Changes

The cello grew out of a member of the string family called the ‘viole de bracchio’ in the  early 16th century, as a 3 stringed instrument.  By the late 1600s the tuning of the modern cello, i.e. with four strings tuned an octave lower than the viola, had been adopted. Its size, which had fluctuated, was standardized by “Stradavari” in about 1710; and it was becoming  an intrinsic part of the standard orchestra by that time. The spike that supports the instrument on the floor was introduced in the late 18th century but was not universally used until the late 19th.

The cello grew out of a member of the string family called the ‘viole de bracchio’ in the  early 16th century, as a 3 stringed instrument.  By the late 1600s the tuning of the modern cello, i.e. with four strings tuned an octave lower than the viola, had been adopted. Its size, which had fluctuated, was standardized by “Stradavari” in about 1710; and it was becoming  an intrinsic part of the standard orchestra by that time. The spike that supports the instrument on the floor was introduced in the late 18th century but was not universally used until the late 19th.

In the modern cello’s repertoire, the first great work is the series of partitas for solo cello by [[J. S. Bach]] (though their greatness was not realised until Pablo Casals’ recordings in the 1930s.) In the post-[[Baroque period (music)|baroque]] 18th century, a number of virtuoso players – foremost amongst them Boccherini - brought the instrument out of its normal support role in chamber music to be an equal in the string ensemble. Boccherini, Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] and  [[Mozart]] used it as the bass in their string quartets, and  (usually) doubled up with it in quintets. It "arrived" as a [[concerto]] instrument with the three concertos by Haydn.  

In the modern cello's repertoire, the first great work is the series of partitas for solo cello by [[J. S. Bach]] (though their greatness was not realised until Pablo Casals’ recordings in the 1930s.) In the post-[[Baroque period (music)|baroque]] 18th century, a number of virtuoso players – foremost amongst them Boccherini - brought the instrument out of its normal support role in chamber music to be an equal in the string ensemble. Boccherini, Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] and  [[Mozart]] used it as the bass in their string quartets, and  (usually) doubled up with it in quintets. It "arrived" as a [[concerto]] instrument with the three concertos by Haydn.  

During the 19th century [[Beethoven]] wrote his five cello [[sonata]]s - the first serious music of their kind - and a concerto for [[piano]], [[violin]], cello and orchestra. Important sonatas were written by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (2), [[Chopin]] (1) and [[Brahms'' (3), [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Dvorak]]’s concertos are firm favourites.

During the 19th century [[Beethoven]] wrote his five cello [[sonata]]s - the first serious music of their kind - and a concerto for [[piano]], [[violin]], cello and orchestra. Important sonatas were written by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (2), [[Chopin]] (1) and [[Brahms]] (3), [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Dvorak]]’s concertos are firm favourites.

The 20th century has enjoyed important works for cello and orchestra by [[Edward Elgar]], [[Prokofiev]], [[Shostakovich]] (2) and [[Benjamin Britten]]; with those by [[Samuel Barber]] and [[William Walton]] finding favour in concert halls. The solo repertoire has seen works by Reger and Kodaly.

The 20th century has enjoyed important works for cello and orchestra by [[Edward Elgar]], [[Prokofiev]], [[Shostakovich]] (2) and [[Benjamin Britten]]; with those by [[Samuel Barber]] and [[William Walton]] finding favour in concert halls. The solo repertoire has seen works by Reger and Kodaly.

==Playing the Cello==

==Playing the Cello==

The cello difers from the violin and the [[viola]] in that the cello is usually played sitting down with the instrument supported on the ground by the endpin, rather than rested on the player's shoulder.  The cello rests between the player's legs, with the neck rising above the left shoulder.  The bow is drawn horizontally across the strings, but the terms "upbow" and "downbow" are still used.  Many of the playing techniques from the violin, such as vibrato and the use of harmonics apply to the cello as well.   

The cello differs from the violin and the [[viola]] in that the cello is usually played sitting down with the instrument supported on the ground by the endpin, rather than rested on the player's shoulder.  The cello rests between the player's legs, with the neck rising above the left shoulder.  The bow is drawn horizontally across the strings, but the terms "upbow" and "downbow" are still used.  Many of the playing techniques from the violin, such as vibrato and the use of harmonics apply to the cello as well.   

===Notation===

===Notation===