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→Civil War 2012-Present: wiki
|government =Semi-presidential republic
|government =Semi-presidential republic
|government-raw =
|government-raw =
|language =French
|language =Bambara, Soninke language, Hassaniya, Bobo, Dogon, Minianka, others
|king =
|king =
|queen =
|queen =
|governor general=
|governor general=
|governor general-raw=
|governor general-raw=
|president =Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
|president =[[Assimi Goïta]]<br/> (Seized Power through a coup d'etat)
|president-raw =
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Modibo Keita
|pm =Choguel Kokalla Maïga
|pm-raw =
|pm-raw =
|chairman =
|chairman =
The '''Republic of Mali''' is a largely-[[Muslim]] country located in West [[Africa]]. The legendary city of [[Timbuktu]] (or Tombouktou) was once a center of trade and education. [[Ibn Battuta]], a Muslim traveler who toured the Islamic regions of the world around 1352, wrote of his admiration of Mali. It thrived under strong rulers and the very active [[gold]]-[[salt]] trade across the [[Sahara]]. Trade was based on leopard skins, slaves, pepper, ivory, bronze, brass and copper.
The '''Republic of Mali''' is a largely-[[Muslim]] country located in West [[Africa]]. The legendary city of [[Timbuktu]] (or Tombouktou) was once a center of trade and education. [[Ibn Battuta]], a Muslim traveler who toured the Islamic regions of the world around 1352, wrote of his admiration of Mali. It thrived under strong rulers and the very active [[gold]]-[[salt]] trade across the [[Sahara]]. Trade was based on leopard skins, slaves, pepper, ivory, bronze, brass and copper.
The modern state of Mali - known as [[French Sudan]] until the country gained independence from [[France]] in 1960 - took its name from the former Kingdom. The capital city is Bamako.
The modern state of Mali - known as French Sudan until the country gained independence from [[France]] in 1960 - took its name from the former Kingdom. The capital city is Bamako.
==Geography==
==Geography==
Mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic Monetary Union (UEMOA) for regional economic integration; Liptako-Gourma Authority, which seeks to develop the contiguous areas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso; the Niger River Commission; the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS); and the Senegal River Valley Development Organization (OMVS).
Mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic Monetary Union (UEMOA) for regional economic integration; Liptako-Gourma Authority, which seeks to develop the contiguous areas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso; the Niger River Commission; the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS); and the Senegal River Valley Development Organization (OMVS).
====France====
On October 18, 2022 ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Mali vowed to defend its territorial [[sovereign]]ty from [[French]] [[NATO]] invaders.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-threatens-defend-against-french-sovereignty-violations-2022-10-18/</ref>
==Defense==
==Defense==
Mali's armed forces number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Defense and Veterans, as is the National Guard. The Gendarmerie and local police forces are under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection. The police and gendarmes share responsibility for internal security; the police are in charge of urban areas only. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mali's Army and Air Force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany. Under the Pan Sahel Initiative, more troops got training and equipment in 2003-2004 and in subsequent years. Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget.
Mali's armed forces number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Defense and Veterans, as is the National Guard. The Gendarmerie and local police forces are under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection. The police and gendarmes share responsibility for internal security; the police are in charge of urban areas only. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mali's Army and Air Force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany. Under the Pan Sahel Initiative, more troops got training and equipment in 2003-2004 and in subsequent years. Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget.
==Civil War 2012-Present==
2026 [[Jihad]]ists Are on the Brink of an African [[Caliphate]]. [[Islamist]]s in Mali have routed [[Kremlin]]-backed forces hired by the government. Confounding efforts by [[the West]] to uproot [[al Qaeda]] and its offshoots<ref>https://www.wsj.com/world/africa/jihadists-are-on-the-brink-of-an-african-caliphate-831569e7</ref>.Islamist groups tightens [[blockade]] on Mali capital<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg4pq3zxnpqo</ref>.<br>
2017 June – Al-Qaeda-aligned group Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen claims responsibility for an attack on an hotel popular with Westerners east of Bamako.<br>
2014 France announces 60% reduction in troops deployed in Mali to about a thousand. President Keita appoints former rival Moussa Mara prime minister in a bid to curb instability in the north. Fragile truce with Tuareg MNLA separatists breaks down in north.<br>
2013 June – Government signs peace deal with Tuareg nationalist rebels to pave way for elections. Rebels agree to hand over northern town of Kidal that they captured<br>
2012 Islamist groups involved in the Mali civil war include Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM),fighting to impose their interpretation of Islamic law<ref>https://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.php/minusma-timeline-since-2007-conflict-in-mali/</ref>
==Economy==
==Economy==
In January 1959, Soudan joined Senegal to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent within the French Community on June 20, 1960. The federation collapsed on August 20, 1960, when Senegal seceded. On September 22, Soudan proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and withdrew from the French Community.
In January 1959, Soudan joined Senegal to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent within the French Community on June 20, 1960. The federation collapsed on August 20, 1960, when Senegal seceded. On September 22, Soudan proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and withdrew from the French Community.
President [[Modibo Keita]]—whose party Union Soudanaise du Rassemblement Democratique Africain (US/RDA) had dominated preindependence politics—moved quickly to declare a single-party state and to pursue a socialist policy based on extensive nationalization. A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses.
President [[Modibo Keita]]—whose party Union Soudanaise du Rassemblement Democratique Africain (US/RDA) had dominated pre-independence politics—moved quickly to declare a single-party state and to pursue a socialist policy based on extensive nationalization. A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses.
On November 19, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt. Moussa Traore as President. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought.
On November 19, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt. Moussa Traore as President. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought.