Changes

''Genocide returns to Darfur by Arab racism (2023 and on)''

Belligerent parties are: [[Saudi Arabia]] backed forces, VS [[UAE]]'s, racist RSF special atrocities.

The '''genocide in Darfur (2023–present)''', also referred to as the "new Darfur [[genocide]]," is an ongoing ethnic conflict in the [[Darfur]] region of [[Sudan]], characterized by systematic violence perpetrated primarily by the [[Islam]]ic [[racism|racist]] supremacist Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied [[Arab] militias against non-Arab ethnic groups, including the Masalit, Fur, and Zaghawa peoples. This phase of violence is widely described as driven by Arab racism, with RSF forces—predominantly composed of Arab Janjaweed descendants—targeting non-Arabs through mass killings, rapes, and forced displacement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/rsf-arabs-kill-thousands-in-new-darfur-genocide-sudan |publisher=Reuters via Genocide Watch |date=2024-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/genocide-determination-in-sudan-and-imposing-accountability-measures/ |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2025-01-07}}</ref> It has been formally determined as genocide by the United States government and international organizations, echoing the 2003–2005 Darfur genocide but escalating amid Sudan's broader civil war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref>

By 2025 the death toll reached already 400,000.

 

The conflict has resulted in thousands of deaths, widespread sexual violence, and the displacement of hundreds of thousands, with El Geneina and El Fasher emerging as epicenters of atrocities. As of October 2025, the violence continues unchecked, with satellite imagery and survivor testimonies documenting mass graves and summary executions.

==Background==

==Background==

The Darfur region has a history of ethnic tensions exacerbated by resource scarcity and Arab supremacist ideologies, leading to the 2003 genocide under Omar al-Bashir's regime, where Janjaweed militias—government-backed Arab nomadic groups—killed an estimated 300,000 non-Arabs.<ref name="reuters-apr">{{Cite web |title=RSF Arabs kill thousands in new Darfur genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/rsf-arabs-kill-thousands-in-new-darfur-genocide-sudan |publisher=Reuters via Genocide Watch |date=2024-04-16}}</ref> The RSF, formed in 2013 from Janjaweed remnants under Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti), inherited this legacy of Arab-centric violence.

A 2019 popular uprising ousted al-Bashir, but the transitional government left the SAF and RSF intact, enabling the 2021 coup and the 2023 war.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The RSF's expansion into Darfur territories has been marked by ethnic cleansing, with fighters explicitly targeting non-Arabs based on identity, often using racial slurs and declaring intentions to "cleanse" areas of "slaves" or "Africans."<ref name="state-dept" /> This phase is distinguished by the RSF's use of social media to document and celebrate killings, amplifying the terror.<ref name="state-dept" />

 

Sudan's 2023 civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF reignited Darfur-specific atrocities. The RSF's expansion into Darfur territories has been marked by ethnic cleansing, with fighters explicitly targeting non-Arabs based on identity, often using racial slurs and declaring intentions to "cleanse" areas of "slaves" or "Africans."<ref name="state-dept">{{Cite web |title=Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/genocide-determination-in-sudan-and-imposing-accountability-measures/ |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2025-01-07}}</ref> This phase is distinguished by the RSF's use of social media to document and celebrate killings, amplifying the terror.

==Key events==

==Belligerents==

===2023: Renewed massacres in El Geneina===

===2023: Renewed massacres in El Geneina===

 

In mid-2023, as the civil war spread to Darfur, RSF forces and allied Arab militias launched coordinated attacks on non-Arab communities in El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur. Between April and June, an estimated 5,000 civilians—mostly Masalit—were killed in house-to-house raids, with survivors reporting fighters shouting ethnic epithets and systematically executing men and boys.<ref name="reuters-sept">{{Cite web |title=The Slaughter of El Geneina |url= https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/sudan-politics-darfur/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-09-22}}</ref><ref name="reuters-apr"/> Sexual violence was rampant, with women and girls raped as a tool of subjugation,溢 consistent with patterns of Arab racist domination.<ref name="state-dept"/>

In mid-2023, as the civil war spread to Darfur, RSF forces and allied Arab militias launched coordinated attacks on non-Arab communities in El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur. Between April and June, an estimated 5,000 civilians—mostly Masalit—were killed in house-to-house raids, with survivors reporting fighters shouting ethnic epithets and systematically executing men and boys.<ref name="reuters-sept">{{Cite web |title=The Slaughter of El Geneina |url= (implied from context; full URL not provided in source) |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-09-22}}</ref><ref name="reuters-apr"/> Sexual violence was rampant, with women and girls raped as a tool of subjugation, consistent with patterns of Arab racist domination.<ref name="state-dept"/>

The violence displaced over 300,000 people, many fleeing to Chad, where refugees described RSF checkpoints where non-Arabs were separated and killed.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> Genocide Watch labeled these acts as the onset of a "new genocide," citing the intent to destroy non-Arab groups through killings and preventing returns via land seizures by Arab settlers.<ref name="reuters-apr"/>

The violence displaced over 300,000 people, many fleeing to Chad, where refugees described RSF checkpoints where non-Arabs were separated and killed.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> Genocide Watch labeled these acts as the onset of a "new genocide," citing the intent to destroy non-Arab groups through killings and preventing returns via land seizures by Arab settlers.<ref name="reuters-apr"/>

===2024: Escalation and international recognition===

===2024: Escalation and international recognition===

Throughout 2024, RSF advances in Darfur intensified, with atrocities in towns like Tawila and Sortony. Reports documented the beheading of non-Arab leaders and the burning of villages, framed by perpetrators as "Arab reclamation" of Fur lands.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> In April 2024, Reuters reported thousands killed in RSF sweeps, with evidence of mass graves in El Geneina.<ref name="reuters-apr"/>

Throughout 2024, RSF advances in Darfur intensified, with atrocities in towns like Tawila and Sortony. Reports documented the beheading of non-Arab leaders and the burning of villages, framed by perpetrators as "Arab reclamation" of Fur lands.<ref name="reuters-apr"/> In April 2024, Reuters reported thousands killed in RSF sweeps, with evidence of mass graves in El Geneina.<ref name="reuters-apr"/>

On January 7, 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a formal genocide determination, stating that RSF and allies had committed acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," non-Arab groups, including systematic murders of "men and boys—even infants—on an ethnic basis" and targeted rapes.<ref name="state-dept"/> This triggered U.S. sanctions and accountability measures.

On January 7, 2025, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a formal genocide determination, stating that RSF and allies had committed acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," non-Arab groups, including systematic murders of "men and boys—even infants—on an ethnic basis" and targeted rapes.<ref name="state-dept"/> This triggered U.S. sanctions and accountability measures.

==2025: Fall of El Fasher and mass atrocities==

===2025: Fall of El Fasher and mass atrocities===

 

The RSF's capture of El Fasher on October 26, 2025—Sudan's last SAF stronghold in Darfur after an 18-month siege—unleashed unprecedented horrors. Within days, RSF fighters massacred over 460 people at Saudi Hospital, executing patients, staff, and visitors in wards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> Satellite images from Yale's Humanitarian Research Lab revealed clusters of bodies and bloodstains outside the facility and along the city's nine-foot berm, a "kill box" trapping 120,000 civilians, half children.<ref name="cnn-oct">{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref>

The RSF's capture of El Fasher on October 26, 2025—Sudan's last SAF stronghold in Darfur after an 18-month siege—unleashed unprecedented horrors. Within days, RSF fighters massacred over 460 people at Saudi Hospital, executing patients, staff, and visitors in wards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref> Satellite images from Yale's Humanitarian Research Lab revealed clusters of bodies and bloodstains outside the facility and along the city's nine-foot berm, a "kill box" trapping 120,000 civilians, half children.<ref name="cnn-oct">{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |coauthors=Vasco Cotovio, Nada Bashir |title=Rebels accused of massacring hundreds of people as videos emerge of atrocities and bodies in Sudanese city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/30/world/sudan-massacres-rsf-rebels-darfur-intl |publisher=CNN |date=2025-10-31}}</ref>

In April 2025, a joint statement by global R2P advocates affirmed genocidal intent under the Genocide Convention, citing RSF actions as deliberate destruction of non-Arab groups.<ref name="r2p-apr">{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref>

In April 2025, a joint statement by global R2P advocates affirmed genocidal intent under the Genocide Convention, citing RSF actions as deliberate destruction of non-Arab groups.<ref name="r2p-apr">{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Genocide Returns to Darfur |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/joint-statement-genocide-returns-to-darfur/ |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |date=2025-04-15}}</ref>

==Genocide determination and Arab racism==

 

Both sides commit war crimes driven by Arab-Islamic supremacy.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The RSF targets ethnic African minorities for extermination, while the SAF blocks aid to large areas.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Widespread sexual violence, including rape, gang-rape, sexual slavery, and forced marriage, has been used as a weapon, particularly against women and girls of the Masalit tribe.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> The violence is rooted in Arab racism, with RSF rhetoric and actions mirroring Janjaweed ideologies of ethnic superiority. U.S. determinations highlight "deliberate targeting" based on ethnicity, including infant killings and sexual enslavement.<ref name="state-dept"/> The Global Centre for R2P noted RSF-allied militias from the Sahel, including Wagner Group elements, enabling the campaign.<ref name="r2p-apr"/><ref name="cnn-oct"/> Hemedti acknowledged "violations" on October 29, 2025, promising investigations, but RSF denied hospital killings as "fabricated," despite evidence.<ref name="cnn-oct"/>

The violence is rooted in Arab racism, with RSF rhetoric and actions mirroring Janjaweed ideologies of ethnic superiority. U.S. determinations highlight "deliberate targeting" based on ethnicity, including infant killings and sexual enslavement.<ref name="state-dept"/> The Global Centre for R2P noted RSF-allied militias from the Sahel, including Wagner Group elements, enabling the campaign.<ref name="r2p-apr"/><ref name="cnn-oct"/> Hemedti acknowledged "violations" on October 29, 2025, promising investigations, but RSF denied hospital killings as "fabricated," despite evidence.<ref name="cnn-oct"/>

Christians face targeted persecution; in October 2025, over 100 predominantly Christian South Sudanese women were deported from Khartoum, with at least 61 separated from their children.<ref name="Bulut2025" />

==Humanitarian impact==

==Humanitarian impact==

The 2023–2025 violence has killed over 20,000 in Darfur alone, contributing to 150,000+ civil war deaths.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> Over 1 million remain displaced in Darfur, facing famine and militia-controlled escape routes.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> Aid groups report rampant sexual violence, with women fleeing El Fasher describing rapes as ethnic punishment.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> The UN has called for ceasefires and probes, citing "widespread violations" including escape route attacks.<ref name="cnn-oct"/>

International aid for 2025 is only 27% funded.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Aid groups report rampant sexual violence, with women fleeing El Fasher describing rapes as ethnic punishment.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> The UN has called for ceasefires and probes, citing "widespread violations" including escape route attacks.<ref name="cnn-oct"/>

==International response==

==International response==

The U.S. imposed sanctions post-2025 determination.<ref name="state-dept"/> Western nations and human rights groups demand accountability, with calls for ICC referrals.<ref name="r2p-apr"/><ref name="cnn-oct"/> Allegations of UAE arms support persist, deemed "credible" by UN experts.<ref name="cnn-oct"/> As of October 2025, no ceasefire holds, with fears of further ethnic cleansing.<ref name="cnn-oct"/>

The article identifies Arab-Islamic supremacy as the primary ideological driver, with both factions seeking to reverse the democratic gains of the 2019 revolution and reassert Islamist governance.<ref name="Bulut2025" /> Sudan’s pre-Islamic history included Christian Nubian kingdoms and indigenous animist beliefs; Islamization began with 7th-century Arab invasions and dominated the north by the 14th–16th centuries.<ref name="Bulut2025" />

==See also==

==See also==

* [[Darfur genocides]]

* [[Darfur genocides]]

* [[Rapid Support Forces]]

* [[Rapid Support Forces]]

==References==

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Genocides]]

[[Category:Genocide]]

[[Category:Sudan]]

[[Category:Sudan]]

[[Category:Ethnic cleansing]]

[[Category:Ethnic cleansing]]

[[Category:Afro-Arabs]]

[[Category:Afro-Arabs]]