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→What they are and why they exist
==What they are and why they exist==
==What they are and why they exist==
Spheres of influence are assertions of an exclusive right to supervise or participate in deciding the alignments and affairs of another nation or nations in relation to still other nations either in general or in specific domains. As such they are manifestations of international contention between peers. They can be formal or informal and defensive or domineering. [[Elitism|Elites]] in the [[society|societies]] within them tend to learn the [[language]] of their sphere’s dominant nation, to assimilate its [[industrial]] and [[military]] standards as well as its [[cultural]] and [[commercial]] practices, to send their [[children]] to study in its [[education]]al [[institution]]s, and to prefer its goods and services over those of its rivals.
Spheres of influence are assertions of an exclusive right to supervise or participate in deciding the alignments and affairs of another nation or nations in relation to still other nations either in general or in specific domains. As such they are manifestations of international contention between peers. They can be formal or informal and defensive or domineering. [[Elitism|Elites]] in the [[society|societies]] within them tend to learn the [[language]] of their sphere’s dominant nation, to assimilate its [[industrial]] and [[military]] standards as well as its [[cultural]] and [[commercial]] practices, to send their [[children]] to study in its [[education]]al [[institution]]s, and to prefer its goods and services over those of its rivals.
The age of [[Western Civilization|Western]] or [[Europe]]an global ascendancy that began with the 16th century and ended in the 20th included the establishment of new states through [[migration]] from other countries and created settler states. The primary example of a community of settler states is the Anglosphere ([[Britain]] plus [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[United States]]), but there are others (e.g., [[France]] and [[Québec]], [[Portugal]] and [[Brazil]].) [[Linguist]]ic communities are a legacy of [[imperial]] expansion, e.g., the Anglophone countries of the [[British Commonwealth]] plus the [[Philippines]], the [[Arab]] world, the Francophonie, the Lusophone countries of [[Africa]] plus [[East Timor|Timor Leste]], and the twenty-plus countries where [[Spanish]] is the official language. There are obvious affinities among such members of former empires, but, unlike [[great power]] spheres of influence they are not the result of contemporary primacy by a single great power.
==Western hemisphere==
==Western hemisphere==