and he succeeded.
+
Said the Yankees with much fun:
 +
We'll tow her into Boston
 +
Neat and handy, 0;
 +
And then afterwards we'll dine
 +
With our sweethearts and our wives,
 +
And we'll dance the jig called
 +
Yankee doodle dandy, 0.
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
===Expansionism===
+
Now the fight had scarce begun
−
Also at issue was American expansionism. After the [[American War of Independence]], the British continued to occupy several forts along the US-Canadian border, several of which were actually on American soil. In the [[Treaty of Paris]], which ended the Revolutionary War in 1783, the British had agreed to give up control of these stations. Rather than fufil their agreement, however, the British had held the posts and even supplied local [[Native American]] tribes with weapons, and encouraging them to raid American settlements to prevent expansion.<ref>Stagg (1983)</ref>
+
When they flinch-ed from the guns,
−
===War Hawks===
+
Which they thought that they would fight
−
Several [[Senators]], seeing their countrymen pressed into foreign navies and raided by Indians inspired by foreign powers, cried for war with Britain. Prominent among these so-called [[War Hawks]] was [[Henry Clay]] of [[Kentucky]]. Most of the War Hawks hailed from Western and Southern states, while New England and the now-regional [[Federalist Party]] adamantly opposed war. At the [[Hartford Convention]] in late 1814, New England even threatened secession. Many of the War Hawks also looked at [[Canada]], believing it to be poorly-defended while the British were tied up in the Napoleonic Wars. Some also thought that an American invasion would be greeted by the Canadians as a liberation. Thomas Jefferson in 1812 wrote that "the acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England from the American continent." The assumptions of the Americans would be proven wrong soon into the war. On June 18, 1812, after hearing a speech by President Madison, [[Congress]] declared war on Great Britain.
+
So neat and handy, 0;
 +
Then brave Broke he drew his sword, crying:
 +
Now my lads we'll board
 +
And we'll stop them playing
 +
Yankee doodle dandy, 0.
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
==The War==
+
They no sooner heard the word
−
===Invasions of Canada===
+
Than they quickly jumped on board,
−
The first phases of the war featured repeated American invasions of Canada. The Americans invaded from the west, near [[Detroit]], rather than first striking the more strategic cities of [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec]]. The first invasion was repulsed by the British under Major General [[Isaac Brock]], who continued south and captured Detroit without a fight on August 16. At the [[Battle of Queenston Heights]], the Americans (now attempting an invasion from New York) were met by Brock in Ontario. The Ameican forces were once again decisevly repelled, but General Brock was killed in the battle.
+
And haul-ed down the ensign
−
===Northwest campaign===
+
Neat and handy, 0.
−
General [[William Henry Harrison]], given control of the American Army of the Northwest after the fall of Detroit, tried unsuccessfully to retake the fort in 1813. The British Colonel Henry Procter, with an Indian alliance under the command of [[Tecumseh]] (Harrison's nemesis from the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in 1811), invaded Ohio. At the naval [[Battle of Lake Erie]], the Americans under Captain [[Oliver Hazard Perry]], defeated the British for control of the Lake, forcing the British Army to withdraw from Detroit for fear of being cut off and surrounded. After the battle, Perry famously reported to Harrison, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Harrison then again invaded Canada, and decisively defeated the Indian coalition at the [[Battle of the Thames]] on October 5. Tecumseh himself was among the dead. The loss of his leadership destroyed the coalition.
+
Notwithstanding all their brag,
−
Meanwhile, American forces under General [[Henry Dearborn]] had burned York (now Toronto) after the [[Battle of York]]. The famous American explorer and soldier, [[Zebulon Pike]], was killed in the battle. [[Winfield Scott]] and [[Zachary Taylor]], both of whom would be high-ranking generals in the [[Mexican-American War]], earned experience commanding small forces in the American West during the War of 1812.
+
Soon the glorious British flag
−
===Washington and Baltimore===
+
At the Yankee's mizen-peak it looked
−
The British successfully captured and burned [[Washington, D.C.]] (including the [[White House]]), in 1814, in retaliation for the destruction of York a year earlier. [[First Lady]] [[Dolley Madison]] famously removed valuables from the [[White House]], including the portrait of George Washington, moments before their arrival.
+
The dandy, 0.
−
The British Navy had blockaded the Atlantic Coast for most of the war, while allowing anti-war New England to enjoy some open ports. The British often bombarded coastal forts. The unsuccessful bombing of Fort McHenry in 1814 during the [[Battle of Baltimore]] inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write [[The Star-Spangled Banner]], which would eventually become the National Anthem.
+
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
−
===Battle of New Orleans===
+
Yankee doodle dandy!
−
With Tecumseh rallying Native Americans in the Northwest, many Southwestern tribes rose up against the Americans during the war. Some historians include these conflicts with the War of 1812, while others argue that they were distinct wars in themselves. In 1814, General [[Andrew Jackson]] led a [[Tennessee]] militia into victory over Creek Indians at the [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend]].
+
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
−
On [[Christmas Eve]] of 1814, delegates met in [[Ghent]], [[Belgium]] to discuss peace. The [[Treaty of Ghent]] was ratified by [[Congress]] on February 16. Fifteen days after the signing (but due to the travel time between Europe and the United States, news of the peace would not reach for over another month), General Jackson led his militias to defend a British assult into the [[New Orleans]] area. At the [[Battle of New Orleans]], Jackson routed the invaders. Fame from the victory eventually made Jackson so popular he was elected president in 1828 and 1832. Soon after the battle, news of the treaty arrived, and both sides laid down their arms.
+
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
==Impact of War==
+
Here's a health, my boys, to you,
−
===Treaty of Ghent===
+
With your courage stout and true.
−
The American delegation, consisting of [[John Quincy Adams]], [[James A. Bayard, Sr.]], [[Henry Clay]], and [[Albert Gallatin]], had no chips to bargain with to greatly influence the peace terms. As both sides had their shares of victories and defeats, the British faced the same problem. As Napoleon had been defeated in 1814 by the [[Sixth Coalition]], the issues of impressment and trade interference were no longer relevent. The Native Americans had been suppressed. Pre-war boundaries were re-established, and peace was declared.
+
Who fought the Chesapeake
−
===Era of Good Feelings===
+
So neat and handy, 0;
−
After the so-called Second American Revolution, in which the Americans felt they had successfully resisted the British a second time, an era of strong nationalism and unity took hold. The weakening [[Federalist Party]], due to its opposition of the war, finally collapsed for good.
+
And may it ever prove
 +
That in fighting as in love
 +
That the true British sailor
 +
Is the dandy, 0.
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
 +
Hi! Yankee doodle doo,
 +
Yankee doodle dandy!
  
−
==References==
+
God save our gracious Queen,
 +
Long live our noble Queen,
 +
God save the Queen!
 +
Send her victorious,
 +
Happy and glorious,
 +
Long to reign over us,
 +
God Save the Queen.
  
 +
O Lord and God arise,
 +
Scatter his enemies,
 +
And make them fall.
 +
Confound their politics,
 +
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
 +
On Thee our hopes we fix
 +
God Save the Queen.
  
−
<references/>
+
Thy choicest gifts in store
 +
On him be pleased to pour
 +
Long may she reign!
 +
May she defend our laws
 +
And ever give us cause
 +
To sing with heart and voice
 +
God save the Queen.
  
−
[[Category:Wars]]
+
Bold Nelson's praise I am going to sing,
−
[[Category:Napoleonic Wars]]
+
(Not forgetting our glorious King)
 +
He always did good tidings bring,
 +
For he was a bold commander.
 +
There was Sydney Smith and Duncan too,
 +
Lord Howe and all the glorious crew;
 +
They were the men that were true blue.
 +
Full of care, yet I swear
 +
None with Nelson could compare,
 +
Not even Alexander.
 +
 
 +
Bold Buonaparte he threaten'd war,
 +
A man who fear'd not wound nor scar,
 +
But still he lost at Trafalgar
 +
Where Britain was victorious.
 +
Lord Nelson's actions made him quake,
 +
And all French pow'rs he made to shake;
 +
He said his king he'd ne'er forsake.
 +
These last words thus he spake,
 +
Stand true, my lads, like hearts of oak,
 +
And the battle shall be glorious.
 +
 
 +
Lord Nelson bold, though threaten'd wide,
 +
And many a time he had been tried,
 +
He fought like a hero till he died
 +
Amid the battle gory.
 +
But the day was won, their line was broke,
 +
While all around was lost in smoke,
 +
And Nelson he got his death-stroke,
 +
That's the man for old England!
 +
He faced his foe with his sword in hand
 +
And he lived and he died in his glory.
 +
 
 +
When Britain first, at heaven's command,
 +
Arose from out the azure main;
 +
This was the charter of the land,
 +
And guardian Angels sung this strain:
 +
 
 +
Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;
 +
Britons never will be slaves.
 +
 
 +
The nations, not so blest as thee,
 +
Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall:
 +
While thou shalt flourish great and free,
 +
The dread and envy of them all.
 +
 
 +
Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
 +
More dreadful, from each foreign stroke:
 +
As the loud blast that tears the skies,
 +
Serves but to root thy native oak.
 +
 
 +
Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame:
 +
All their attempts to bend thee down,
 +
Will but arouse thy generous flame;
 +
But work their woe, and thy renown.
 +
 
 +
To thee belongs the rural reign;
 +
Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
 +
All thine shall be the subject main,
 +
And every shore it circles thine.
 +
 
 +
The Muses, still with freedom found,
 +
Shall to thy happy coast repair:
 +
Blest isle! with matchless beauty crowned,
 +
And manly hearts to guard the fair.
 +
 
 +
    Dear Land of Hope, thy hope is crowned.
 +
    God make thee mightier yet!
 +
    On Sov'reign brows, beloved, renowned,
 +
    Once more thy crown is set.
 +
    Thine equal laws, by Freedom gained,
 +
    Have ruled thee well and long;
 +
    By Freedom gained, by Truth maintained,
 +
    Thine Empire shall be strong.
 +
 
 +
        Land of Hope and Glory,
 +
        Mother of the Free,
 +
        How shall we extol thee,
 +
        Who are born of thee?
 +
        Wider still and wider
 +
        Shall thy bounds be set;
 +
        God, who made thee mighty,
 +
        Make thee mightier yet
 +
        God, who made thee mighty,
 +
        Make thee mightier yet.
 +
 
 +
    Thy fame is ancient as the days,
 +
    As Ocean large and wide
 +
    A pride that dares, and heeds not praise,
 +
    A stern and silent pride
 +
    Not that false joy that dreams content
 +
    With what our sires have won;
 +
    The blood a hero sire hath spent
 +
    Still nerves a hero son.
 +
 
 +
    And did those feet in ancient time
 +
    Walk upon England’s mountains green?
 +
    And was the holy lamb of God
 +
    On England’s pleasant pastures seen?
 +
 
 +
    And did the Countenance Divine
 +
    Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
 +
    And was Jerusalem builded here
 +
    Among these dark Satanic Mills?
 +
 
 +
    Bring me my Bow of burning gold;
 +
    Bring me my Arrows of Desire;
 +
    Bring me my Spear; O clouds unfold!
 +
    Bring me my Chariot of Fire!
 +
 
 +
    I will not cease from Mental Fight
 +
    Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand,
 +
    Till we have built Jerusalem
 +
    In England’s green and pleasant Land.

Revision as of 00:26, July 6, 2007

O the Chesapeake so bold Out of Boston she was towed To take an English frigate Neat and handy, O; And the people in the port, They came to see the sport, Whilst the music played up Yankee doodle dandy, O. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

Now the British frigate's name, 0 that for the purpose came To cool the Yankees' courage Neat and handy, 0, Was the Shannon, Captain Broke, With his men all hearts of oak, Who for fighting was allowed to be The dandy, 0. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

Just before the fight began, Said the Yankees with much fun: We'll tow her into Boston Neat and handy, 0; And then afterwards we'll dine With our sweethearts and our wives, And we'll dance the jig called Yankee doodle dandy, 0. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

Now the fight had scarce begun When they flinch-ed from the guns, Which they thought that they would fight So neat and handy, 0; Then brave Broke he drew his sword, crying: Now my lads we'll board And we'll stop them playing Yankee doodle dandy, 0. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

They no sooner heard the word Than they quickly jumped on board, And haul-ed down the ensign Neat and handy, 0. Notwithstanding all their brag, Soon the glorious British flag At the Yankee's mizen-peak it looked The dandy, 0. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

Here's a health, my boys, to you, With your courage stout and true. Who fought the Chesapeake So neat and handy, 0; And may it ever prove That in fighting as in love That the true British sailor Is the dandy, 0. Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy! Hi! Yankee doodle doo, Yankee doodle dandy!

God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us, God Save the Queen.

O Lord and God arise, Scatter his enemies, And make them fall. Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On Thee our hopes we fix God Save the Queen.

Thy choicest gifts in store On him be pleased to pour Long may she reign! May she defend our laws And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice God save the Queen.

Bold Nelson's praise I am going to sing, (Not forgetting our glorious King) He always did good tidings bring, For he was a bold commander. There was Sydney Smith and Duncan too, Lord Howe and all the glorious crew; They were the men that were true blue. Full of care, yet I swear None with Nelson could compare, Not even Alexander.

Bold Buonaparte he threaten'd war, A man who fear'd not wound nor scar, But still he lost at Trafalgar Where Britain was victorious. Lord Nelson's actions made him quake, And all French pow'rs he made to shake; He said his king he'd ne'er forsake. These last words thus he spake, Stand true, my lads, like hearts of oak, And the battle shall be glorious.

Lord Nelson bold, though threaten'd wide, And many a time he had been tried, He fought like a hero till he died Amid the battle gory. But the day was won, their line was broke, While all around was lost in smoke, And Nelson he got his death-stroke, That's the man for old England! He faced his foe with his sword in hand And he lived and he died in his glory.

When Britain first, at heaven's command, Arose from out the azure main; This was the charter of the land, And guardian Angels sung this strain:

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves; Britons never will be slaves.

The nations, not so blest as thee, Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall: While thou shalt flourish great and free, The dread and envy of them all.

Still more majestic shalt thou rise, More dreadful, from each foreign stroke: As the loud blast that tears the skies, Serves but to root thy native oak.

Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame: All their attempts to bend thee down, Will but arouse thy generous flame; But work their woe, and thy renown.

To thee belongs the rural reign; Thy cities shall with commerce shine: All thine shall be the subject main, And every shore it circles thine.

The Muses, still with freedom found, Shall to thy happy coast repair: Blest isle! with matchless beauty crowned, And manly hearts to guard the fair. 

   Dear Land of Hope, thy hope is crowned.
   God make thee mightier yet!
   On Sov'reign brows, beloved, renowned,
   Once more thy crown is set.
   Thine equal laws, by Freedom gained,
   Have ruled thee well and long;
   By Freedom gained, by Truth maintained,
   Thine Empire shall be strong.

       Land of Hope and Glory,
       Mother of the Free,
       How shall we extol thee,
       Who are born of thee?
       Wider still and wider
       Shall thy bounds be set;
       God, who made thee mighty,
       Make thee mightier yet
       God, who made thee mighty,
       Make thee mightier yet.

   Thy fame is ancient as the days,
   As Ocean large and wide
   A pride that dares, and heeds not praise,
   A stern and silent pride
   Not that false joy that dreams content
   With what our sires have won;
   The blood a hero sire hath spent
   Still nerves a hero son. 

   And did those feet in ancient time
   Walk upon England’s mountains green?
   And was the holy lamb of God
   On England’s pleasant pastures seen?

   And did the Countenance Divine
   Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
   And was Jerusalem builded here
   Among these dark Satanic Mills?

   Bring me my Bow of burning gold;
   Bring me my Arrows of Desire;
   Bring me my Spear; O clouds unfold!
   Bring me my Chariot of Fire!

   I will not cease from Mental Fight
   Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand,
   Till we have built Jerusalem
   In England’s green and pleasant Land.
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